Incazelo nezici
Igwababa – inyoni ehlakaniphile... Izazi zezinyoni zicabanga ukuthi lo mmeleli wezilwane ezinezimpaphe uhlukile. Iqiniso ngukuthi ngobuhlakani, lezi zidalwa ezinamaphiko azigcini nje ngokudlula amalungu amaningi embuso wezilwane. Ukwakheka kwengqondo yabo kufana nokwomuntu.
Ngempela, ngokocwaningo olwenziwe eNyuvesi yaseCambridge, ikhono labo lokucabanga lidlula amandla engane eneminyaka emine ubudala. La mantombazane akhaliphileyo afakwa kumuntu odlulayo, futhi athathwa njengamakhulu kakhulu kumalungu aleli qembu.
Cishe ziyingxenye yemitha ubude, futhi isisindo sabesilisa sifinyelela kuma-gramu angama-800 noma ngaphezulu. Kepha abesifazane bancane kakhulu.
Inyoni, igwababa ubukhulu nombala - ama-rook (zombili izinyoni zingaphansi kohlobo olufanayo nomndeni). Kepha izinyoni ezichazwe zinomthethosisekelo ominyene kakhulu. Futhi, igwababa lingahlukaniswa ngemikhuba yalo kusuka kwirokhi, ikakhulukazi ngendlela yalo lapho lihamba, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, ngokunqekuzisa ikhanda.
Umlomo wayo umnyama, uyindilinga ngokuma, ubukhali, unamandla anele. Izimpiko ezifushane ezibanzi zalezi zinyoni, ubude bazo obungu-1 m, zihlukaniswa ngamandla azo futhi zivame ukukhonjwa (umumo ofanayo uyisici sezinhlobo eziningi zamagwababa).
Imilenze yabo mide, iqinile, mncane, inezinzwane ezintathu ezikhomba phambili kanti eyodwa ikhomba emuva, okungukuthi, zine kuphela.
Amagwababa, kuya ngezinhlobonhlobo, angaba nezimpaphe ezimnyama noma ezimpunga. Njengomthetho, kukhanya nge-purple noma i-metallic sheen elangeni, futhi ingabonakala futhi ngombala oluhlaza okotshani.
Isimo esingajwayelekile emvelweni Igwababa elimhlophe... Lo mbala wezimpaphe awubhekwa njengowemvelo, kodwa ngokuqinisekile ungumphumela wokuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo, uhlobo lwesifo okuthiwa yi-albinism. Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, izidalwa ezinjalo bezisebenza njengophawu lokuhlukaniswa nokungajwayelekile.
Futhi ezindaweni zemvelo, njengomthetho, ziyabonakala kakhulu ngakho-ke ziphenduka izisulu ezilula zabahlaseli.
Imisindo eyenziwa ngamagwababa ingeyasendlini futhi imangele, iyahoshozela futhi iphezulu. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi amazwi alezi zinyoni ayefana nokuhleka kwabantu. Eqinisweni, imisindo ekhiqizwe yibo yehluke kakhulu, futhi inezici eziningi ngobuningi nangama-shades, futhi yenzelwe ukwazisa izihlobo zazo ngezinhloso nemizwa ezwayo.
Lokhu kungaba yizinsongo, ukufunga, izimpawu zokuqoqa noma zokuveza uzwelo phakathi nemidlalo yokukhwelana. Lokhu kufakazela futhi ukuthi lezi zilwane zihlakaniphe kangakanani futhi zithuthukile kanjani.
Kukhona enye inyoni eyaziwa ngokukhalipha kwayo - igwababa. Wasebenzela ngisho nabadala njengophawu lokuhlakanipha. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngokungahambisani nemibono yezimfundamakhwela, igwababa negwababa – izinyoni ezahlukene, hhayi izidalwa zobulili obuhlukile bohlobo olufanayo lwezinyoni. Yize kungabokubili kokunye nokunye, umndeni wakwa-corvids.
Ngisho bamele uhlobo olufanayo, futhi lubizwa ngokuthi: amagwababa. Futhi zombili lezi zidalwa ezinamaphiko, ngenxa yobuhlakani bazo nekhono lokuzivumelanisa nezimo, zisabalale ezindaweni ezihluke kakhulu nezinkulu zomhlaba. Bahlala e-Eurasia nasenyakatho ne-Afrika, batholakala ezwenikazi laseMelika kanye nase-Australia.
Kodwa-ke, ngokusho kwezici zangaphandle, lezi zinyoni zinokuhluka okubonakalayo. Amagwababa makhulu futhi abaluleke kakhulu ngesisindo. Umsila wale nyoni unesiphetho esime okomgexo, kanti leso segwababa siyindilinga.
Zombili izinyoni zinamehlo abukhali, futhi ukuma kwamehlo eceleni kwazo kuzinika indawo enkulu yokubuka. Izitho zabo zokuzwa zitholakala ngaphakathi, hhayi ngaphandle, futhi zivikelwe izimpaphe.
Izinhlobo
Igama "igwababa" imvamisa libangelwa izinhlobo eziningi zomndeni we-corvid. Zonke zinezici ezivamile zesici sokubukeka, ezichazwe lapha, futhi zingabonakala futhi Amagwababa esithombeni.
Usayizi wabamele izinhlobo ezibonisiwe zalo mndeni uhluke kakhulu. Ubukhulu bezinhlobonhlobo eziningi buhambisana nemingcele esivele ikhonjisiwe. Kodwa abamele ezinye izinhlobo bakhulu nje kancane kunondlunkulu. Ake sibanikeze incazelo eningiliziwe.
1. Igwababa elifakwe izigqoko. Kwesinye isikhathi lokhu okuhlukahlukene kanye negwababa elimnyama (kuchazwe ngokuqhubekayo) kubhekwa njengohlobo olulodwa, kuhlukaniswa kuphela kwabafana ababili abakhonjisiwe. Ngaphandle kwegama, izimpaphe zalezi zinyoni zimpunga ngokwengxenye kuphela, ngoba ikhanda, umsila namaphiko alezi zinyoni amnyama.
Ububanzi babo buhlanganisa izindawo zezwekazi laseYurophu futhi bunabela ngasenyakatho eScandinavia, nasempumalanga kuya e-Asia Minor. Izinhlobo azithathwa njengezingajwayelekile, kepha, kunalokho, ziningi kakhulu, futhi inani lalezi zinyoni lenyuke kakhulu muva nje.
Kodwa-ke, yilokhu okwenza izinkinga, ngoba ukwanda okunjalo kunomthelela omubi ku-ecosystem.
2. Igwababa Elimnyama... Njengemilenze noqhwaku, izimpaphe zezinyoni ezinjalo zimnyama, kepha zihambisana nombala onsomi noma oluhlaza. Lezi zinhlobo zihlukaniswe zaba ama-subspecies, angaba nokwehluka okuphawulekayo. Isibonelo, izinyoni ezihlala entshonalanga ye-Eurasia nasempumalanga yezwekazi azifani nje kuphela ngezici zazo, kodwa ngisho, njengoba kuvela, ngokuzimela zithuthukana zisuka komunye nomunye.
Futhi ukwahlukana kwabo kwenzeka kudala, emuva e-Ice Age. ERussia, abamele lolu hlobo bahlala eMpumalanga Ekude naseSiberia.
3. Igwababa elikhulu. Izinyoni ezinjalo zivamile e-Asia, zihlala eMpumalanga Ekude, eJapane, eChina nasezindaweni eziseduze. Kusuka egameni kulula ukuqagela ukuthi isici sesici salolu hlobo ngumlomo omkhulu.
Ubukhulu bungafika ku-59 cm, kepha ngokuvamile buhluka kakhulu. Izimpaphe zimnyama futhi zimnyama mpunga.
4. Igwababa elinezintambo ezimhlophe. Naphezu kwegama, umbala wezinyoni usamnyama, kodwa izimpaphe zinesisekelo esimhlophe. Bahlala eNyakatho Melika e-United States naseMexico, bahlala emadlelweni asehlathini nasezindaweni eziwugwadule.
5. Igwababa lethusi liyatholakala eMpumalanga Afrika. Uqhwaku lwale nyoni, oluphawuleka kakhulu, lukhulu kunekhanda, lide futhi luwugqinsi. Izimpaphe zimnyama, zigqanyiswe ngebala elimhlophe ngemuva kwekhanda. Ubude bomzimba bungafika ku-64 cm.
6. Igwababa elinamakhasi. Indawo ahlala kuyo yiNyakatho Afrika kanye neMiddle East. Ngombala nangokulingana, lezi zinyoni ziyefana namagwababa amnyama, futhi izimpaphe zazo zakha umbala ophephuli noma onsundu ngokuthusi ngokukhanya okwanele kwemvelo.
Izwi elikhishwa yilezi zidalwa liyafana nokukhala kweselesele. Lezi zidalwa zivame ukwakha izidleke emadwaleni.
7. Igwababa lase-Australia. Izimpaphe zayo ezimnyama zikhipha umbala oluhlaza okotshani, onsomi noma ocwebezelayo. Imilenze nomlomo nakho kumnyama. Izimpaphe zentamo zalezi zinyoni zigqame kakhulu.
Ngalesi sici sesici, kanye nohhafu wemitha ngosayizi (lawa yimingcele emikhulu yamagwababa ezwekazi lase-Australia), kungenzeka ukuhlukanisa abameleli balezi zinhlobo kwabanye.
8. Igwababa laseNingizimu Australia. Lezi zinhlobonhlobo zincane kancane kunaleso esedlule, noma ngabe sincane, futhi uqhwaku lwabamele bayo lucekeceke. Futhi, ngokungafani nezinhlobo ezisanda kuchazwa, lezi zinyoni zivame ukwakha imihlambi emikhulu. Imibala yazo imnyama bhuqe.
9. Igwababa iBangai luhlobo oluncane, ubukhulu balo obungamasentimitha angama-39. Lezi zinyoni zimnyama ngombala. Lolu hlobo lusongelwa ngokuqothulwa.
Indlela yokuphila kanye nendawo yokuhlala
Igwababa – inyoni, engazulazula, isuke kwenye indawo iye kwenye. Kunezimo lapho amagwababa akhonjwe eRussia etholakala eNtshonalanga Yurophu futhi okuphambene nalokho. Ngokusobala, ngasizathu esingaziwa, bamane banquma ukushintsha indawo abahlala kuyo.
Ezinye zazo zifuduka ngezikhathi ezithile, zithuthela ezifundeni ezinesimo sezulu esikahle ebusika. Kuyenzeka ukuthi amagwababa engahambi nhlobo, kodwa ahlala phansi. Kodwa noma kunjalo, ukunyakaza okukhulu kakhulu, njengesibonelo, izinkonjane, izinyoni ezichazwe azikwazi ukwenza.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi amagwababa ahlakaniphile hhayi kuphela, kepha futhi azi ukuthi angakhumbula kanjani isikhathi eside futhi ngandlela thile adlulisele imininingwane ethile kwabanye. Ngesinye isikhathi eCanada, idolobha laseChatham lalihlonywe yinqwaba yezivakashi ezinamaphiko futhi kwavela ukuthi zazingabavakashi lapho.
Bacekela phansi izitshalo futhi bacasula izakhamuzi zendawo. Ngenxa yempi, abantu abayimemezela ngokucasula kwamaphiko, kwabulawa igwababa elilodwa. Futhi lokhu kwanele ukuthi izinyoni zingashiya lesi siphephelo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, imihlambi yamagwababa kule ndawo ayisekho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi akusona isikhathi esingafani nesinye. Kunobufakazi obuningi bokuthi amagwababa azama ukugwema izindawo lapho kufe khona abantu besizwe sakubo.
Ukuhlolwa okwenziwe ososayensi kufakazela ukuthi labo abamele umbuso ochonywe ngezimpaphe bayakwazi ukuxazulula imisebenzi ababelwe yona, futhi ngendlela ehlakaniphe kakhulu. Isibiliboco okunzima ukusifinyelela, sinamathele entanjeni, basidonsela sona, ngaleyo ndlela bathola abakufunayo. Futhi lapho bethola izibungu emkhunjini omncane onamanzi, baphonsa amatshe lapho, basusa uketshezi futhi bafika kulowo owazingelayo.
Ngokwemvelo, lezi zinyoni zihlukaniswa ngokuhamba, zibuye zibe nokuqapha okuhle. Imvamisa bahlala emihlambini, futhi amalungu alo mphakathi akhombisa isifiso sokuhlomisa insimu ehlala abantu. Kepha kune-loners phakathi kwamagwababa.
Laba bameleli bezilwane ezinezimpaphe bathuthukisa imisebenzi yabo emini. Futhi ebusuku bajwayele ukuthatha ikhefu ebunzimeni nasekukhathazekeni, okuyinto abajwayele ukuyenza lapho behlangana ngamaqembu. Amagwababa ashaya amaphiko awo kunqabile lapho ehamba emoyeni. Abantu, ikakhulukazi lapho kunomoya ovunguzayo, bavame ukubuka amagwababa ejikeleza nje ezungeze imibhoshongo yensimbi, imibhoshongo noma izakhiwo eziphakeme.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Isesha ukudla Igwababa iqala ukuprakthiza, ivuke ekuseni. Lezi zinyoni empeleni zi-omnivorous. Imvamisa abahlonishwa ekutholeni ukudla, okulethela abantu izinkathazo nezinkinga. Kulezo zinyoni ezihlala eduze nendawo yokuhlala abantu, imfucuza yokudla iwukudla okwamukelekayo, futhi ngisho nesibiliboco osithandayo. Ngakho-ke, amagwababa ngokuvamile ahlangana ezindaweni zokulahla udoti ngobuningi.
Kepha, empeleni, indlela yokudla incike endaweni yokuhlala kwezinyoni. Bangadla imifino nezithelo, amantongomane, ama-acorn, imbewu yezitshalo, uma kukhona okuningi ezindaweni abahlala kuzo. Lezi zinyoni zimba emqubeni ukuthola nokudla izibungu zezinambuzane. Imvamisa bacasula abafowabo abanamaphiko: ukuvakashela izidleke zabo, ukuwachitha, ukudla amaqanda, noma amatshwele.
Amanye amagwababa aphila ngokuzingela. Ngokuqalisa ngempumelelo kwale bhizinisi, zingahlanganiswa ngamaqembu. Ekupheleni kwecala, bahlela idili elijwayelekile. Izisulu zabo zingaba amagundane amancane, amaxoxo, izibankwa, noma inyamazane enkulu.
Singathini ngezimvemvane, izimpukane namabhungane, nazo ezifakiwe ekudleni kwalezi zinyoni. Imvamisa amagwababa ajwayela ukugcina iso kwezinye izilwane ezilukhuni. Ukubalandela, badla okusele ekudleni kwabo.
Ukuhlakanipha kwamagwababa ekukhipheni ukudla kubonakala ngokuphelele. Uma inyoni ehlakaniphile, ngokwesibonelo, ibifuna ukuzitika ngenadi, kepha ingakwazi ukuyiphula, khona-ke iyakwazi ukucabanga ukuyiphonsa emgwaqweni bese iyidla kamuva, lapho icindezelwa yimoto.
Kukhona nezinye izimo eziningi lapho igwababa, ukuze lithole ukudla, lisebenzise izinto ezahlukahlukene namadivayisi emvelo yalo.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Amagwababa yizinyoni ezizodwa eziqala ukubamba iqhaza ekwakhiweni kohlobo lwazo kusukela eminyakeni emibili. Isikhathi sokukhwelana, njengomthetho, siqala engxenyeni yokuqala yentwasahlobo. Futhi ukuqomisana nemidlalo yalezi zithandani kwenzeka emoyeni, zihlaba umxhwele ngeziqubu eziyinkimbinkimbi nokujika, kanye nokuphishekela okusheshayo.
Isidleke sikagwababa isakhiwo esiyingqayizivele nesikhulu kakhulu. Njengezinto zokwakha, lezi zinyoni zisebenzisa zonke izinhlobo zezinto: izigaxa zezintambo, izintambo, izintambo, amagatsha. Izakhiwo ezaziwa ngqo zobunjiniyela, isibonelo, eziqukethe ngokuphelele izintambo.
Izidleke zingatholakala ezihlahleni ezisezivandeni zomphakathi, emahlathini nasemapaki, ezigxotsheni ze-telegraph ngisho nakuma-cranes. Ngokuvamile, lapho kuphakeme khona. Kunezinhlobo zezilwane ezakha izindawo zokuhlala kwamachwane emaweni nasemadwaleni. Bobabili abesilisa nabesifazane babandakanyeka ngokulinganayo ekwakheni izidleke.
Ama-clutches ngokuvamile aqukethe amaqanda afinyelela ku-8 aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma aluhlaza amakwe amabala amnyama. Imvamisa umama ufukamela inzalo, kepha ubaba womndeni umnikeza isimo esikahle nokudla.
Amantshontsho avela ku-clutch ngemuva kwamasonto amathathu. Achanyuselwa ngaphandle kwezimpaphe futhi kuphela emva kwenyanga embozwe ngawo.
Amagwababa avikela amaphuphu awo ngawo wonke amandla awo. Isibonelo, uma enye yezingane iwile esidlekeni, khona-ke ukuphithizela kuzoba ngokwanele. Futhi lowo ozama ukucasula umfanyana ohluphekayo uzofanelwa ukwenqatshwa, hhayi kuphela kubazali, kepha, mhlawumbe, ngabantu besizwe abakubo abasizile.
Isizukulwane esidala siqala ukundiza ekuqaleni kwehlobo. Kepha inyanga yonke, abazali babheke isiphetho samachwane, babavikela ezingozini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inzalo ilindele impilo ezimele. Kodwa abasha bahlala bexhumana nabazali babo, bavame ukubamba iqhaza ekukhuliseni amaphuphu amasha.
Ngasizathu simbe, okhokho bethu babekholelwa ukuthi igwababa, isihlobo esiseduzane segwababa, liyisibindi eside esingajwayelekile. Kepha lokhu kungumbono oyiphutha. Ngemuva kwakho konke, ubudala bezinyoni ezinjalo emvelweni ngokuvamile abudluli eminyakeni eyi-15. Igwababa liphila kancane.
Kodwa-ke, izinyoni zalolu hlobo, ezigcinwe ekuthunjweni, zingazazi izingozi nendlala, kwesinye isikhathi zidlula kakhulu abanikazi bazo abangabantu. Amacala anjalo, ngokusobala, aba yisizathu sokuvela kwezinganekwane nezinganekwane.
