Izici, ukwakheka nendawo yokuhlala izicathulo ze-ciliates
Isilayidi se-infusoria yiseli eliphilayo elilula kakhulu elihambayo. Impilo Emhlabeni ihlukaniswa ngokwehlukahlukana kwezinto eziphilayo eziphila kuwo, kwesinye isikhathi kube nokwakheka okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kanye neqoqo eliphelele lezinto zomzimba nezisemqoka ezibasiza ukuba baphile kuleli zwe eligcwele izingozi.
Kepha phakathi kwezidalwa eziphilayo kukhona nezidalwa ezehlukile zemvelo, ukwakheka kwazo kungokwasendulo ngokwedlulele, kepha bekungukuthi, kwesinye isikhathi, izigidigidi zeminyaka eyedlule, zanikeza umfutho ekuthuthukiseni impilo futhi kuzo kwavela izidalwa eziyinkimbinkimbi kukho konke ukwehluka kwazo.
Izinhlobo zokuqala zempilo ephilayo emhlabeni namuhla zifaka phakathi ukushelela kwe-infusoriaokwezidalwa ezingama-unicellular ezivela eqenjini lama-alveolates.
Igama layo lokuqala lalinokwakheka komzimba omile okokuphotha, ofana ngokungafani namathe wesicathulo esivamile esinemikhawulo ebanzi, ebuthuntu nengacacile.
Izilwanyana ezincane ezinjalo zibalwa ososayensi njengeprotozoa ehleleke kakhulu ye- amakilasi ekilasi, ama-slippers yizinhlobonhlobo zayo ezijwayelekile.
Isicathulo sinegama le-ciliate esakhiweni somzimba wayo esime ngezinyawo
Ezinye izinhlobo zesigaba, eziningi zazo ezincelisayo, zinezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene futhi ziyahlukahluka impela, zikhona emanzini nasenhlabathini, kanye nakwabamele izilwane eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu: izilwane nabantu, emathunjini abo, izicubu kanye nohlelo lokujikeleza kwegazi.
Ama-slippers ajwayele ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi emizimbeni yamanzi engajulile enamanzi amile amile, inqobo nje uma kunenqwaba yamakhemikhali abolayo kule ndawo: izitshalo zasemanzini, izinto eziphilayo ezifile, udaka ojwayelekile.
Ngisho ne-aquarium yasekhaya ingaba yindawo elungele impilo yabo, kungenzeka kuphela ukuthola nokuhlola ngokucophelela izilwane ezinjalo ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu, uthathe amanzi acebile ngosilika njengesibonelo. Isitolo semicroscope esihle kakhulu iMacromed sizokusiza ukhethe imicroscope ukubona i-infusoria.
Izicathulo ze-infusoria – protozoa izinto eziphilayo, ezibizwa ngokuhlukile: i-paramecium enomsila, futhi empeleni incane ngokwedlulele, futhi ubukhulu bayo bungu-1 kuya ku-5 kuphela kokuyishumi kwamamilimitha.
Eqinisweni, zihlukile, azinambala ngombala, amaseli ezinto eziphilayo, ama-organelles aphambili angaphakathi angama-nuclei amabili, abizwa ngokuthi: amakhulu namancane.
Njengoba kubonakala kukhulisiwe isithombe sezicathulo ze-ciliates, engxenyeni engaphandle yalezi zinto ezincane kakhulu, kukhona, ezisezintanjeni zobude, amafomu amancane kakhulu, abizwa ngokuthi i-cilia, asebenza njengezitho zokuhamba zezicathulo.
Inani lemilenze emincane enjalo likhulu futhi lisuka ezinkulungwaneni eziyishumi kuya kwezingu-15, ezansi ngayinye yazo kunomzimba osisekelo onamathiselwe, futhi endaweni eseduze kunesikhwama se-parasonic, esidonswa ulwelwesi oluvikelayo.
Isakhiwo se-ciliate shoe, naphezu kokubonakala okulula ekuhlolweni okungaphezulu, kunezinkinga ezanele. Ngaphandle, iseli lokuhamba elinjalo livikelwe yigobolondo le-thinnest nokunwebeka, elisiza umzimba walo ukuba uhlale umile njalo. Kanye nemicu evikelayo esekelayo engxenyeni ye-cytoplasm eminyene eduzane nolwelwesi.
Ama-cytoskeleton ayo, ngaphezu kwakho konke lokhu okungenhla, yilawa: ama-microtubules, i-alveolar cisternae; imizimba eyisisekelo ene-cilia kanye naleyo eseduze, ayinayo; ama-fibrils nama-filamens, kanye namanye ama-organelles. Ngenxa ye-cytoskeleton, futhi ngokungafani nomunye ummeleli we-protozoa - amoeba, ukushelela kwe-infusoria ayikwazi ukuguqula ukwakheka komzimba.
Imvelo nendlela yokuphila yezicathulo ze-ciliates
Lezi zidalwa ezincane kakhulu zivame ukunyakaza okufana nokuqhutshwa amagagasi, zithola isivinini esingamamilimitha amabili nohhafu ngomzuzwana, okuthi izidalwa ezinganakwa kangako ziphindwe ka-5-10 ubude bomzimba wazo.
Ukuhamba ciliates izicathulo yenziwa ngemiphetho ebuthuntu iye phambili, ngenkathi inomkhuba wokujika i-eksisi yomzimba wayo.
Isicathulo, sishwiba ngokucijile imilenze yaso ye-cilia bese siyibuyisela kahle endaweni yaso, sisebenza njengezitho zokuhamba ezinjengokungathi izigwedlo esikebheni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani lemivimbo enjalo linemvamisa ephindwe cishe kathathu ngesekhondi.
Ngokuqondene nama-organelles angaphakathi esihlangu, i-nucleus enkulu yama-ciliates ibandakanyeka ekuguqulweni komzimba, ukunyakaza, ukuphefumula kanye nokudla okunomsoco, kanti omncane unesibopho senqubo yokuzala kabusha.
Ukuphefumula kwalezi zidalwa ezilula kwenziwa ngale ndlela elandelayo: i-oksijini ngokusebenzisa izingqinamba zomzimba ingena ku-cytoplasm, lapho, ngosizo lwalesi sakhi samakhemikhali, izinto eziphilayo zingenisiwe futhi ziguqulwa zibe yi-carbon dioxide, amanzi nezinye izinhlanganisela.
Futhi ngenxa yalokhu kusabela, kwakheka amandla, asetshenziswa yi-microorganism impilo yawo. Ngemuva kwakho konke, kukhishwa isikhutha esiyingozi esiseleni ngakuyo indawo.
Isici sezicathulo ze-infusoria, njengengqamuzana eliphilayo elincane kakhulu, liqukethe amandla alezi zinto ezincane zokuphendula imvelo engaphandle: amathonya womshini namakhemikhali, umswakama, ukushisa nokukhanya.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, bavame ukuthuthela ekuqongeleleni kwamagciwane ukuze benze umsebenzi wabo obalulekile nokondleka, kepha ngakolunye uhlangothi, uketshezi oluyingozi lwalezi zinambuzane kuphoqa ukuthi ama-ciliates abhukude asuke kuwo.
Izicathulo ziphinde zisabele emanzini anosawoti, ashesha ukusuka kuwo, kepha zihamba ngokuzithandela ziqonde ukufudumala nokukhanya, kepha ngokungafani euglena, ukushelela kwe-infusoria iyisidala kangangokuba ayinaso iso elizwela ukukhanya.
Ukudla okushelelayo kwe-infusoria
Amaseli ezitshalo nezinhlobonhlobo zamagciwane atholakala ngobuningi endaweni yasemanzini akha isisekelo fakela izicathulo ze-ciliate... Futhi wenza le nqubo ngosizo lwesikhala esincane samangqamuzana, okuwuhlobo lomlomo oluncela ekudleni olungena ku-pharynx yeselula.
Futhi kusuka kulo kungena i-vacuole yokugaya - i-organoid lapho kugaywa khona ukudla okuphilayo. Izinto ezifakiwe zilashwa ihora lonke lapho zivezwa i-acidic bese kuba yindawo ene-alkaline.
Ngemuva kwalokho, into enomsoco ithwalwa yimisinga ye-cytoplasm iye kuzo zonke izingxenye zomzimba we-ciliate. Futhi imfucuza isuswa ngaphandle ngohlobo lokwakheka - impuphu, ebekwa ngemuva kokuvulwa komlomo.
Kuma-ciliates, amanzi amaningi angena emzimbeni asuswa ngama-vacuoles we-contractile atholakala ngaphambili nangemuva kwalokhu ukwakheka okuphilayo. Abaqoqi nje kuphela amanzi, kodwa futhi badonsa nezinto. Lapho isibalo sabo sifinyelela kumkhawulo, bayathulula.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Inqubo yokukhiqiza kabusha izinto eziphilayo zasendulo zenzeka zombili ngokocansi nangokwe-asexually, futhi i-nucleus encane ibamba iqhaza ngqo kwinqubo yokuzala kuzo zombili lezi zimo.
Ukukhiqiza kabusha ngokobulili kuyinto yakudala ngokweqile futhi kwenzeka ngokuhlukaniswa okuvame kakhulu komzimba kube izingxenye ezimbili, kufana, izingxenye. Ekuqaleni kwenqubo, kwakhiwa ama-nuclei amabili ngaphakathi komzimba we-ciliate.
Bese kuba nokuhlukaniswa kube ngamangqamuzana amadodakazi amabili, noma iliphi lawo elithola ingxenye yalo i-organoid ciliates slippers, futhi okushodayo kwisidalwa ngasinye esisha kwakhiwa kabusha, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuthi lezi ezilula kakhulu zenze imisebenzi yazo yokuphila esikhathini esizayo.
Ngokobulili, lezi zidalwa ezincane kakhulu ziqala ukuzala kuphela ezimweni ezihlukile. Lokhu kungenzeka ngokuvela okungazelelwe kwezimo ezisongela impilo, ngokwesibonelo, ngokubanda okubandayo noma ngokuntuleka kokudla okunomsoco.
Futhi ngemuva kokuqaliswa kwenqubo echaziwe, kwezinye izimo, zombili izinto eziphilayo ezibandakanyeka ekuthintaneni zingaphenduka i-cyst, zingene esimweni sokugqwayiza okuphelele okumisiwe, okwenza umzimba ukwazi ukuba sezimweni ezingezinhle isikhathi esanele ngokwanele, kuze kube yiminyaka eyishumi. Kepha ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, ubudala bama-cilies bufushane, futhi, njengomthetho, abakwazi ukuhlala isikhathi esingaphezu kosuku.
Ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza kabusha ngokocansi, ama-microorganisms amabili axhumene ndawonye isikhathi esithile, okuholela ekwabiweni kabusha kwezinto zofuzo, ngenxa yalokho ukusebenza kwabantu bobabili kuyanda.
Isimo esinjalo sibizwa ngososayensi ukuhlangana futhi siyaqhubeka cishe isigamu sosuku. Phakathi nalokhu kusatshalaliswa kabusha, inani lamaseli alinyuki, kepha kuphela ulwazi olutholwa ngefa phakathi kwabo.
Ngesikhathi sokuxhuma kwama-microorganisms amabili phakathi kwabo, igobolondo lokuvikela liyancibilika linyamalale, bese kuvela ibhuloho lokuxhuma. Ngemuva kwalokho i-nuclei enkulu yamaseli amabili iyanyamalala, kuthi amancane ahlukane kabili.
Ngakho-ke, kuvela ama-nuclei amane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bonke, ngaphandle koyedwa, babhujisiwe, futhi owokugcina uphinde wahlukaniswa kabili. Ukushintshaniswa kwe-nuclei esele kwenzeka eduze kwebhuloho le-cytoplasmic, futhi kusuka kokuvelayo, kuvela i-nuclei esanda kuzalwa, enkulu nenkulu. Ngemuva kwalokho ama-ciliates ayahluka komunye nomunye.
Izinto eziphilayo ezilula kakhulu zenza emjikelezweni jikelele wokuphila kwazo imisebenzi, izicathulo ze-infusoria zibhubhisa izinhlobo eziningi zamagciwane futhi ngokwazo zisebenza njengokudla kwezilwane ezincane ezingenamgogodla. Kwesinye isikhathi la ma-protozoa akhiqizwa ngokukhethekile njengokudla kwamafry ezinye izinhlanzi zasemanzini.
