Inyoni encane ye-oda elidlulayo isakaza i-melodic trill, ifaka phakathi ingoma ngemisindo ehlabayo noma ebabazekayo. Ukuduma nokudlala kunongwe ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokucula, kepha lo ngumculi oyedwa - uma ubheka kahle ungabona ukuhlala okumi mpo shwabana.
Incazelo nezici
I-shrike ivela ku-oda labantu abadlulayo. Ngendlela ebukeka ngayo, le nyoni ingaphanjaniswa nokuthi yi-bullfinch, kepha lapho ihlolisiswa inomlomo onamandla we-hawk, ofakazela kahle injongo yayo. Isilwane esidla ezinye, ngenxa yobukhulu baso nombala wokuzifihla, kulula ukuthi inyonyobele inyamazane yaso.
Umqondo wenyoni edla inyama kanye nenyoni yengoma bekulokhu kwehlukile, kepha imvelo iphethe womabili amathalente ku-birdie encane, umndeni wabantu abadlulayo ngasikhathi sinye. Ngaphezu kwezinye izinzuzo, ingoma ishwabane unamakhono amahle kakhulu kwezobuciko, izilaleli ezimangazayo ezinama-roulade ahlukahlukene, zikopisha ukuculwa kwezinye izinyoni.
Lalela izwi lokwehla
I-shrike ingadudula isikhova egatsheni ngenxa nje yokuzijabulisa, noma iklolodele uheshe, ingayinaki ingozi.
Inhlobo enobungani kakhulu - kunezibopho eziqinile kakhulu emndenini - ziyasekelana, zivikeleke ezilwaneni ezinkulu ezidla ezinye. Kepha zinolaka kakhulu kwezinye izinhlobo, ingxenye yesibili yegama: "faka" kusuka egameni lomsuka weSlavic "put" - ukushayela. Ushayela okwakhe nabanye abaseduze kwakhe, ngaphandle kwezinhlobo ezincane ezilungele inyamazane.
Ngeke unganaki uklebe, isikhova, umagpie, bonke abancintisana nohlu lokudla. Igama lesiLatini elithi "ekscubitor" lisho umlindi noma umlindi, unogada ongaqondakali uzokuthokozisa ukuzingela ezinye izinyoni noma izilwane, axwayise kakhulu ngengozi ezayo.
Uqhwaku oluminyene, olucindezelwe kamuva, uqhwaku olwesabekayo olufana ne-hook, lukhaphela umhlaseli ocashe ngemuva kokubukeka okuhle kwabantu abadlulayo. I-Pichuga ayinazinzipho ezibukhali zokulwa, yize ikwazi ukuthwala inyamazane ebanjiwe, iyibambe ezinqeni zayo.
Izinhlobo
UKarl Linay ngo-1780 encwadini ethi "The System of Nature" wahlukanisa futhi wachaza uhlobo lwe-shrike. Ngaphambi kwalokhu, izazi zemvelo zambiza ngokuthi i-ash-grey magpie, eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Izihlobo eziseduze kakhulu ngumndeni wakwa-corvids.
Izinhlobo eziyisishiyagalolunye zihlala, izidleke futhi zizala eRussia.
- I-shrike yaseJapan (uLanius Bucephalus), izinhlangothi ezibomvu, indawo emhlophe ngemuva, isisu esinephethini esine-scaly;
- I-Tiger (Lanius tigrinus), usayizi ojwayelekile, umugqa onemishwe, uphawu olumnyama emehlweni, isisu esimpunga esingcolile, insikazi ibukeka ithobekile - umbala wezimpaphe awufiphele;
- I-shrike enekhanda elibomvu (Lanius senator), emuva kumnyama, ikhanda libomvu ngokubomvu, kunemivimbo emhlophe ebanzi emahlombe;
Lalela izwi le-shrike enamakhanda abomvu:
- I-shrike ebheke phambili emnyama (ULanius minor), ongaphansi kokumpunga ngosayizi, isiphongo sakhiwe kabanzi ngendawo emnyama, ngezansi kumhlophe nge-pink tinge, kwehlukile ezihlotsheni zayo endizeni enjengegagasi;
Lalela izwi le-shrike enobuso obumnyama:
- I-Grike shrike (Lanius eckubitor), ibunzi elikhanyayo, umsila omfishane, umugqa omnyama ogijima ngamehlo, esiswini esimhlophe;
Lalela izwi le-shrike empunga:
- I-wedge-tailed (Lanius sphenocercus), uma iqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo, inyoni enkudlwana, umsila omise okwembotshana, imivimbo emhlophe emaphikweni nasemagxeni;
- ISiberia Shrike (Lanius cristatus), esiseduzane shrike isihlobookungokwe-oda labantu abadlulayo, ikhanda nomsila kukhona nsundu ngokukhanyayo, isisu simbozwe ngephethini elimpunga lesikhumba;
Lalela izwi le-shrike yaseSiberia:
- I-Red-tailed Shrike (Lanius phoenikuroides), umsila obomvu ogqamile, umzimba onesihlabathi;
Lalela izwi le-shrike enomsila obomvu:
- Shrike Shrike Okuvamile, (uLanius collurio) uhlukile eSiberia ngombala ompunga omsila nekhanda, umhlane ungumthunzi we-chestnut, ukubiyela okumnyama kwamehlo.
Indlela yokuphila nendawo yokuhlala
Indawo yokwabiwa kwalezi zinhlobo iyindawo yebhande elipholile nelingaphansi komhlaba elisenyakatho yezwe, kusukela ehlathini lasehlathini enyakatho kuya emaqeleni aseningizimu. Indawo yokuhlala ifinyelela ku-50th parallel.
- Ubude bomzimba 24-38 cm;
- I-Wingspan 30-34cm;
- Isisindo 50-80 amagremu.
IHabitat eRussia: kusukela eVolga kuya ezansi kwezintaba zase-Urals eseningizimu, emaphethelweni aseningizimu yethaiga laseSiberia, eceleni kweYenisei, okutholakala eBashkiria. Ama-subspecies amahlathi asemahlathini ahlala ezifundeni zaseRyazan, Bryansk, Voronezh, Kaluga, Lipetsk. Isifunda saseMoscow namaphethelo naso sinezinsiza ezithile zehlathi zokuheha izinyoni ezindaweni zokwakha izidleke. Izinhlobo zaseRussia zibhekwa njengezihambahamba, kanti ezaseningizimu ziyafuduka.
Ngesikhathi sezindiza, kwenzeka kude nezindawo okuhlala kuzo abantu, yize inyoni inamahloni, iyakugwema ukuhlangana nomuntu. Izinhlobo ezihlalayo zokuhlala - ekwindla nasebusika izinyoni ezifudukayo ziya eningizimu, zime ebusika ezifundeni eziseningizimu ye-Ukraine, India, Africa - ukunyakaza kwemizulane kuyaqhubeka kusuka ngo-Okthoba kuya kuMashi.
IYurophu inabantu abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingama-250 - 400. Ubuningi bezinyoni eziphakeme kakhulu phakathi kwe-Ukraine-Belarusian Polesye, kulapha lapho kubonakala ukwanda okuphawulekayo kwendawo yokwakha isidleke. Zindiza njengemihlambi noma zodwa. Izindawo zokuhlala nezindawo zokwakha izidleke zimboza iNyakatho Melika, i-Asia, neNyakatho Afrika.
IKronotsky Biosphere Reserve iyindawo ebusika yalolu hlobo eKamchatka. Izindawo eziyizinyoni eziyizintandokazi zisezihlahleni ezinde, emqhele ominyene kunzima ukukuqaphela, kepha ungakuthokozela njalo ukucula, ngoba ama-tropical sonorous azwakala njalo phakathi kohlaza. Ukuzwa umuntu, inyoni ngeke indize ibaleke, izondizela kwenye indawo.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Ubungako obuncane busebenze kahle, i-shrike izolile, ngaphandle kokuheha ukunaka okukhulu, iwela phakathi kondlunkulu abangaqaphile. Akekho omnaka, ngenkathi yena ekhetha kancane undlunkulu ngesidlo sasemini, esakaza isisulu esimpofu. Ondlunkulu bayasakazeka, kodwa inyamazane isivele isemlonyeni wayo.
Icebo eliyintandokazi lomzingeli ukuzibhekela ukudla, kusuka esihlahleni eside, bese kuthi ngekhanda ligijimele phansi licishe liqonde thwi. Uma ilitshe likwazi ukushaya ngamandla, ulibamba naye ligijime ngokushesha endaweni eyisicaba.
Uzibamba ngokuphelele izinyoni lapho zindiza - umzingeli unothando olukhulu kangangokuba uhlwitha undlunkulu, ngisho nangaphansi kwesandla somuntu, lapho ezama ngamandla ukubaleka. Ukungena enetheni lokuvaleleka kanye nendebe, akuyeki, ukuqhubeka nokuhlukumeza umdlalo obanjiwe.
I-shrike ithwala isisulu sayo ezindaweni eziyithandayo lapho idla khona, imvamisa isihlahla esinameva noma amagatsha acijile. Umzingeli uwuhlikihla emeveni, awudwengule ngomlomo wawo obukhali. Kungani enza ngale ndlela, izazi zezinto eziphilayo azinayo incazelo eqondile. Yile ndlela abamele ngayo yonke inhlobo yesenzo se-shrike, abathola igama lohlobo lwabo: uLanius - unosilarha.
I-shrike iyinyoni edla inyama ekwazi ukuhlasela ngisho nondlunkulu
Lapho kufika iminyaka yokuvuna, wonke amagatsha angaphakathi kwendawo yomphangi alengiswa ngenqwaba yamagundane noma izinyoni. Isikhathi esinciphile - izikhumba nezimpaphe kulenga kuzo kuphela. Ukubopha okunjalo kusiza ukubhekana kalula nomdlalo obanjiwe, ukuboshelwa emeveni ngeke kukuvumele kushelele noma kwehle egatsheni.
Njengoba izinyoni zifundisa inzalo yazo ukundiza, ukuzingela, nokukhala kakhulu kufundisa isizukulwane esisha ukubhoboza inyamazana emeveni. Ukufunda akulula, kepha ukubekezela kuletha imiphumela. Ngaphezu kwezinyoni ezincane, i-shrike ejwayelekile okubanjiwe:
- Izilwane ezincelisayo: amagundane e-murine - ama-voles, ama-shrews, amagundane amancane;
- Izibankwa zeNimble, amaxoxo, amasele
- Kuqoshwe amacala okuzingela amalulwane;
- Izinambuzane ze-Hymenoptera ne-Orthoptera (May beetle, beetle, weevil);
- Izimvemvane zeMayfly zokondla inzalo;
- Iminenke, imisundu, izicabucabu.
Kwesinye isikhathi uyakwazi ukubamba inyoni enkulu kunaye, ehlobo badla amajikijolo, amaplamu, amakhiwane. Indiza ngamamitha angama-400-500 ngemuva kokudla, izulazula phezu kwesilwane esimakiwe.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Amacala ahlukanisiwe okuzalanisa ekuthunjweni ayaziwa.
Unyaka owodwa ubudala yisikhathi sokuthomba, impilo yomndeni iqala. I-shrike ejwayelekile kungokwenhlobo eyodwa, isikhathi sokudlela ngo-Ephreli - Julayi. Okufanele kakhulu ukwakha izidleke ngamaxhaphozi, izimfunda ezimanzi ezinamahlathi amaningi, noma izihlahla ezingashadile.
Futhi izidleke ekuhlanzweni kwehlathi, imililo, izindawo ezigawulwa noma imiphetho yehlathi. Izidleke zihlelwe ezihlahleni noma ezihlahleni, kukhethwa igatsha elijiyile. Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zakha izindlu ezindaweni eziphakeme ezihlukene, kusuka kumamitha amabili kuya kwayisishiyagalolunye ngaphezulu komhlaba. Imvamisa, izidleke zisetshenziswa iminyaka eminingana zilandelana, zinikezwe ukulungiswa kwentwasahlobo.
Ingoma yokukhwelana imnandi, imnandi, iqukethe ukulandelana okuyinkimbinkimbi kwe-busting kanye ne-trill, yize owesilisa enesethi ephelele yokukhala okubukhali, amakhwela, ukuchofoza ukulandela isitha. Isoka likhothamela ngesigqi okhethiweyo walo, liyamemeza, lihlabelele, licashe phakathi komqhele wesihlahla, bese liqala ukundiza ngokungeyikho emibuthanweni.
Abashadikazi babandakanyeka ngokulinganayo ekuzaleni inzalo, izindima zabo kuphela ezahlukile. Indoda iyayinakekela insikazi, imculele izingoma ezimnandi, ikhethe indawo yokwakha isidleke, ibeka amagatsha amaningana amakhulu phansi.
Uma ukwamukelwa kwamukelwa, insikazi iyaqhubeka nokwakha isidleke ngokuqhubekayo, ingeza amahlumela, izindwani zotshani. Umphumela uba ubhasikidi okhuluphele, ubeka phakathi uboya bezilwane eziphelile nezimpaphe zezinyoni. Umakhi onamaphiko ufaka phezulu kwesidleke ngotshani obuluhlaza, mhlawumbe ukufihla noma ubuhle.
Ixhumana nomkhwenyana bese izalela amaqanda. Amaqanda ngokuvamile abekwa engxenyeni yesibili ka-Ephreli noMeyi, kwesinye isikhathi kutholakala amaqanda abekwe ngoJuni, ngokusobala abeka kabusha esikhundleni sokwebiwa ngumzingeli. Umbala wamaqanda umhlophe mhlophe ngamachashazi ansundu asakazekile.
Iminyaka yobudala ebekiwe yaqoshwa ama-ornithologists eSlovakia. Ilingana neminyaka eyisithupha.
Isigamu senyanga elandelayo sichithwa sichamisela amaqanda. I-Clutch imvamisa iqukethe amaqanda ama-5 - 7, akuvamile kangako ngo-8 - 9, ukufukamela kuthatha izinsuku eziyi-15. Ubaba uzibandakanya nokuzitholela ukudla yena nomkakhe. Amachwane achanyuselwa engaboni, e-pubescent kancane emigqonyeni. Umlomo ngaphakathi u-olintshi, uyakhanya, ukuheha ukunakwa kwabazali.
Bazifunela izingane zabo amasonto amathathu. Amachwane ashiya isidleke eneminyaka engu-18 kuya kwezingama-20, bese kuthi emva kwamasonto amabili abe esezimela ngokuphelele. NgoJuni, usuvele ubona izinyoni zokuqala ezindizayo ezindizayo, kepha azihambi kude nabazali bazo.
Kuze kube ukuwa, bayaqhubeka nokusebenzisa ukudla kokuncoma komzali, kuze kufike isikhathi sokubuthana emihlambini. Amacala abonwa lapho uhhafu wamachwane ejoyina umama, kanti enye ingxenye ijoyina ubaba.
Shrike iphuphu
Inombolo shwabanisa izinyoni incipha ngokushesha ngenxa yokwehla kwezindawo ezingenayo imisebenzi yezolimo, ukusetshenziswa kwesibalo esikhulu semithi yokubulala izinambuzane. Ukuze kulondolozwe lolu hlobo, kuyadingeka ukugcina indawo elungele izinyoni ezizalela izidleke, ukuvinjelwa kokusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali emkhakheni wezolimo, nokwethulwa kwezindlela zokongiwa kwemvelo.
I-Oksky Reserve ibandakanyeka ekutadisheni izindawo zokuhlala kanye nokufuduka kwezinhlobo, ukuvikelwa kwamahlathi, ukuminyana kwabantu kwe-grey shrike kungamabhangqa angama-50 ngamahektha angama-230. Impumelelo yokwakha izidleke ezindaweni zokutadisha ingama-58%.
Ezinye izingosi ezivikelwe zitholakala esiqiwini iKandalaksha, eLapland, Central-Lesnoy. Benza ucwaningo oluhlosiwe lapho kutholakala khona uhlobo lwazo, ukuqapha izindawo zokwakha izidleke unomphela, kanye nokucwaninga ngezinto ezihlobene nazo.
IShrike ibhalwe kuRed Data Book ukubuyisa inani labantu
IShrike ivikelwe yiRed Data Book yaseRussia, i-European Community for Environmental Protection. Isivumelwano saseBerne sifake kwiSithasiselo esinguNombolo 2 isivumelwano phakathi kweRussia neNdiya mayelana nokuvikelwa kwezinyoni ezifudukayo, kufaka phakathi i-grey shrike, umsila omnyama, ihlosi, i-shrike yaseSiberia.
Umuntu kufanele anakekele kahle imvelo ezungezile, abambe iqhaza kulo mkhankaso wokulondoloza izinhlobo ezisengozini yokuqothulwa. Imiphakathi yemiphakathi yabalindi bezinyoni, amahlathi, kanye nabagcini bamageyimu banakekela ukuthuthukisa umhlaba wamahlathi nokubuyisa inani lezinyoni ezisengozini.Shrike esithombeni ibukeka njengenyoni engenabungozi enokuthula.
