Izimfudu ziyizilwane eziyizinsalela. Beze kithi kusuka endulo cishe bengashintshi, futhi manje bakha enye yama-oda amane ezihuquzelayo. Izinsalela zalezi zinsalela zezilwane ezihuquzelayo zibonisa ukuthi zazikhona eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-220 edlule.
Mhlawumbe amanye ama-dinosaurs ayengokhokho bawo. Kunezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zofudu. Ezinye sezivele zanyamalala ebusweni bomhlaba, ezinye zisatholakala emhlabeni wethu. Bahlukaniswe ngamaqembu ahlukene wentela, kusuka kuma-suborder kuya kuma-subspecies.
Abanye abamele bangakhethwa ukugcina indlu, abanye bangaba khona kuphela emvelweni, ngoba akuhloselwe indlu leyo. Ake sizame ukungena ezweni lofudu oluthakazelayo futhi sizulazule ngokungafani kwazo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, udinga ukucabanga ngezinhlobo ezithile zofudu.
Izinhlobo zofudu
Okwamanje, kunezinhlobo ezibalelwa ku-328 zalezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo, zakha imindeni eyi-14. Isici esivelele senani elikhulu lezimfudu ukuba khona kwegobolondo eliqukethe i-carapace (i-dorsal shield) ne-plastron (isihlangu sesisu), ezixhumene ngokuhambisa. Lezi zivikelo ziyizicubu eziqinile zomzimba, zihlala isikhathi eside futhi zivikela ngempumelelo isilwane esihuquzelayo ezitheni nasezinkingeni ezingalindelekile.
Empeleni, lona kanye igama elithi "ufudu" lisichazela ukuthi isilwane sinokubukeka okuyisici - igobolondo lalo libukeka njenge-crock (okusho igama lesiSlavic) noma amathayili (ngokwegama lesiLatini elithi "testudo"). Ukubukeka kofudu ayigcini ngokuqinisekisa igama layo, kepha futhi ifakazela ukuthi kwakuyigobolondo elalisiza ukuthi lisinde futhi lisinde ukuze lize kithi kusuka ezikhathini zakudala zangaphambi komlando.
Zonke izimfudu zingahlukaniswa ngemibandela ngamaqembu ama-2 ngokwendlela yokumboza ikhanda lazo ngegobolondo:
- Intamo efihliwe phinda intamo, uyigoqe ngohlamvu S.
- Igolo eliseceleni fihla ikhanda kancane ohlangothini olulodwa, eduze kwanoma iyiphi isitho sangaphambili.
Isigaba esilandelayo kulula ukusenza ngokuya ngendawo yokuhlala.
- Ezasolwandle izimfudu - zakhetha amanzi olwandle impilo yonke.
- Okomhlaba izimfudu - zihlala emhlabeni, futhi zingahlukaniswa futhi zibe:
- umhlaba - labo abakhetha ukuhlala emhlabathini oqinile;
- amanzi angenasawoti - bahlala emizimbeni yamanzi amasha: imifula, amachibi kanye namaxhaphozi.
Manje njengoba sesiwajwayele kafushane amaqembu ayisisekelo, sizozama ukuwaqonda ngokuningiliziwe futhi sithole amagama ezinhlobo zofudu.
Izinhlobo zofudu basolwandle
Abahlali basolwandle bavame ukuba bakhulu kakhulu kunezihlobo zabo zomhlaba. Zivame kakhulu ezindaweni ezishisayo futhi zikhululekile emanzini afudumele. Ezindaweni ezibandayo ezisenyakatho, zivame kakhulu. Ngokusho kososayensi abafunde izinsalela zezinsalela, empeleni azikashintshi ezigidini eziningi zeminyaka.
Banemilenze engaphambili eyenziwe kahle, abayisebenzisa njengamaphiko. Imilenze yangemuva cishe ayisizi ukubhukuda. Imilenze yabo ayibuyeli emuva kugobolondo. Ngendlela, izinhlobo eziningana zezilwane ezihuquzelayo zasolwandle azinalo igobolondo nakancane, isibonelo, ufudu lwe-leatherback. Esakhiweni samanzi, zihamba kakhulu, futhi zakha ijubane elihlukile, zinobuchule obukhulu futhi zihamba kahle olwandle.
Okudume kakhulu izinhlobo izimfudu zasolwandle:
1. Izimfudu zesikhumba. Izinhlobo ezisele kuphela zomndeni wonke. Bangabhekwa njengabakhulu kunabo bonke ohlobo lofudu, ubukhulu balezi zidalwa bufinyelela ku-2.6 m. Isisindo sazo sifinyelela kuma-900 kg, zingama-omnivorous. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zibhekwa njengezikhulu kunazo zonke izilwane ezinomgogodla emhlabeni. Lezi "zimvuthuluka" zingaluma ngokuqondakalayo, ziqine kangangokuthi zingaphuka nezicubu zamathambo.
Bona ngokwabo abahlaseli umuntu, kodwa babonisa ulaka uma benziwe ngokukhethekile bathukuthele. Kushiwo icala elilodwa lapho ufudu olukhulu kangaka luhlasela isikebhe esincane sokudoba futhi saluphendula. Kuyiqiniso, ngaphambi kwalokho kwaqashelwa ukuthi ushaka ubemjaha isikhathi eside. Mhlawumbe, abadobi babesendleleni yokuhlehla, futhi wabathatha njengesongo.
2. Izimfudu zasolwandle eziluhlaza okotshani... Imvamisa itholakala ezindaweni ezishisayo zasePacific nase-Atlantic. Ngokuphikisana negama, umbala wabo awuhlaza kuphela, kodwa futhi ushokoledi onemivimbo namabala ombala weqanda lesikhupha. Abasakhulayo bachitha impilo yabo olwandle oluphezulu bezingela izinhlanzi nezinye izidalwa zasolwandle. Lapho sebekhulile, bathuthela emhlabathini futhi babe izidlo ezidla inyama.
3. Izimfudu zasolwandle zeLoggerhead (i-caretta yamanga), noma ama-loggerheads... Zikhula zifike kubukhulu obungu-95 cm, kanti zinesisindo esingaba ngama-200 kg. ICarapax ifana nenhliziyo enkulu enesimo, umbala ikhofi elithambile, iterracotta noma ipistachio. Isihlangu esingezansi ukhilimu noma ophuzi. Amaphiko ezingaphambili anezikhala zezinzipho.
Inhloko inkulu, ihlotshiswe ngamapuleti esihlangu abonakalayo. Ihlala endaweni efudumele yasolwandle eshisayo yoMhlaba, ngoba ukuyakha isidleke kunweba indawo yayo yokuhlala, kuthathe izindawo ezinesimo sezulu esipholile. Inani elikhulu labantu libonakala oLwandle i-Arabia esiqhingini esibizwa ngokuthi iMasira.
4. Izimfudu zasolwandle iBissa (ama-carettes wangempela)... Kufana nezimfudu eziluhlaza okotshani, kungaphansi nje ngosayizi kuzo. Indawo abahlala kuyo itholakala phakathi kwezindawo ezipholile zaseNyakatho naseNingizimu. Bangabonakala ezindaweni ezinenkungu zaseGreat Britain, ogwini olunamadwala eScotland, empumalanga, batholakala oLwandle lwaseJapan, babonakala esifundeni saseCape eseningizimu ye-Afrika, eduze naseTasmania naseNew Zealand.
Bachitha impilo yabo yonke olwandle, futhi baya olwandle ngokukhethekile ukuze bazale. Izinkathi ezinjalo zenzeka kanye kuphela njalo eminyakeni engaba mithathu, futhi zenza ukufuduka okude ukuze zibhukude ziye ezindaweni zazo zokuzalwa. Kusanda kuqashelwa ukuthi kwesinye isikhathi zikhipha ukukhanya emanzini (okujwayele ukubengezela).
5. Izimfudu zomnqumo noma Izimfudu zikaRidley... Bangabathandi bezindawo ezifudumele, futhi futhi abalushiyi ulwandle impilo yabo yonke. Isikhathi sabo sokuzala simangalisa kakhulu. Zizalela amaqanda kanye ngonyaka ngasikhathi sinye, konke ngosuku olufanayo nasendaweni eyodwa. Zonke zihlangana ngasolwandle ngalolu suku olulodwa, ezimele iqoqo elikhulu.
Abomdabu babiza lo mkhuba ngokuthi "ukuhlasela kofudu". Ngamunye wabazali ungcwaba ngokucophelela amaqanda abo, izifihla-buso, ubushelelezi ubuso, uzame ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze indawo yokubeka ingabonakali. Ngemuva kwalokho, ngomphefumulo ozolile, uya olwandle oluvulekile. Futhi amaqanda ahlala esihlabathini kuze kube yilapho izingane ziqala ukuqanduselwa.
Kunamaqanda amaningi, kepha izingane zinenani eliphansi kakhulu lokusinda. Izimfudu ezincane ngokushesha zigijimela emanzini, futhi endleleni izisulu zomhlabathi sezivele zibalindile. Izingane ezisindile zingena emanzini asindisayo. Futhi kukhona izilwane zasolwandle ezilindele bona. Kusele inqwaba yamakhulu ezingane ezichanyuselwe. Futhi mhlawumbe oyedwa kuphela ekhulwini angaphila kuze kube izinyanga eziyisithupha bese ebuyela ogwini olufanayo azibekele amaqanda yedwa.
Izinhlobo zezimfudu zomhlaba
Leli qembu lihola ngokwenani labamele. Kubandakanya izinhlobo ezingama-37 zabamele umhlaba nezingama-85 zamanzi angenasawoti. Futhi, imindeni eminingana emincane yezinhlobo ezi-1-2 ingabangelwa izirhubuluzi zasemhlabeni. Zonke zisakazeka kabanzi, zithatha isikhala ngaphakathi kwezindawo ezishisayo, ezishisayo nezifudumele zomhlaba.
Ngokuyinhloko, izimfudu zomhlaba zimelelwa yizinambuzane ezidla imifino. Badla noma yikuphi ukudla kwezitshalo, ngakho bangathola umswakama owengeziwe. Ngempela, ezindaweni eziningi zalezi zilwane, kuvame ukuba nesimo sezulu esomile.
Uma kunesikhathi eside esishisayo sesomiso, izilwane ezihuquzelayo zilala ubusuku bonke. Bane-metabolism ehamba kancane, yingakho bengaphila isikhathi eside, ngokwesibonelo, kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-150 noma ngaphezulu. Cabanga ngemindeni emibili emikhulu - izimfudu zomhlaba namanzi angenasawoti.
Izinhlobo zezimfudu zomhlaba
Izilwane ezinwabuzelayo ezinjalo zivamise ukuba negobolondo eliphakeme, eligobekile, eliyisicaba nelicijile akuvamile. Futhi zinemilenze eminyene kakhulu ebukeka njengezinsika. Iminwe ikhula ndawonye, izinzipho ezincane kuphela ezingahamba zihlukane.
Izingxenye zazo eziphuma phambili (intamo, ikhanda nemilenze) zivame ukuhlotshiswa ngezikali nangezivikelo. Usayizi walezi zilwane usebangeni elikhulu losayizi - kusuka kokuncane kakhulu, kusuka ku-12 cm ubude, kuya kokukhulu, ngaphezu kuka-1.5 m ububanzi.Izinhlobo ezinkulu zihlala eGalapagos, Seychelles nakwezinye iziqhingi.
Kulesaga esithi "slow as a turtle" kumayelana nezilwane ezihuquzelayo zomhlaba. Bayashwabana futhi abajahile neze, abazami ngisho nokubalekela isitha, bavele bacashe "endlini" yabo. Izindlela zokuvikela nokwethusa zihayiza, njengenyoka, noma ukuchama okungazelelwe, futhi ngenxa yamandla esinye, inamandla kakhulu.
Okungenani ezinye izilwane zingahle zesabe. Baphila isikhathi eside. Izitshalo zazo zonke izinhlobo zivame ukudliwa, kepha zidinga amaprotheni ezilwane, ngakho-ke kwesinye isikhathi zigwinya izinambuzane ezimbalwa noma izinambuzane ezingenamgogodla. Bangakwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kwamanzi isikhathi eside, banomswakama owanele wezitshalo. Kepha kulezo zindawo lapho kunomswakama khona, bazama ukudakwa. Cabanga ngalokhu okulandelayo izinhlobo zofudu zomhlaba:
1. Ufudu lwendlovu lwaseGalapagos. I-giant yangempela phakathi kwezimfudu zomhlaba, ubukhulu bayo bufinyelela ku-1.8 m, futhi isisindo sayo sifinyelela ku-400 kg. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubhekwa njengesibindi esaziwayo esaziwayo phakathi kwama-vertebrate. Ekuthunjweni, kubhalwe phansi kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-170. Ihlala kuphela eziqhingini ogama layo elibizwa ngalo (kuphela eziQhingini zaseGalapagos).
Igobolondo linombala onsundu ngokukhanyayo, futhi ubulembu obumamileyo bungakhula phezu kwalo eminyakeni edlule. Izinyawo zinkulu futhi zimfushane, zinesikhumba esomile nezihlangu ezinzima nezikali. ICarapace ingalawulwa futhi ifane nesihlalo. Kuya ngomswakama wesimo sezulu - umswakama omningi, igobolondo liyanda.
Zondla ngamakhambi, okuvame ukuba nobuthi kwezinye izilwane, ngakho-ke inyama ayinconywa ukuba idliwe. Le nhlobo ibe sengcupheni yokuqothulwa ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa kwezindawo zezolimo, manje umsebenzi uyaqhubeka wokukhulisa isibalo.
2. Ufudu oluqinile... Inogobolondo oluyisicaba futhi oluthambile olwakhiwe ngamacwecwe amathambo amancane acekethile. Ngakho-ke, uma kunesidingo, ingacindezelwa kakhulu ngokuqhathaniswa nobukhulu obujwayelekile. Izikhala eziphakathi kwamapuleti zikuvumela ukuthi ubone ufudu luphefumula. Izwe lakubo yiNingizimu Kenya, naye uhlala eTanzania, ogwini olusenyakatho-mpumalanga. Uncamela izintaba ezinamadwala.
3. Ufudu lwezinkuni... Kutholakala kuphela eCanada nasenyakatho ye-United States. Kubhekwa njengenhlobo yehlathi. Umbala we-carapace "njengesihlahla": mpunga, izingxenye eziphumayo zinombala onsundu-mpunga, isihlangu esingezansi siphuzi. Ngakho igama. Zibonisa ubudlova obungajwayelekile ngesikhathi sokuzala. Indoda ayilumi izimbangi kuphela, kepha nentombi yakhe ayikhethile, izama ukubamba izingxenye ezithambile. Ebusika bayalala. Ukudla kuhlanganisiwe, zingama-omnivorous. Zanda kancane kakhulu, ngakho-ke zisengozini yokunyamalala ebusweni bomhlaba.
4. Ufudu lwaseBalkan... I-carapace ivame ukufika ku-15-25 cm, kuyaqabukela ize ifike kuma-30 cm. Isihlangu esingenhla sinomthunzi wesinamoni onensimbi, onamabala amnyama amalahle. Kubantu abasha, iwumbala oshisayo, ogqame kakhulu, ulahlekelwa ukugqama kwawo futhi ubemnyama ngokuhamba kweminyaka. Zihlukaniswa ngokuba khona komgogodla omise okwesigaxa ekugcineni komsila.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi abamele abasentshonalanga bakhulu kunabasempumalanga ngosayizi. Ngokuvamile, indawo yabo abayithandayo yi-European Mediterranean (i-Italy, iRomania, iBulgaria, isiqeshana seTurkey neSpain, nezinye iziqhingi zolwandle).
5. Ufudu lwe-Panther (noma ingwe)... Ukhaphethi wayo mude, uyingqimba, umthunzi oyinhloko wesihlabathi esiphuzi; izimfudu ezincane zinephethini elimenyezelwe, elimnyama kakhulu. Kuyo yonke le minyaka, kuyashelela. Uhlala e-Afrika, kusukela eSudan kuya e-Ethiopia. I-herbivorous, kepha kwesinye isikhathi, "ingahlafuna" isinambuzane noma okunye ukudla kwamaprotheni.
6. Ufudu olunezinyawo eziphuzi (shabuti), uhlala emahlathini ashisayo aseNingizimu Melika. Ubungako begobolondo bufinyelela kuma-60 cm, umbala usuka kokukhanya uye kokumnyama nsundu. Izingxenye ezihlongozwayo zimpunga elula. Uhola indlela yokuphila yasehlathini, ugwema izindawo ezivulekile. Ihamba kancane, iqinile, iyidla imifino.
7. Ufudu olunamakhanda aphuzi (Isiyingi samaNdiya). Uhlala enyakatho-mpumalanga yeNdiya, eBurma, eVietnam, eLaos, eThailand, eCambodia, esiqhingini saseSulawesi naseNhlonhlweni yaseMalacca. Uhlala emahlathini omile, ama-semi -hlane. Ezingxenyeni ze-carapace kunemivimbo egxilile, umbala usuka kumnqumo uye ensundu, ikhanda liphuzi. Kuboniswe esitimeleni sase-Vietnam.
8. Ufudu olubomvu (amalahle). Izinhlobonhlobo ezingafundiwe kahle. Ubukhulu be-carapace ende bufinyelela ku-45 cm, kwesinye isikhathi kube ngu-70 cm. Ipendwe ngombala omnyama wamalahle onamachashaza aphuzi nawolintshi, kwesinye isikhathi la mabala asenkabeni yama-tubercles. Kukhona iphethini elibomvu ne-orange ezingxenyeni eziphuma emzimbeni. Kukhona nemivimbo ebomvu ngemuva kwamehlo.
9. Ufudu olukhazimulayo... Zinegobolondo lobuhle obungavamile - i-carapace yinde kakhulu, ibhekene nesizinda esimnyama, amaphethini ejwayelekile wejometri aphuzi ngendlela yemisebe. Kubukeka njengokufekethiswa kwegolide esikhunjeni esimnyama. Uhlala eMadagascar. I-Herbivorous, kepha ayinqabi ukudla kwesilwane kwesinye isikhathi.
10. Ufudu lwesitepe noma i-Central Asia... Ummeleli womhlaba owahlala esifundeni se-Asia Ephakathi. Idla izitshalo, utshani, amakhabe, amajikijolo, izithelo. Ayidli ukudla kwezilwane. Banokuhamba komzimba okuhamba kancane, le mfanelo yenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukubakhethela ohambweni locwaningo emkhathini.
11. Ufudu iMedithera (Caucasian, Greek)... Ngokwemvelo, imelwe endaweni enkulu kakhulu. Inama-subspecies angama-20, ahlala eningizimu yeYurophu ne-Asia, athumba kancane ingxenye esenyakatho ye-Afrika futhi azinza kakhulu esifundeni soLwandle Olumnyama (iDagestan, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan nasogwini lwaseRussia eCaucasus).
Isimo sezulu abasithandayo sibalele futhi sifudumele. Izinhlobo zingahluka ngosayizi, kepha ngokujwayelekile ubude bazo abudluli amasentimitha angama-35. Umbala nawo ungahluka, imvamisa umthunzi ophuzi omnyama onamachashazi ansundu. Zine-tubercle eyi-horny ngemuva kwamathanga. Emilenzeni yangaphambili, izinzwane ezi-5 ziyabonakala, emilenzeni yangemuva kunezinhlayiya.
12. Ufudu lwaseGibhithe... Isakhamuzi saseMpumalanga Ephakathi. I-carapace ephuzi inqenqemeni olunomphetho omnyama. Zincane kakhulu futhi ziyahlangana maqondana nezinhlobo zangaphambilini. Usayizi wegobolondo labo awufinyeleli ku-12 cm.
Izinhlobo zofudu lwamanzi angenasawoti
Bangumndeni ovulekile kakhulu. Kubandakanya imikhakha engama-31 futhi, njengoba sekushiwo, izinhlobo ezingama-85. Avame ukuba mancane ngosayizi, anesisindo esiphansi esiyindilinga noma i-oval carapace. Izidladla zabo ziyabhukuda ngenxa yolwelwesi oluphakathi kwezinzwani, lapho kukhona khona izinzipho ezibukhali kakhulu.
Zinesikhumba esibushelelezi ngaphezulu kwekhanda, kunezihlangu noma izikali kuphela ngemuva kwekhanda. Imvamisa zinombala omuhle kakhulu futhi ongajwayelekile wegobolondo nezitho zomzimba ezivelayo. Zisakazeke impela, zihlala kuwo wonke amazwekazi ngaphandle kwase-Australia. Kunezinkomba ezimbili eziyisisekelo zendawo yazo.
Endala ivela eSoutheast Asia. Cishe izizukulwane ezingama-20 zingabheka lesi sifunda njengezwe lazo. Elinye igatsha livela eNyakatho Melika, lapho kwavela khona izinhlobo ezi-8 zalezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo. Ngokuyinhloko, bakhetha amadamu anethrafikhi ethule emile.
Zinamanzi emanzini futhi zishesha kakhulu emhlabathini. Omnivorous. Abanye babo bagcina sebethuthela emhlabathini, okwashintsha ukubukeka nokuziphatha kwabo. Phakathi kwezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinokudla okuxubekile, kunalokho ngisho nezidliwayo, kukhona abadla imifino kuphela.
Sethula ezinye izinhlobo zezimfudu zasemanzini:
1. Ufudu lwasemanzini lwaseYurophu... Kunezinhlobo eziyishumi nambili ezaziwayo zalesi silwanyana esihuquzelayo. ICarapax ingafika ku-35 cm ngosayizi, umbala we-marsh, ukufanisa imvelo. Umumo uvame ukuba ngesimo se-oval, ephakanyiswe kancane, ubuso bushelelezi. Ipuleti lesisu liphuzi. Amachashaza aphuzi agqamile asakazeke umzimba wonke nakugobolondo.
Unomsila ovuleke kakhulu, ezimfudu ezivuthiwe kwezocansi ufinyelela ku-¾ wobude be-carapace, futhi kubantu abasha icishe ifane nayo. Inesisindo esifinyelela ku-1.5 kg. Uthanda amadamu ahlukahlukene amile, noma nge-slow slow. Uhlala cishe yonke indawo eYurophu, yingakho igama. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ungayibona enyakatho yezwekazi lase-Afrika.
2. Izimfudu ezinamalebe abomvu... Bahlala ezingxenyeni ezehlukene zomhlaba ezinesimo sezulu esishisayo, ngaphandle kwase-Australia. EYurophu bakhethe isikhungo kanye naseningizimu, e-Afrika - enyakatho, e-Asia bahlala eningizimu nasempumalanga. Babuye bahlala eNyakatho Melika. Igama linikezwe ngenxa yezindawo ezibomvu ezinwetshiwe kusuka emehlweni kuya emuva kwekhanda.
Ngenkathi abanye Izinhlobo zezimfudu ezinamaqabunga abomvu ziyehluka kweminye imibala yalezi zindawo. Isibonelo, ku-Cumberland turtle, zinemibala kalamula, ku-turtle enebhande eliphuzi, ziphuzi libalele. I-carapace yawo i-oval, inombala onsundu ngombala we-buffy (ophuzi) wentaba kanye nomngcele onqenqemeni.
Ubukhulu bayo bungu-18-30 cm, kubantu abasha umbala wotshani basentwasahlobo, iba mnyama ngaphezu kweminyaka. Abesilisa bayahluka kubangane besifazane ngomsila omkhulu futhi omkhulu, kanye nosayizi wamapuleti ezipikili. Kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-15 zezimfudu ezinamaqabunga abomvu.
Kuyathakazelisa! Phakathi kwezimfudu ezinamaqabunga abomvu kukhona abameleli abahlala e-UK, singasho ukuthi lokhu kungenye yezinhlobo ezisenyakatho kakhulu ngokuhlala.
Lo mndeni wezimfudu ezinamalebe abomvu ngiwuqaphele kimi edolobheni laseNovorossiysk, eKrasnodar Territory
3. Izimfudu ezithambile... Babukeka njengezilo ezingajwayelekile, uhlobo lwe-symbiosis phakathi kwabantu nezilwane ezihuquzelayo. Zinegobolondo elithambile, kodwa zinamazinyo aqinile futhi zinolaka. Okuyingozi kakhulu kubo ufudu iKandora eChina. Ngenkathi izingela, lesi silwane sicasha esihlabathini, bese sigxuma kakhulu bese sibamba isisulu ngamazinyo abukhali.
Umuntu futhi kudingeka aziqaphele, yize lezi ezihuquzelayo zingandile futhi zithathwa njengezisengozini. Abamele isiteleka salokhu kuhlukahluka kufaka phakathi trionix... Ensimini ye-Russian Federation, uhlala esifundeni Amur.
Kukhona umngcele osenyakatho wendawo yawo yokuhlala. Kutholakala naseJapan, eMpumalanga yeChina, eKorea, eziqhingini zaseTaiwan. Kulethwe eHawaii. Ubusuku nomzingeli umzingeli, emini uyaphumula, egcwala ogwini olubalele. Umzingeli, ubamba izinhlanzi nezinambuzane ezingenamgogodla.
4. Ufudu olunamakhanda amakhulu... Lesi silwane esiyinqaba sinomsila omude, njengenyoka. Ukuphila nokuzingela emifuleni yaseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia. Ayidonsi ikhanda elikhulu ngaphansi kwekhava le-carapace. Unemihlathi eqinile futhi eqinile, ayisebenzisa ngaphandle kokulibala lapho esongelwa.
Ngokwemvelo, kungakuhle ukuthi ungasondeli kuye kude, uyakwazi ukuchoboza amathambo ngokuluma kwakhe. Ubuye akhuphuke izihlahla, angahlala kuzo isikhathi eside njengenyoni enkulu.
5. Ufudu olunemiphetho mata mata... Omele amanzi ahlanzekile, ahlukaniswe ngohlobo lwe-monotypic. Ubi kabi, ngakho-ke ukusho ngesidalwa esiphilayo. Uhlala emifuleni enyakatho yeNingizimu Melika, ikakhulukazi e-Amazon, futhi angamsabisa umuntu, aze amlimaze. Unentamo ende enjengeyinyoka, emlonyeni wakhe amapuleti amabili abukhali, njengamazinyo womuntu ahlanganisiwe, futhi udla inyama. Lapho ulungiselela ukuzingela, uzifihla ngokuphelele njengesikhubekiso noma isiqu somuthi esimangele.
Kukhona elinye iqembu lofudu, elikhonjwa ngokungekho emthethweni. Noma kunjalo, kuyathakazelisa kakhulu kubathandi balezi zilwane ezingathobeki.
Izinhlobo zofudu ezifuywayo
Uma sikhuluma ngalaba bameleli, kwesinye isikhathi sizobuyela ezinhlotsheni ezibalwe ngenhla, senezela incazelo yangaphambilini nemibandela yokugcina indlu. Izilwane ezifuywayo nazo kulula ukuzihlukanisa zibe ngamanzi omhlaba kanye namanzi angenasawoti. Okuthandwa kakhulu yilokhu okulandelayo izinhlobo izimfudu ezifuywayo:
Izimfudu zomhlaba
1. Ufudu lwase-Central Asia (asemaqeleni). Abantu abaningi bathanda ukuyiqala ekhaya. Yilezi zimfudu esivame ukuzibona kubangani bethu nakubantu esibajwayele. Zihlangene, azesabi ukuba sezandleni zakho. Zihamba kancane kakhulu, ngokuthepha kancane ngezinzipho zazo.
Sezivele zibaliwe ku-Red Book, kepha zitholakala ngokuthengiswa kaningi. Izimo ezamukelekayo kakhulu kubo ukushisa okwomile. I-terrarium yabo kufanele ibe cishe ngama-24-30 ° C, amanzi ahlanzekile njalo. Zama ukuvumela izithandwa zakho ukuthi zihambe, empeleni azithandi isikhala esivaliwe. Bangaze bagule.
2. Ufudu iMedithera (Caucasian, Greek)... Ukushisa okungcono kakhulu kokugcina kungama-25-30 ° C. Isisekelo sokudla imifino. Kanye ngenyanga, unganikeza ukudla kwamaprotheni - imisundu, ama-slugs, izintethe. Akudingi ukuphuza njalo, asikho isidingo sokubeka amanzi. Angayichitha, futhi umswakama owedlulele uyingozi kuye.
3. Ufudu lwaseBalkan. Ukuze anakekele indlu, udinga ukushisa kwasemini okungu-26-32 ° C, ebusuku ngama-5-7 degrees angaphansi. Idla kakhulu ekudleni kwezitshalo, kepha ingagwinya zombili izingenamgogodla nocezu lwenyama. Igcinwa ezindaweni ezisomile, ukufukamela kwamaqanda kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-53-92. Ebusika, badinga ubusika ezingeni lokushisa elingu-10 ° C kanye nomswakamo womoya ocishe ube ngama-80%.
4. Izimfudu zaseGibhithe. Kuyadingeka ukugcina izinga lokushisa ku-terrarium ngo-24-30 ° C. Banokuziphatha okukhethekile, ngengozi encane abazama ukuzingcwaba esihlabathini noma emhlabeni othambile. Kuyadingeka ukuthi ucabangele lokhu lapho ukhetha inhlabathi yokugcinwa.
Ufudu lwamanzi ahlanzekile
1. Ukhozi olubomvu ufudu luhola izimfudu zasemanzini ezithandwa kakhulu. Abantu abaningi bayakujabulela ukuyikhombisa ku-aquarium. Njengoba sesishilo, inamabala abomvu ahlukile endaweni yamehlo, futhi lezi zimfudu zibizwa nangokuthi zihlotshisiwe, njengoba lonke igobolondo lazo kanye nezitho zomzimba eziphumayo zigcwele ulayini. Ukuze uthole induduzo, badinga i-aquarium enebhange lokuzenzela. Ukushisa kwamanzi kufanele kube ngu-22-28 ° C, izinga lokushisa lomoya - 20-32 ° C.
2. Ufudu lwasemanzini lwaseYurophu. Ukuqukethe, i-aquarium enogu namanzi angajulile iyathandeka. Uyasebenza ekuseni nantambama, ulala ezansi ebusuku. Kwesinye isikhathi kuyadingeka ukufaka ilambu elengeziwe lokuphepha ukuze kugcinwe umbuso okhanyayo. Ikhetha izinga lokushisa kwamanzi kuze kufike ku-25 ° C, izinga lokushisa lomoya - kufika ku-30 ° C.
3. Ufudu lweCaspian. I-carapax yabo isesimweni se-oval, encane (efinyelela ku-25 cm) futhi enemibala enombala onemigqa enelanga, imigqa efanayo ihlobisa umzimba wonke. Ukukhubazeka ngokocansi kuvezwa ngegobolondo le-concave kubafana, kanye nomsila ojiyile futhi omude. Emantombazaneni, umsila mfushane kanti i-carapace icwecwe kancane.
Bakhethe iningizimu yeYurophu, i-Asia Ephakathi, iCaucasus kanye namazwe aseMpumalanga Ephakathi ukuze baphile. Zivame ukubonakala esifundeni soLwandle iCaspian. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ziyakwazi ukubhukuda emanzini omfula kanye nasemanzini amancane ane-brackish, ahlanganiswe kancane namanzi olwandle.
Into esemqoka ukuthi kukhona uhlaza eduze. Ngaphezu kwalokho, futhi bangama-steeplejacks, bangakhuphuka bafike ku-1.8 km phezulu entabeni. Bathanda ukushisa kwama-30-32 ºС, kepha bakhetha amanzi apholile - 18-22 ºС.
4. I-Chinese Trionix (Ufudu oluseMpumalanga Ekude). Isidalwa esimangalisayo esinegobolondo elithambile lesikhumba. Akanayo ukhaphethi noma i-plastron, umbala ojwayelekile womzimba uluhlaza okotshani, isisu kuphela esibomvana. Kukhona isifuba esifubeni, futhi sifihla ikhanda ngohlobo lukakhola. Kukhona izinzwane ezintathu kwizidladla. Unomlingiswa omubi ngokwedlulele.
Uhamba ngokushesha, unamazinyo okusika abukhali, angaba nolaka futhi angazizwa kubuhlungu ukugeqa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunzima ukuthambisa. Indawo abahlala kuyo iseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia neziqhingi eziseduze.
ERussia, itholakala eMpumalanga Ekude. Uthanda imifudlana ehamba kancane, nanoma yimiphi eminye imizimba yamanzi enomsinga onokuthula. Inyama eyigugu kakhulu, eMpumalanga iyaphakwa njengesibiliboco. Ukushisa kwamanzi okunethezeka kuze kufike kuma-26 degrees.
Ekugcineni, abanye izinhlobo zofudu abancane. Lezi zilwane ezifuywayo zilungele labo izimo zabo zokuphila ezingavumeli i-aquarium enkulu. Kwesinye isikhathi ibhokisi elidala lebhuthi lanele izingane ezingaphesheya kwezwe. Futhi emanzini - i-aquarium encane, njengezinhlanzi. Zingakhula zifike ku-13 cm kuphela, azithobeki, zihlekisa kakhulu futhi zihle. Lezi zimfudu zifaka:
- izimfudu ezicabalele (usayizi 6-8 cm, isisindo 100-170g), herbivores;
- olandelanayo izimfudu (usayizi 7.5-13 cm);
- usilika musky (usayizi ofika ku-10cm), uhlala emanzini;
- ibala (usayizi 7.5-13 cm), angumhlaba ohhafu futhi adinga i-terrarium enechibi.
- AmaShayina ama-keel amathathu (kufika ku-13 cm). Izinsana ezingathobekile, ezihamba kancane futhi ezizolile.
Zonke izimfudu zamanzi ahlanzekile zidinga i-aquarium enendawo encane yomhlaba wesikhashana. Ngokuqondile, udinga amanzi, umhlaba namanzi angajulile. Indawo yokugcina iyadingeka ku-thermoregulation. Umhlaba kufanele wenziwe ngethambeka elincane ukuya emanzini kusuka entweni ebukhali ngokwanele ukwenza kube lula ngabo ukukhuphuka.
Futhi badinga nokudla okufanele nokuhlanzeka esitsheni. Ngaphambi kokuzikhethela isilwane, sikucebisa ukuthi ucabangele ngokucophelela okungenhla izinhlobo zofudu esithombeni. Kwesinye isikhathi ukubukeka kungadlala indima enkulu ekukhetheni!
Amaqiniso Athandekayo
- Kwezinye izinganekwane zaseMpumalanga, isibonelo ngesiShayina, ufudu lumelela omunye wabalingiswa abane abakhulu. Kanye nodrako, I-cilin (isidalwa esiyinganekwane esinezimpondo eziningana, umzimba wehhashi, ikhanda likadrako nomsila webhere) kanye ne-phoenix, uvame ukuvela ezinganekwaneni njengesilwane esihlakaniphile nesinomusa.
- Ezikhathini zasendulo, bekukholelwa ukuthi ufudu luyisisekelo sendawo yonke. Imodeli yomhlaba ivezwe njengesilwane. Emhlane wayo kwakukhona izindlovu ezintathu, nazo zona, zazibambe uMhlaba emhlane wazo, okwakubonakala kucishe kucabalele.
- Izimfudu zasolwandle zingabhukudi ezivelele kangangokuba abantu bendawo bazikhetha njengama-mascot noma amamodeli. Isibonelo, ababhukudi abadumile baseFiji bahlonipha amakhanda abo ngenhlonipho ngezimfanelo ezivelele zokubhukuda zalezi zilwane, futhi kwakukulesi siqhingi lapho uMnyango Wezasolwandle wabakhetha njengophawu lwabo.
- Izimfudu, ezichitha impilo yazo yonke olwandle, zihlala zilwela ukubuyela ezindaweni zazo zokuzalwa ukuze ziqhubeke nenzalo yazo futhi zizithole ngokungangabazeki. Bakha ukuzulazula ngokususelwa kumandla kazibuthe eplanethi yethu, ebasiza ukuthi bangazuli olwandle oluvulekile.
- Kunezimpikiswano eziyindida kwifilosofi - ukuxolisa, ebhalwe isazi sefilosofi sasendulo esingumGreki uZenon. Omunye wabo uthi unkulunkulu onezinyawo ezisheshayo u-Achilles akasoze aluthatha ufudu. Ingqikithi yayo ukuthi isikhala nesikhathi kuhlukaniswa ngokungenamkhawulo, kuhlale kunengxenye yendlela ufudu okwazile ukuyinqoba, kepha u-Achilles akakwenzi lokho. Lokhu kungumbono oyiphutha, futhi lokhu kuyindida. Sithinte lolu daba kuphela ukuze umfundi aqonde ukuthi lapho kubhekiswa khona i-aphorism "Achilles kanye nofudu" kutholakala kuphi kweminye imisebenzi yezincwadi edumile.
