Ukushayela noma Ibhungane lobulongwe - esinye sezinambuzane abantu abazakhele isimo esingaqondakali. Abanye bambheka njengesilokazane esiyingozi, abanye - umsizi ngisho nomsizi wezolimo. Luhlobo luni lwesidalwa lolu, futhi lwenzani okuhle noma okubi?
Incazelo nezici
Amabhungane obulongwe angabameleli be-oda i-Coleoptera, angabomndeni we-lamellar futhi ayingxenye yomndeni omkhulu we-shrews. Ngemuva kwalokho ukuthi ibhungane libukeka kanjani, kuya ngezici eziningi, ikakhulukazi ezinhlotsheni okungezakho nasendaweni ehlala kuyo. Ngakho-ke, ubukhulu be-imago bungahluka kusuka ku-1 kuye ku-7 cm, isisindo - kusuka ku-0.75 kuye ku-1.5 g Umbala ungaba mnyama, onsundu, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, oluhlaza okotshani, ophuzi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, zonke izinambuzane ezindala zine:
- ukuma komzimba okusaqanda noma okuyindilinga;
- ikhanda liqondiswe phambili;
- izimpondo, eziqukethe izingxenye eziyi-11 futhi ziphela ngamapuleti amise okwe-fan;
- amabhangqa amathathu emilenze ene-tibial efriziwe eceleni komphetho wangaphandle nama-2 spurs esiqongweni;
- isisu, esiqukethe ama-sternites ayisithupha, lapho kutholakala khona imivimbo engu-7;
- izinsimbi zomlomo zohlobo oludlayo.
Futhi, onke amabhungane anemigogodla eqinile eqinile, ngaphansi kwamaphiko esikhumba. Kepha akubona bonke abashayeli abakwazi ukundiza ngasikhathi sinye - kwabanye, amandla okuhamba emoyeni alahlekile ngokuphelele.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngesikhathi sendiza, i-elytra yamabhungane obulongwe cishe awavuli. Lokhu kuphikisana nayo yonke imithetho ye-aerodynamics, kepha akuphazamisi izinambuzane uqobo. Indiza yazo i-virtuoso futhi icacile ukuthi ingabamba kalula impukane ehambayo (leli qhinga lingaphezu kwamandla ngisho nezinyoni eziningi!)
Izinhlobo
Kuze kube manje, ososayensi bahlukanisa izinhlobo ezingama-750 zamabhungane njengamabhungane omswani, ahlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili amakhulu: iCoprophaga ne-Arenicolae. Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwabamele amaqembu womabili ukuthi amabhungane angaphansi kweCoprophaga anezindebe nemihlathi ephezulu, amboze futhi anesikhumba. E-Arenicolae, lezi zingxenye zinzima futhi azinalutho.
Izinhlobo ezidume kakhulu yilezi:
- Ibhungane lomswani (I-Geotrupes stercorarius L.). Ummeleli ojwayelekile. Ubude 16-27 mm. Ngaphezulu, umzimba unombala omnyama ngokukhazimula okubonakalayo, kwesinye isikhathi kuchichima okwesibhakabhaka noma okuluhlaza okotshani, noma umngcele ungabonakala. Ingxenye engezansi yomzimba iphephuli noma iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (izinhlobo ezinesisu esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka azivamile kangako). Izembozo zamaphiko zinezimpande ezi-7 ezihlukile.
Amabhungane amadala angatholakala yonke indawo kusuka ngo-Ephreli kuya kuNovemba.
- Ubulongwe behlathi (Anoplotrupes stercorosus). Ukubuka kwenqwaba. Usayizi womuntu omdala ngu-12-20 mm. I-elytra inombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka namabala anemachashazi ayisikhombisa, isisu siluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka neshein yensimbi. Ngaphansi kwe-elytra e-chitinous kukhona amaphiko angaba luhlaza, nsomi, noma nsundu. I-Antennae inombala onsundu ngokubomvu kanye "nepini" enkulu ezeluleko.
Isikhathi somsebenzi sebhungane yihlobo, kusukela maphakathi noMeyi kuya eminyakeni eyishumi yokuqala kaSepthemba. Ngalesi sikhathi, uyakwazi ukulungisa imigodi enamagumbi abeke amaqanda kuyo.
- Ibhungane lezintwasahlobo (iTrypocopris vernalis). Izinhlobo ezingavamile, ezisohlwini lweRed Book lwezifunda eziningi zeRussian Federation neBelarus.
Ubude bomzimba wesinambuzane bungu-18-20 mm, ukwakheka kwawo okusaqanda kanye ne-convex. Ubuso be-elytra bubonakala ngathi busicaba ngokuphelele, ngoba cishe akukho mijondolo kubo. Isabizwana ebanzi esinezimpawu eziningi ezincane. Kunabantu abanombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, omnyama noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noluhlaza okotshani (okwakamuva kufana kakhulu ne-bronzes, kepha kwehlukile kubo ngendlela yabo yokuphila). Isikhathi somsebenzi yihlobo.
- Inkunzi ekhalisiwe (Onthophagus taurus). Ubude bomzimba oyisicaba walesi sinambuzane bungu-15 mm. Yinegama layo lemiphetho ebhangqiwe efana nezimpondo. Zitholakala emuva, ngaphambili, naphakathi kwekhanda futhi zitholakala kuphela kwabesilisa.
Ezimweni ezehlukile, izimpondo zamabhungane azikhuli emuva, kepha kulokhu, "ubudoda" babo buqinisekiswa izitho zangasese ezikhulisiwe. Futhi phakathi kwezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu futhi ezibonakalayo zamabhungane omswani kukhona ibhungane lobhejane kanye ne-scarab engcwele.
Indlela yokuphila nendawo yokuhlala
Imvamisa, ubulongwe be-dung - insect, engabekezeleli isomiso nokushisa. Ngakho-ke, uhlala ikakhulukazi ezifundeni ezinesimo sezulu esipholile nesibandayo. Kodwa-ke, "emndenini" omningi wamabhungane obulongwe kukhona nalawo azivumelanise kahle nempilo yasogwadule (njengama-scarab).
Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamabhungane obulongwe zande kakhulu eYurophu, emazweni aseMelika, naseNingizimu Asia. Abanye babo baze bakhetha izifunda zeNyakatho Ekude yeRussia. Amabhungane obulongwe nawo asanda kuzinza e-Australia. Ukoloniyali waleli zwekazi ngamabhungane ekuqaleni kwakwenziwa ngendlela engeyiyo, kepha izimo ezikahle zavumela izinambuzane ukuba zande ngokushesha futhi zihlale ezindaweni ezinkulu zase-Australia.
Ekuqaleni, amabhungane ayasebenza ngesikhathi sasemini. Kodwa-ke, lapho izinga lokushisa eliphakeme likhuphuka, kulapho zingatholakali kangako ngaphandle emini. Ngokulandelayo, amabhungane obulongwe asebusuku, avela ezindaweni ezikhanyisiwe kuphela lapho kunengozi ethile.
Bachitha cishe sonke isikhathi sabo emigodini yabo, ukujula okungaba kusuka ku-15 cm kuye ku-2 metres. Amabhungane abamba izindawo zawo zokufihla ngaphansi kocezu lwamaqabunga awile noma inqwaba yobulongwe. Bakhasa phezulu kuphela ngengxenye elandelayo yomquba. Bagingqa inyamazane abayithola ibe ibhola. Kungenxa yebhola elinjalo ukuthi ibhungane esithombeni nezithombe zezinsiza-kufundisa.
Izinambuzane ziphethe ibhola lobulongwe ngemilenze yazo yangemuva. Ngasikhathi sinye, ajike ngemilenze yakhe yangaphambili, aqonde lapho edinga khona, ethwele umthwalo wakhe ngemuva kwakhe. Iningi lamabhungane obulongwe ahlala wodwa, ahlangana kuphela ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, kepha kunezinhlobo ezikhetha ukuhlala emakoloni amancane. Ngasikhathi sinye, abesilisa bayakuthanda kakhulu "ukuhlunga izinto". Kwesinye isikhathi kuphakama izimpi phezu kwabesifazane, kepha imvamisa amabhungane abelana ngokudla okumnandi ikakhulukazi.
Futhi phakathi kwamabhungane obulongwe kukhona abantu abeba amabhola abanye abantu ngosizo "lobuqili". Okokuqala, zisiza ezinye izinambuzane ukugoqa umthwalo ziye endaweni efanele, bese kuthi lapho umnikazi ethanda ukumba i-mink, "basuse" ibhola. La mabhungane abizwa ngokuthi ama-raider.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Kakade kusuka egameni lesinambuzane kuyacaca okudliwa ubulongwe, yini ukudla kwayo okuyinhloko. Kodwa-ke, njengoba ososayensi bathole, umquba akuwona ukuphela kokudla kwala mabhungane. Abantu abadala, ngokwesibonelo, bangawadla amanye amakhowe, kanti izibungu zamabhungane obulongwe zingondliwa izinambuzane.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amabhungane obulongwe anokuthanda kwawo ukunambitheka. Ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi, uma kunesidingo, bangadla imfucuza yezilwane eziningi (ikakhulukazi izinkomo), uma benokukhetha, bayohlala bethanda umquba wamahhashi. Ngendlela, yihhashi kanye nendle yezimvu izinambuzane ezizama ukuyigcinela inzalo yazo.
Kuyathakazelisa! Amabhungane obulongwe akhetha kakhulu ukudla. Ngaphambi kokuqhubeka nokucutshungulwa komquba, bayayidonsa isikhathi eside, bayifunde ngosizo lwezimpondo zabo. Futhi uma ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa ibhungane lingeneliseki ngephunga likadoti, ngeke alidle.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Njengezinambuzane eziningi, umjikelezo wokukhula we-driller unezigaba ezine ezilandelanayo: amaqanda, izibungu, iziphungumangathi nabantu abadala. Isikhathi sokukhwelana siqala ngokuqala kwehlobo. Ukuqhubeka nohlobo, izinambuzane zakha ngazimbili isikhashana.
Ngemuva kokukhwelana, owesifazane ovundiswe ubeka amaqanda ama-3-6 cishe ngo-3 mm ngosayizi. Okwamatshe, okufanayo ibhola lamabulongweehlanganiswe ngokucophelela ngabazali kusengaphambili. Ngasikhathi sinye, iqanda ngalinye linebhola lalo likamanyolo kanye "negumbi" elehlukile - igatsha elisemgodini ongaphansi komhlaba.
Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-28-30, isibungu sichanyuselwa eqandeni. Inomzimba ojiyile, oyinyama oyindilinga. Umbala wesisekelo ungaba mhlophe okakhilimu, u-beige noma ophuzi. Ikhanda linsundu. Njengesinambuzane esikhulile, imvelo inikeze lesi sibungu imihlathi emihlathini elungiswe kahle. Ubuye abe nemilenze emifushane eminyene yesifuba (izitho zesisu azithuthukiswa). Ekhanda lakhe kunezimpondo, eziqukethe izingxenye ezintathu. Kepha akanamehlo.
Lesi sigaba sokuthuthuka singafinyelela ezinyangeni eziyi-9, lapho Isibungu sebhungane udla umquba olungiselelwe yena. Ngemuva kwalesi sikhathi, isibungu, esithole amandla nezakhi zomzimba ezinqwabelene, ama-pupates.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho isibungu sichitha "egumbini" laso, imfucumfucu yaso ayisuswa ngaphandle, kepha iqoqwa esikhwameni esikhethekile. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukugcwalisa, kwakha uhlobo lwe-hump ngemuva kwesibungu. Incazelo yalokhu kuvimbela inzalo yebhungane lobulongwe ukuthi ingafakwa ubuthi ngodoti wayo.
Esigabeni se-pupal, ibhungane lobulongwe lichitha cishe amasonto ama-2, ngemuva kwalokho kuqhuma igobolondo bese kuzalwa inambuzane endala. Isikhathi esivamile sokukhula kwebhungane lobulongwe unyaka owodwa, kuyilapho abantu abadala bengahlali ezinyangeni ezi-2-3 - isikhathi esanele sokushiya inzalo.
Izinzuzo nokulimaza abantu
Abanye abalimi bathatha lezi zinambuzane njengeziyingozi futhi bathatha izinyathelo ezahlukahlukene zokuzibhubhisa ezindaweni zabo. Kodwa-ke, lo mbono awulungile, futhi abashayeli bezimoto abalimazi. Ngokuphambene nalokho, lezi zidalwa zinenzuzo enkulu enhlabathini nasezitshalweni zasengadini noma engadini yemifino.
Inzuzo enkulu ukuthi ubulongwe be-dung - ukunciphisa, ithuthukisa ukucutshungulwa kwamakhemikhali ayinkimbinkimbi entweni eyenzeka kalula ukuze kutholakale izitshalo. Lokho wukuthi, ngenxa yalezi zinambuzane, umquba uba "wusizo" futhi uqala "ukusebenza" ukukhulisa isivuno.
Isibonelo esivelele sezinzuzo zebhungane yisimo sase-Australia. Iqiniso ngukuthi ngokuthutheleka kwabantu bokufika kuleli zwekazi eliseningizimu, imfuyo nayo inyuke kakhulu lapha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukutshalwa kwalokhu kwamuva kwenziwa lula ngamadlelo amakhulu anotshani obumnandi obuluhlaza.
Kodwa-ke, injabulo yabahlali (ikakhulukazi labo abaqala ukuthola imali ngokuthumela inyama noboya ngaphandle) yaba yesikhashana. Ngemuva kweminyaka embalwa, uhlaza lwayeka ukuvuselelwa, amadlelo amaningi aphenduka izindawo eziwugwadule. Ukushintsha indlela odla ngayo kusuka otshanini obumnandi kuya ezihlahleni ezinzima kuthinte kabi imfuyo kanye nekhwalithi yemikhiqizo etholwe kuyo.
Ngemuva kokuthi ososayensi (izazi zemvelo, izazi zebhayoloji, izazi zezinambuzane kanye nabanye) babambe iqhaza ekuxazululeni le nkinga, kwacaca ukuthi ukuntuleka kwezimila kuhlobene ngqo nokuchichima umquba emadlelweni angaphambilini. Njengoba yomile futhi icindezelwe, imfucuza yezilwane imane nje ayivumeli utshani ukuthi "budabule" bukhanye.
Njengesixazululo senkinga, ososayensi abafanayo baphakamisa ukusebenzisa "umsebenzi" wamabhungane obulongwe. Njengoba zazingekho izinambuzane ezifanele e-Australia, zilethwa lapha zivela kwamanye amazwekazi. Abamele abaqashi be-lamellar abalethwe endaweni bawuqonda masinyane umsebenzi wabo futhi eminyakeni embalwa nje bakwazi ukulungisa isimo - amadlelo wabalimi bezinkomo base-Australia aphinde ambozwa ngeziqu eziluhlaza eziluhlaza.
Njengoba kunikezwe konke lokhu, akunakwenzeka ukuthi okungenani umuntu oyedwa wasengadini noma umgadi wensimu wase-Australia abize amabhungane obulongwe izinambuzane eziyingozi futhi eziyingozi. Ngendlela, ukucubungula umquba akuyona ukuphela kwenjabulo eza nalezi mabhungane. Lapho zihlomisa izindawo zazo zokuhlala, zimba imihubhe, zixegise inhlabathi, yona ebamba iqhaza ekugcwaliseni kwayo umoya-mpilo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokugingqa amabhola omswani, amabhungane abamba iqhaza ekusakazekeni kwembewu ehlukahlukene (kuyaziwa ukuthi kubobulembu bezinkomo kanye nezilwane ezincanyana ezincane kukhona izinsalela zezitshalo ezingadliwe, kufaka phakathi imbewu yazo).
Amaqiniso Athandekayo
Ibhungane lobulongwe alisebenzisi nje kuphela ngokweqile, kepha futhi liyisinambuzane esithakazelisa kakhulu. Nawa amaqiniso ambalwa angajwayelekile futhi amangazayo ngaye:
- Lapho selikhile ibhola lalo, ibhungane liyigingqela ngendlela efanele, liqondiswa izinkanyezi!
- Kudala ngaphambi kokwakhiwa kwezinsizakalo ezikhethekile, amabhungane obulongwe asiza ukubikezela isimo sezulu sosuku olulandelayo. Abantu abanakile baqaphela ukuthi uma izinambuzane zisebenza kakhulu ngesikhathi sasemini, usuku olulandelayo luyobe lufudumele, lubalele futhi luzolile.
- Ngokusho kososayensi, kunqwaba eyodwa yobulongwe bendlovu enesisindo esingamakhilogremu angu-1.5 kuphela, amabhungane omswani angaba yizinkulungwane eziyi-16 angaphila ngasikhathi sinye.
- Ibhungane liyazi ukuthi liyizwa kanjani ingozi engaba khona. Ngasikhathi sinye, uqala ukukhipha umsindo ofana ne-creak.
- Amabhungane obulongwe ayakwazi ukukhipha umswakama cishe emoyeni (ngasendleleni, nanka amangaki awo asinda ogwadule lwase-Afrika). Ukuze benze lokhu, bajikela ngasemoyeni bese bevula amaphiko abo. Ngemuva kwesikhashana, izinhlayiya zomswakama ziqala ukuhlala ezindaweni eziyindilinga zekhanda lalesi sinambuzane. Kancane kancane ziyaqoqeka, izinhlayiya ziqoqwa ngethonsi, bese zona zigobhozela ngqo emlonyeni webhungane lobulongwe.
- Ama-Drillers aphethe irekhodi lamandla phakathi kwezinambuzane. Ngemuva kwakho konke, abakwazi ukugoqa kuphela ibhola elikhulu kakhulu kunabo, kodwa futhi nokudonsa umthwalo onesisindo esiphindwe ka-90 isisindo sabo. Ngokwamandla abantu, amabhungane obulongwe ngasikhathi sinye ahambisa isisindo esilingana namathani angama-60-80 (lesi isisindo esilinganiselwe samabhasi ama-double-decker ngasikhathi sinye).
Futhi amabhungane obulongwe ahlakaniphe impela futhi ayakha. Lokhu kufakazelwa ukuhlolwa kwesazi sezinambuzane esidumile uJean-Henri Fabre ngama-scarab. Ebheka ibhungane, usosayensi "wabethela" ibhola lobulongwe emhlabathini ngenaliti ye-pancake. Asikwazi ukuhambisa umthwalo ngemuva kwalokho, lesi sinambuzane senza umhubhe ngaphansi kwaso.
Ukuthola isizathu sokuthi kungani ibhola lingakwazi ukunyakaza, ibhungane lobulongwe lazama ukulisusa enalithini. Wasebenzisa umhlane wakhe uqobo njengesibambiso. Ekwenziweni kwesibambiso waswela kancane. Ngemuva kwalokho, ngenkathi uFabre ebeka itshe eliseduze kwesigaxa sikamanyolo, ibhungane lakhuphukela kulo futhi nokho lakhulula "ingcebo" yalo.
