Eminyakeni embalwa eyedlule, kwavela imininingwane yokuthi abadobi abayizimfundamakhwela babamba inhlanzi ubude obungu-53 cm no-1.5 kg ubude eduzane nomuzi waseYamnoye, owawuthathwa njenge-vobla enkulu. Kwenzeka esiteshini seChurka somfula iVolga. Abadobi banikeze ummeleli ongaziwa womhlaba wamanzi e-Astrakhan Museum of Local Lore.
Lapho kwatholakala ukuthi lena yinhlanzi engavumelekile eyigugu, ethi ngeminyaka yama-90 yekhulu elidlule yanyamalala cishe emgodini weCaspian. Emashumini ambalwa eminyaka, le sampula ye-carp, okuyisibiliboco esiyintandokazi eDagestan, e-Azerbaijan nase-Iran, ibingatholakali kubadobi, futhi ibhalwe kuRed Book.
Isikhathi eside, ukudoba nge-kutum kwakungavunyelwe. Izinyathelo ezithathiwe zaba nomthelela ekuqaleni kokululama kwayo. Futhi manje i-tum iya ngokuya ingena endaweni yayo yemvelo, okuyisifunda seVolga-Caspian. Luhlobo luni lwezinhlanzi nokuthi lubaluleke kangakanani, sizokutshela ngokuqhubekayo.
Incazelo nezici
I-Kutum yinhlanzi eyi-semi-anadromous carp, uhlobo lwe-roach. Ngokuvamile, kusukela ezilimini zasendulo zeqembu lasePheresiya "kutum" lihunyushwa ngokuthi "ikhanda". Futhi empeleni, ku-kutum, ngokungafani ne-carp ehlobene, ikhanda likhulu kakhulu uma liqhathaniswa nobukhulu bomzimba.
Unomhlane ohlaza okotshani omnyama, izinhlangothi zesiliva eziphuzi kanye nesisu esilula. Isiphetho sangemuva sine-trapezoidal, sinombala omnyama, kanjalo nomsila, osikwe ngokusobala ngohlamvu “V”. Zonke ezinye amaphiko zilula. Ulayini ongemuva ugobile kancane nge-hump encane.
Futhi umugqa wesisu uqonde futhi ngokushelela udlula emhlathini ongezansi. Inhlanzi ibukeka idelelekile, njengoba umhlathi ongezansi uphakanyiswa kancane. Umhlathi ongaphezulu ubonakala ngesiphetho esibuthuntu. Kuvela isifonyo esiyindilinga.
Amehlo amancane aphuma kancane, azungezwe amarimu omthunzi we-pearlescent. Abesifazane bakhula bakhulu kunabesilisa. Isinye sokubhukuda asifani nezinhlanzi eziningi, ukuma kwaso kunabile futhi kukhombe ekugcineni. Futhi iqhawe lethu linezikali ezinkulu futhi ezivamile.
Kutum esithombeni Kubukeka njengokhiye wesiliva okhulu kakhulu wophawu lwe-Pisces zodiac. Unomusa, konke ngisho esikalini esikhulu, umzimba oyisiyingi, umsila oqoshiwe. Ifanele kakhulu umhlobiso wesampula.
Inyama ye-Kutum ne-caviar ibhekwa njengebaluleke kakhulu. Ziqukethe inani elikhulu lamaprotheni, izakhi zokulandela ngomkhondo nama-polyunsaturated acid, abalulekile kubantu futhi amuncwa kalula. Futhi aqukethe amavithamini amaningi amaqembu B, A, E no-D. Ngaphezu kwalokho, usebenzisa inyama eyomisiwe, uthola isethi engasetshenziswanga yazo zonke lezi zinto eziwusizo, okulahleka kancane ngenkathi kusetshenziswa ukushisa.
I-Kutum inenyama yethenda ephezulu enekhalori enambitheka obumnandi, ngaphandle kwephunga elibuhlungu, okusikhumbuza ngemvelo yaseningizimu evulekile eyasinika lesi siqephu senjabulo yasezulwini. Esikhathini esithile esidlule, izihlobo noma abangane baseDagestan babethumela amaphasela anomyalezo omisiwe enkabeni yeRussia, okwakubhekwa njengokudla okhethekile futhi okungazange konakala ngesikhathi sokuthunyelwa.
Izinhlobo
I-Kutum ibhekwa njengohlobo lwe-carp oluhlala emgodini we-Black Sea-Azov. Ukusika kukhudlwana ngosayizi, ubude bayo bungama-75 cm, isisindo silinganiselwa ku-5-7 kg. Ukungafani kwabo kufaka phakathi indlela yokuzala.
I-Kutum izalela ezitshalweni ezikhula ezindaweni ezingajulile, kanye ne-carp - kuphela ematsheni nasematsheni emifuleni egeleza ngokushesha. Isikali se-kutum sikhulu kunaleso se-carp. Kodwa-ke, kungaba okungalungile uma ungasho esinye isihlobo se-Kutum - voble. Kuvela ukuthi ngaphambi kokuthi uKutum abizwe ngokuthi "inkosi-vobla".
Kwakukholelwa ukuthi uma umbambe ekuqaleni kokudoba, khona-ke kufanele nakanjani udedele, ngaphandle kwalokho ngeke kube khona ukudoba. Akumangalisi ukuthi yaqhathaniswa ne-vobla, inhlanzi edumile yase-Astrakhan. Ngokuya ngokubaluleka nokubaluleka kwabahlali bendawo, icishe ifane neshum for Dagestan. Futhi ngaphandle ziyefana, zombili ezivela emndenini we-carp.
Futhi amagama amabili mayelana ne-chub, i-Azerbaijani roach ne-shemay (shamayk). Bonke bangabomndeni we-carp futhi banambitheka. Ngamunye uyisihlobo som kutum. Iqhawe lethu liphuthelwe ngabamele lezi zinhlanzi lapho ngokuzumayo liqala ukungena emifuleni ngemuva kwekhefu elide.
Umehluko omkhulu ukuthi lezi zinhlobo ezihlobene kaningi zinamafomu okuhlala; bakhethe uhlobo olulodwa lwamachibi endawo yabo yokuhlala kanye nazo zonke izinhlobo zokuphila. Futhi i-kutum ne-carp yizinhlanzi ezidabukisayo, okungukuthi, zichitha ingxenye yomjikelezo wazo wokuphila olwandle, futhi ingxenye yazo imifula igelezela kuyo.
Umehluko endleleni yokuphila, i-morphology kanye nokuzala kuvela kulokhu. Ngisho nokudla okunomsoco. Inhlanzi ngayinye engenhla ingadla ngexoxo elincane. Kutum akakaze. Ukhetha okomuntu ohloniphekile.
Indlela yokuphila kanye nendawo yokuhlala
Mhlawumbe kubadobi abavela eSiberia noma eFar North, igama lale nhlanzi ngeke lisho lutho. Phela kutum - izinhlanzi zoLwandle iCaspian, kukhona izwe lakubo. Kubonakala emilonyeni yemifula egeleza ingene kulolu lwandle.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo ngumngcele osenyakatho kakhulu wendawo yawo yemvelo, futhi iqiniso lokuthi lingena lapha likhuluma ngokuchuma kwalo. Ngesikhathi sokufuduka okuzala, izicathulo ezinkulu zamathani amaningi zingena eSulak. Lokhu akukaze kuphawulwe isikhathi eside kakhulu. Abantu abaningi bahlobanisa ukukhula kwabantu nokubuyiselwa kwale nhlanzi emvelweni nasendaweni eyakhiwe emazweni ayithatha njengeyisithonjana - i-Iran, i-Azerbaijan neDagestan.
Kutum mobile kakhulu, yena uhamba lonke ulwandle. Umphumela kuphela wokuzalanisa okwenziwayo ongabalulekile. Inhlanzi yaseDagestan kutum iletha cishe ama-2 million gazinga ngonyaka. Kepha ukukhiqizwa kokuzala okuzenzakalelayo kuyanda, okuphelele okungasithuthukisa kakhulu isimo.
Imvamisa, ukuzala nakho kuthonywa yizimo zezulu nezinga lamanzi emifuleni. Isikhathi esiningi, i-som ihlala olwandle, inamathela ekujuleni kwamamitha angama-20, ihambela ngezikhathi ezithile olwandle nasemilonyeni yemifula.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Ukudla okuyinhloko ngama-molluscs, izinambuzane, ama-crustaceans nezikelemu. Uhamba ezingela kusihlwa noma ekuseni kakhulu. Ugqolozela ngokucophelela emanzini azungezile, ezama ukuqaphela ingozi engalindelekile ngesikhathi. Ukuzingela kwakhe kufana nobumnandi obedlulele.
Kuyadingeka ukubamba imfanzi noma i-amphipod, futhi ngasikhathi sinye, noma yikuphi ukunyakaza ngenhla kwamanzi kuphoqa izinhlanzi ukuthi zicashe khona manjalo. Lokhu kufakazela ukuthi umzingeli wethu unamahloni futhi unobuhlakani. Hhayi umuntu ongenandaba ozovula umlomo wakhe alinde ukubhukuda kwalowo ongaba yisisulu. Kungumdlalo wangempela lapha.
Kutum kuyatholakala emanzini asolwandle anosawoti kancane olwandle, ingxenye eyisisekelo yokuphila kwakhe idlula lapha, ubamba ama-crustaceans olwandle nezinambuzane lapho, kepha uvame ukubhukuda azingele emilonyeni yemifula. Ngalesi sikhathi, yena uqobo uba isisulu sabadobi abaphumelelayo. Ubuye ayozala emanzini amasha.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Ilungele ukuzala lapho ifinyelela eminyakeni engu-3-4 ubudala. Ngalesi sikhathi, isisindo sayo cishe siyi-600 g, futhi ubukhulu baso bungamasentimitha angama-28. KuTerek, ukuzala kuqala ngoMashi, eVolga - maphakathi no-Ephreli. Ngaphambi kokuqala kwemicimbi ebalulekile, okungukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwenzalo, owesilisa umbozwe ngamaqhubu omthunzi wensimbi, enzelwe ukukhuthaza intombi ukuthi ilahle amanye amaqanda.
Ukuzalela kuyalahlwa. Insikazi ibeka amaqanda ezimileni ezindaweni ezingajulile ezinomsinga obuthakathaka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanzi akufanele afudumele kune-8 ºC. Izinhlanzi zivundile impela, inani lamaqanda lilinganiselwe cishe ngama-28-40 ayizinkulungwane. I-Kutum ne-carp zinezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuziphatha kwesibungu kanye nokukhula kwamaqanda.
Kummeleli wokuqala, isibungu sinamathele otshanini ezindaweni ezinokuthula, lapho okukhona khona manje, ngezimpondo ezikhethekile. Ikhula lapho isikhashana. Izingane ezisencane ziqhubeka nokuhlala emfuleni cishe iminyaka emibili. Ngemuva kwalokho izinhlanzi ezincane zingena olwandle zihlale lapho kuze kufike isikhathi sokuba zizale. Iphila cishe iminyaka eyi-11, ikhula impilo yayo yonke, ifinyelela kubude obungu-66 cm nesisindo esingu-4 kg.
Ukubamba
Kufanele ibanjwe oLwandle iCaspian, emfuleni iDniester, Terek naseBug. Futhi nase-Azerbaijan, Iran naseDagestan. E-Central Russia, kuyaqabukela ngokweqile. Ukudoba i-kutum kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokuzala. Izinhlanzi ezihambahambayo ziqala ukufuduka kwazo zisuka ogwini oluseningizimu loLwandle iCaspian. Ukuhlala esikoleni, baya enyakatho emifuleni yoLwandle lweCaspian.
Ukudoba olwandle kuzophumelela kakhulu ezindaweni ezinamadwala, ngoba i-kutum ithanda ukuhlala eduze kwamatshe. Bheka ukuqondisa komoya, kuthinta ukudoba kwakho. Umoya olula kakhulu uthathwa njengolungele kakhulu. Thenga phezulu ngegiya eliphansi nenduku eqinile yokuphotha. Kufanele ube nomtholampilo, induku eqinile, okungcono eyenziwe ngoqalo, iqoqo lezingwegwe nenetha lokudoba imfanzi.
Hlela uhambo lwakho lokudoba emfuleni ekuseni kakhulu noma kusihlwa. Emini, iKutum ngeke ibhukude ibanga elitholakalayo, iyesaba futhi iyaqaphela. Futhi ngezikhathi zantambama, uvuka ekujuleni ayokuzingela. Zama ukungabangi umsindo, ukushiza amanzi, ukushwiba izinto ezinkulu, noma ukubhema. Ezinye izinja zizomona umuzwa wakhe wemvelo nephunga. Lapho nje esenuka ingozi - bhala kudlalwe. Amaqabunga e-Kutum, futhi isikhathi eside awaveli lapha.
Iminenke nezimfanzi yizithiyo ezingcono kakhulu. Empeleni, okudotshwa ngenjongo yokuthumelakufanele njalo ufune izeluleko kubadobi bendawo. Kuyenzeka ukuthi izinhlanzi sezijwayele lapho ummbila, noma izingcezu zesinkwa sikagalikhi, noma ushizi. Ungathatha izingcezu zenhlama enamakha, ikhekhe noma inyama yegobolondo njengesithiyelo.
Kuyafaneleka ukukhumbula ukuthi kunezikhathi lapho ukubamba kutum akuvunyelwe. Qiniseka ukuthi uhlola kusengaphambili ukuthi ngabe manje kunesikhathi sokudoba se-kutum, ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuthi sikubambe echibini lapho uya khona, nokuthi yikuphi ukubhekana okuvunyelwe kulezo zindawo.
Amaqiniso Athandekayo
- Izinhlanzi ze-Kutum azibizi kakhulu. Uma engagculisekile ngemibandela ethile ayifuna ngenkani ngesikhathi izala, isimumu iyajika ibuyele olwandle. Izinqolobane ezilungisiwe ze-caviar zihlala zingenawo umanyolo futhi zizincibilikisa.
- Ukubamba kutum kuyinkimbinkimbi ngemithetho. Kuhlale kudingekile ukucacisa ukuthi imiphi imibhalo edingekayo. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akubanqandi abazingeli abangekho emthethweni, bakuthola ngobuningi babo.
- I-female sigu inengxenye eyodwa yamaqanda, kuthi ezeduna "zivuthwe" izinsuku ezimbalwa. Ngakho-ke, ngokuzalaniswa kokufakelwa, owesilisa oyedwa angasetshenziselwa ukukhulelwa izikhathi ezingama-2-3.
- Ukukhuluma ngenhlanzi enjalo emnandi futhi enempilo, akunakwenzeka ukuthi uthule mayelana nezindlela zokupheka zokuzilungiselela. Ngisho nompheki we-novice angenza i-Kutum kuhhavini. Isidumbu senhlanzi siyahlanzwa, sigezwe, kuyasikwa kuso, okufakwa kuso ujusi kalamula.
Lokhu kusiza ukuncibilikisa amathambo amaningi kangcono lapho ubhaka ngokuqhubekayo. Bese izinhlanzi zifakwa usawoti omncane kanye nopelepele ngaphakathi, gqoka ucwecwe, ngaphezulu kwamasongo anyanisi, izingcezu zikatamatisi, okuluhlaza okotshani, igalikhi, ufafaze ngamafutha, ukugoqa ucwecwe - nasehhavini ngehora elilodwa ku-180 ° C.
- Enye iresiphi evela kubadobi baseCaspian. Ngendlela, noma ngubani ongenayo i-kutum eseduze, ungasebenzisa i-carp. Ikhasi izinhlanzi ezimbili eziphakathi nendawo, amathumbu, hlambulula, ufafaze usawoti kanye nopelepele ngaphakathi. Fry izindandatho ze-anyanisi ku-ghee, engeza amantongomane achotshoziwe, omisiwe ne-dogwood (i-cherry plum, iplamu noma i-apula elimuncu eligayiwe).
Sihlanganisa konke, sithola inyama egayiwe. Siqala izinhlanzi zethu. Beka ishidi lokubhaka eligcotshisiwe, ungabopha isisu nge-toothpick. Usawoti kancane ngaphezulu bese uthele ngamafutha anyanisi asele. Bhaka cishe ihora kuhhavini ngo-170-180 ° C. Lesi sidlo sifana nokudla kwendabuko kwaseMpumalanga "Balig Lyavangi".
