Ummeleli omkhulu kunabo bonke bomdlalo ophakanyisiwe onezimpiko, i-grouse yezinkuni, sekuyisikhathi eside ethathwa njengendebe eyigugu yomzingeli. Kodwa-ke, akunzima ukudubula inyoni yamanje - ngomsindo wothando, ilahlekelwa ukuqapha konke.
Incazelo yenkuni grouse
I-Tetrao Linnaeus yigama lohlobo lwenyoni oluhlukaniswa njenge-wood grouse... Kungokwomndeni wama-pheasants nokuhleleka kwezinkukhu, ukwahlukanisa, nakho, kube yizinhlobo ezi-2 ezihlobene kakhulu, eziqukethe izinhlobo eziyi-16.
Ukubukeka
Lesi ngesinye sezinyoni ezinkulu zezinkukhu futhi okuphelele kakhulu (ngokumelene nesizinda se-black grouse, i-hazel grouse, i-woodcock kanye ne-partridge) izinyoni zomdlalo wehlathi. Abantu besilisa be-grouse ejwayelekile yezinkuni bakhula bafike ku-0.6-1.15 m ngobunzima obungu-2.7 kuya ku-7 kg (amaphiko angu-0.9-1.25 m), abesifazane ngokuvamile behla futhi bancane - ngaphezu kwesigamu semitha ngesisindo esingu-1, 7-2.3 kg.
Owesilisa unamandla agobile (njengenyoni edla inyama) uqhwaku olukhanyayo nomsila omude oyindilinga. Insikazi (kopalukha) inomlomo omncane futhi omnyama, umsila uyindilinga futhi awunanothi. Intshebe (izimpaphe ezinde ngaphansi komlomo) ikhula kuphela emadodeni.
Kuyathakazelisa! Uma ukude, i-capercaillie ibukeka njenge-monochrome, kepha vala "ihlukane" ibe yimibala ehlanganisiwe: emnyama (ikhanda nomsila), umbala ompunga omnyama (umzimba), onsundu (amaphiko), okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okukhazimulayo (isifuba) nobomvu obukhanyayo (ishiya).
Isisu nezinhlangothi kuvame ukuba mnyama, kepha ezinye izinyoni zinemigqa emhlophe ohlangothini. Izinhlobo ezingaphansi kukaT. U. i-uralensis, ehlala eSouthern Urals naseWestern Siberia, ihlukaniswa ngamacala / isisu esimhlophe ngemigqa emnyama. Amarimu amhlophe agijima ezinsikeni zomsila ezingenhla, indawo ebonakalayo emhlophe ibonwa ezansi kwephiko, futhi amathiphu amhlophe atholakala ezimpapheni zomsila. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusetshenziswa iphethini lemabula elimhlophe maphakathi nezimpaphe zomsila.
I-grouse yezinkuni ibonakala ngezimpaphe eziguquguqukayo ezinemigqa ebanzi enqamulelayo (ocher nomhlophe) kanye nebhibhi elibomvu, elingekho kwabanye abantu. I-capercaillie yamatshe incane kunaleyo ejwayelekile futhi ayikhuli ngaphezu kuka-0.7 m ngobunzima obungu-3.5-4 kg. Ayikho ingwegwe ethize emlonyeni wayo, futhi umsila mude ngokwengeziwe. Owesilisa ubuswa umbala omnyama ngokufakwa kwamabala amhlophe emsileni / ezimpikweni, insikazi ibomvu ngokuphuzi, ihambisana nemichilo ensundu nemnyama.
Uhlamvu nendlela yokuphila
ICapercaillie iyinyoni ehlala phansi eyenza ukufuduka okungajwayelekile ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka. Undiza ngamandla, ngakho-ke ugwema izindiza ezihamba amabanga amade, zisuka ezintabeni ziye ezindaweni eziphansi nasemuva.
Iyondla futhi ilale ezihlahleni, ngezikhathi ezithile yehlela phansi emini. Ehlobo uzama ukuhlala eduze nezinkambu zamajikijolo, imifudlana kanye nezintuthwane. Eduze nemizimba yamanzi, i-capercaillie igcina amatshe amancane, asiza ukugaya ukudla okunolaka (amahlumela, amaqabunga kanye namahlumela).
Ebusika, uchitha ubusuku eqhweni, efika lapho kusuka ehlobo noma esihlahleni: esesithuthuke kancane eqhweni, i-capercaillie iyacasha futhi izumeke. Emakhazeni nakumaqhwa amakhulu ihlala eqhweni (lapho kufudumele khona ngama-degree angu-10 futhi akukho moya) izinsuku. Indawo yokucasha ivame ukuphenduka i-crypt. Lokhu kwenzeka lapho ukuncibilika kuthathelwa indawo yiqhwa futhi iqhwa liba yiqhwa (uqweqwe), lapho izinyoni ngokuvamile zingaphunyuki ngaphansi kwazo.
Kuyathakazelisa! I-grouse yezinkuni ithule, futhi ikhombisa ubugagu kuphela kumanje. I-serenade yamanje emfushane ihlala imizuzwana embalwa, kepha ihlukanisa ngokusobala izingxenye ezimbili.
Umculi uqala ngokuchofoza kabili okomile, okuhlukaniswe ngezikhawu ezincane, okuphenduka ngokushesha kube isitrili sokuchofoza esiqinile. Ukuchofoza, kuzwakale njenge- "tk ... tk ... tk - tk - tk-tk-tk-tk-tk-tktktktktktk", ngaphandle kokumisa ukugeleza kungena esigabeni sesibili (amasekhondi angu-3-4), okubizwa ngokuthi "ukujika", "ukugaya" noma "ukusonteka ".
Kuphakathi "kokujika" lapho i-capercaillie iyeka ukusabela ezintweni ezingaphandle, iphenduke kube yinto elula. Nganoma yisiphi esinye isikhathi inyoni iyezwa / ibone kahle futhi iziphathe kahle. Ukuqaphela inja, i-capercaillie "creaks" ngokungathokozi, iphunyuka kumuntu buthule, kodwa yenza umsindo ohlukile ngamaphiko ayo.
Kutholakele ukuthi ukuvama kokushaya kwayo kudlula izinga lokuphefumula lenyoni, okungukuthi, kufanele kumane kufinyaniswe ukuntuleka komoya-mpilo... Kodwa lokhu akwenzeki ngenxa yesistimu yokuphefumula enamandla, equkethe amaphaphu nama-5 pair of sac sac. I-nuance ebalulekile - iningi lomoya linikeza ukupholisa endizeni, futhi okuncane kusetshenziselwa ukuphefumula.
Mangaki ama-grouse ezinkuni ahlala
Isikhathi sokuphila esilinganisiwe asidluli iminyaka eyi-12, kepha kunolwazi ngabesilisa abahlangabezane neminyaka yabo yokuzalwa engu-13. Ekuthunjweni, ezinye izinhlobo zasinda eminyakeni eyi-18 noma ngaphezulu.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ama-Wood grouses awahlali esihlahleni okwabulawa kuso isihlobo sabo. Ayikho incazelo enengqondo etholakele ngalokhu. Izazi zemvelo ziqaphele ukuthi i-grouse yezinkuni ihlala ingashintshi amakhulu eminyaka, kanye nezihlahla "zomuntu", ezinikezwe izinyoni ngazinye.
Kuyamangaza ukuthi hhayi kuphela ofakazi bokufa kwayo, kodwa futhi nabesilisa abancane, abagcwalisa amandla wamanje minyaka yonke, abazenzisi emthini we-capercaillie. Umuthi obulalayo uhlala ukhululekile iminyaka emihlanu noma eyishumi.
Izinhlobo ze-Wood grouse
Uhlobo lweTetrao Linnaeus (ngokwezigaba zaphambilini) lufake izinhlobo eziyi-12. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ama-grouse ezinkuni aqala ukuhlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezi-2 kuphela:
- I-Tetrao urogallus - i-grouse ejwayelekile yokhuni;
- I-Tetrao parvirostris - i-grouse yokhuni lwetshe.
Njengoba sezizinze emagumbini ahlukene, izinyoni zathola izici zazo zokukhuluma.... Isibonelo, ama-wood grouses avela eNtshonalanga Yurophu alingisa ukotini lukakhokho ophuma ngaphandle kwebhodlela. Umsindo ofanayo uphinde wenziwe ngama-grouse ezinkuni ahlala eBaltics. Ama-ornithologists abiza "iculo" le-South Ural wood grouse classical.
Indawo yokuhlala
I-Zoological Institute yaseRussia iqinisekile ukuthi i-grouse yezinkuni iyikhaya le-taiga yase-Southern Urals (izifunda zaseBeloretsky, iZilairsky, Uchalinsky neBurzyansky). Yize ukwehla okuyinhlekelele kwemfuyo, ububanzi bezinkuni busabanzi futhi buhlanganisa inyakatho yezwekazi laseYurophu, kanye ne-Central / West Asia.
Le nyoni itholakala eFinland, Sweden, Scotland, Germany, Kola Peninsula, Karelia, Northern Portugal, Spain, Bulgaria, Estonia, Belarus naseningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Ukraine. I-grouse ejwayelekile yezinkuni ihlala enyakatho yengxenye yaseYurophu yaseRussia, isakaze eNtshonalanga Siberia (okubandakanya). Uhlobo lwesibili nalo luhlala eSiberia, i-capercaillie yamatshe, uhla lwayo oluhambisana nezindawo ze-larch taiga.
Zombili lezi zinhlobo ze-grouse yezinkuni zikhetha amahlathi avuthiwe ama-coniferous / amahlathi avuthiwe (angavamisile ukuqubuka), evikela amahlathi asezinhlathini amancane anendawo encane. Phakathi kwezindawo eziyizintandokazi kukhona amaxhaphozi ama-moss emahlathini ehlathi, lapho kukhula khona amajikijolo amaningi.
Ukudla kwe-Wood grouse
I-capercaillie inemenyu empofu kunazo zonke ebusika. Emakhazeni amuncu, weneliseka ngophayini kanye nezinaliti zemisedari, ephuma eyofuna ukudla kanye ngosuku (imvamisa emini). Uma kungekho / kushoda imipini nemisedari, izinyoni zishintshela ezinalweni ze-fir, juniper, amahlumela kanye namahlumela ezihlahla ezinqabayo. Ngokuqala kwemfudumalo, i-grouse yezinkuni ibuyela ekudleni kwasehlobo, okubandakanya:
- iziqu ze-blueberry;
- amajikijolo angaphezu kwama-overwintered nokuvuthwa;
- imbewu nezimbali;
- utshani namaqabunga;
- izihlahla namahlumela;
- ezingenamgogodla, kufaka phakathi izinambuzane.
Maphakathi no-Septhemba, izinyoni zindiza ziye esihlabathini kanye nezibungu eziphuzi, izinaliti zazo i-capercaillie ethanda ukuzondla ekwindla.
Ukuzala nenzalo
ICapercaillie yamanje iwela ngoMashi - Ephreli... Abesilisa bandizela kulesi sikhathi samanje eduze nokuhwalala, bashwiba ngamabomu amaphiko abo lapho besondela. Imvamisa kusuka kwababili kuya kwabali-10 "abakhongi" babuthana endaweni eyodwa, kepha emahlathini ajulile kukhona okukhona (1-1.5 km2), lapho abaculi abaningi bacula khona.
Kodwa-ke, bahlonipha isikhala somunye umuntu, ukuhlala kude nomakhelwane babo ngaphezu kwe-150-500 m futhi baqala ukuhamba ngaphambi kokuntwela kokusa. Ngemisebe yokuqala yokukhanya, abaculi behlela phansi baqhubeke nokucula, ngezikhathi ezithile baphazamise ukuma nokugxuma ngokushaya amaphiko okunomsindo. Kwenzeka ukuthi ama-capercaillies ahlangane lapho ajika khona aqale ukulwa, abambelele ezintanyeni zawo ngemilomo yawo futhi athintane ngamaphiko awo.
Kuyathakazelisa! Maphakathi nesikhathi sokukhwelana, ama-grouse ezinkuni afika kulesi sikhathi samanje, esimatasa ngezidleke zokwakha (otshanini, ngaphansi kwezihlahla, ngisho nasendaweni evulekile). I-kopalukha ibika ukulungela kwayo ukukhwelana ngosizo lwama-squats, ikwenza lokhu kuze kube yilapho owesilisa esehlisela ukuqhudelana. I-grouse yezinkuni inesithembu futhi ekuseni iyakwazi ukukhwelana nama-grouse amathathu wezinkuni.
Ukugoba kuphela ngokushesha lapho kuvela amahlamvu amasha. Insikazi ihlala emaqandeni (kusuka ku-4 kuye ku-14), iwafukamela isikhathi esingangenyanga. Amachwane azimele kakhulu futhi kusukela osukwini lokuqala azondla ngokwawo, aqale adle izinambuzane, namajikijolo kamuva kanye nolunye uhlaza. Lapho zinezinsuku eziyi-8, ziyakwazi ukundiza emagatsheni angadluli kwimitha elilodwa, futhi ngenyanga ziyakwazi ukundiza. Abesilisa abakhulile baqala ukukhwelana kusukela eminyakeni emibili ubudala. Abesifazane baqala ukuba ngumzali kusukela eminyakeni emithathu ubudala, njengoba abantu abancane bengenangqondo - balahlekelwa amaqanda noma bashiye izidleke zabo.
Izitha zemvelo
Ama-grouse ezinkuni anezitha ezanele phakathi kwezinyoni nezidliwayo zomhlaba ezingasongeli abantu abadala kakhulu njengezinzalo zazo. Kuyaziwa ukuthi undlunkulu uyathanda ukuzitika ngamatshwele, ezinye izidlo ezidla inyama ze-capercaillie izidleke ngothando.
Izitha zemvelo zezinkuni zokhuni yilezi:
- impungushe nembila;
- inja ye-raccoon;
- weasel nemarten;
- i-hedgehog ne-ferret;
- igwababa negwababa;
- i-goshawk ne-peregrine falcon;
- isikhova esimhlophe nesikhova ukhozi.
Ukwanda kwesibalo sanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwezilwane ezizingelayo ngokungenakugwenywa kuholela ekwehleni kwenani lama-grouse ezinkuni. Kwathi lapho izimpungushe zizalela emahlathini. Umkhuba ofanayo waphawulwa ngokwanda kwenani lezinja ze-raccoon.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Abalondolozi bemvelo baseYurophu bakholelwa ukuthi njengamanje inani elilinganiselwe le-capercaillie liyahlukahluka ebangeni lamabhangqa ayizinkulungwane ezingama-209-296.
Okubalulekile! Le nyoni ifakiwe kwiSithasiselo I se-European Union Directive mayelana nokongiwa kwezinyoni zasendle, lapho kutholakala khona izinhlobo ezingavamile nezisengozini, ezibhalwe ukuthi “zisengozini”. I-grouse yezinkuni nayo ivikelwe iSithasiselo II se-Berne Convention.
Umkhuba oyingozi wokwehla okungaguquki kwenani lama-grouse ezinkuni uchazwa yizici eziningana:
- ukuzingela kwezohwebo;
- ukwanda kwenani lezingulube zasendle;
- ukugawulwa kwamahlathi (ikakhulukazi emisakazweni naseziteshini zezingane);
- ulwelwesi imisele yokuhambisa amanzi;
- ukufa kwezinkukhu ngenxa yephutha labavuni bamakhowe / amajikijolo.
I-grouse yezinkuni esesimweni sezinhlobo ezisengozini yokuqothulwa nayo ifakiwe kumaRed Data Books eRussia Federation, Belarus nase-Ukraine... Izazi zemvelo zaseBelarusian ziphakamisa isethi yezinyathelo zokulondoloza inani le-capercaillie esikhaleni esingemva kweSoviet. Ngokubona kwabantu baseBelarusian, amasayithi amakhulu amanje kufanele aguqulwe abe yimithombo emincane ngokuvinjelwa kokugawulwa, kanye nokuzingela i-grouse yezikhali ezikhaliweni ezihlwathiwe.
