Weevil Ingabe isinambuzane se-oda le-coleoptera. Umndeni wezinambuzane ungenye enkulu kunazo zonke phakathi kwe-coleoptera (cishe izinhlobo ezingama-40,000). Iningi le-weevils linezimpondo ezinde, ezicace bha zezakhi ezingasonga zibe yimifantu ekhethekile empumulweni. Amalungu amaningi ohlobo alunawo amaphiko, kanti amanye angabashayeli bezindiza abahle kakhulu.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Weevil
I-weevil yachazwa okokuqala nguThomas Say ngo-1831 njengesilonda esivela kumasampuli athathwe eLouisiana. I-akhawunti yokuqala yezomnotho yalesi sinambuzane kwakungu-Asa Fitch waseNew York, owathola ubhontshisi obuthelelekile eProvidence, eRhode Island ngo-1860. Ngo-1891, uJ. A. Lintner, eNew York, wafakazela ukuthi umvundla wakhiqiza kabusha ngokuqhubekayo kubhontshisi ogciniwe, ukuwuhlukanisa nesigaxa esidumile sepea.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ama-Weevils empeleni angamabhungane. Lo mndeni unezinhlobo eziningi kakhulu kunanoma yiliphi elinye iqembu lamabhungane. Ososayensi balinganisela ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-1 000 zezinambuzane eNyakatho Melika.
Ividiyo: Weevil
Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zezinambuzane:
- irayisi weevils amabhungane amancane kuphela 1mm ubude. Umuntu omdala unombala onsundu ngokumpunga nansundu ngombala futhi unamabala amane aphuzi ngokubomvu ngemuva. Izibungu zimhlophe futhi zithambile, ngaphandle kwezidladla. Iziphungumangathi zezinambuzane ziyefana nezabantu abadala abanezimpumulo ezinde, kodwa zimhlophe. Umuntu omdala angandiza aphile isikhathi esingangezinyanga ezinhlanu. Insikazi yalesi sikalo izalela amaqanda afinyelela ku-400 ngesikhathi sokuphila kwayo;
- ama-weevils ommbila phambilini abecatshangwa kuphela njengokuhlukahluka okukhulu kwezilayisi ngenxa yokufana kwazo kwangaphandle. Mkhulu kancane, ufinyelela ku-3 mm ubude, njenge-rice weevil, kusuka kobomvu ngokubomvu kuya kokumnyama, inamabala amane abomvu ophuzi ngemuva. Kodwa umbala wayo umnyama kancane kunelayisi. Izinga lokuthuthuka kwesikhwebu sommbila lihamba kancane kancane kunelesi sikalayisi. Izibungu zalo zimhlophe futhi zithambile, azinazidladla. Iziphungumangathi nazo ziyafana nabantu abadala abanezimpumulo zazo ezinde, futhi nazo zimhlophe. Isikhwebu sommbila naso siyakwazi ukundiza;
- izinqolobane zesibaya zingamacilindrical kakhulu kunezinye futhi cishe zingama-5 mm ubude. Imibala yazo isukela kokunsundu ngokubomvu kuye kokumnyama. Umzimba cishe ulinganiselwa ku-3 mm ubude futhi isifonyo siqhubeka sehle sivela ekhanda. Izibungu zalo zimhlophe futhi zithambile, azinazidladla, kanti iziphungumangathi ezimhlophe ziyefana nezamanye ama-weevils. Lesi silwane asikwazi ukundiza, ngakho-ke singatholakala eduze nezindawo esingene kuzo. Abantu abadala bangaphila amasonto afinyelela kwayisishiyagalombili, ngaleso sikhathi insikazi izalela amaqanda angama-200.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Sibukeka kanjani isigaxa
Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezinambuzane zitholakala ezinhlobonhlobo zemibala yomzimba nobujamo:
- usayizi: ubude bezinambuzane buhluka kusuka ku-3 kuye ku-10 mm; eziningi zazo ziyizinambuzane eziyisiyingi;
- umbala: kuvame ukuba mnyama (nsundu kuya kokumnyama);
- Inhloko: I-weevil endala inekhanda elihlangene elenza impumulo. Umlomo usekugcineni kwephunga. Kwamanye ama-weevils, impumulo ilingana nomzimba ngobude. Omunye umndeni wamabhungane, i-caryopsis, ubukeka ngendlela ehlukile. Azinazo izifinyezo ezinwetshiwe ezitholakala kwezinye izidleke.
Ukusinda kwe-weevil endala kuncike engxenyeni ethile ye-exoskeleton noma i-cuticle yayo. I-cuticle yakhiwa ngengxube ye-chitin namaprotheni, ahlelwe aba izendlalelo ezintathu: i-epicuticle, i-exocuticle ne-endocuticle. I-cuticle ibhekana nenqubo yokuqina eyaziwa njenge-sclerotization kanye ne-melanization, edinga ukuba khona kwe-compound dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA).
I-midgut ye-weevil iqukethe amasaka amancane akhulisa indawo engaphezulu yamathumbu, athuthukise ukugaya kanye nokufakwa kwezakhi. Emaphethelweni e-cecum ngayinye kune-bacteriome, isitho esikhethekile esakhiwa ngamaseli abizwa ngama-bacteriocyte avikela amabhaktheriya e-endosymbiotic ekuthikamezeni amasosha omzimba womgcini. Ama-bacteriocyte aqukethe kuphela ama-endosymbionts ku-cytoplasm yawo, kepha futhi ahlinzeka ngezakhamzimba ezidingekayo ukuxhasa ukukhula kwamagciwane.
Uhlala kuphi umnyombo?
Isithombe: Ibhungane le-Weevil
Ngezikhathi ezifudumele, ngaphandle, ama-weevils adla amaqabunga ezihlahla, izihlahlana nezitshalo. Kodwa-ke, ekwindla kwalokhu, lezi zinambuzane ezidla izitshalo ziqala ukufuna indawo ebusika.
Ezinye izinhlobo, njenge-oak weevil yase-Asia, zikhangwa ukukhanya. Bahlangana bezungeza iminyango namawindi ezindlu. Abanini bezindlu kwesinye isikhathi babona amakhulu ama-weevils ahlanganiswe ngaphandle kwekhaya. Lapho ama-weevils ethola imifantu noma izimbobo ezungeze amawindi, angena ngaphakathi endlini. Baphinde bangene ngemigudu yomoya ephukile noma ngemigodi. Bangakhasa nangaphansi kweminyango elinyazwe yisimo sezulu.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Iningi le-weevils elihlasela ikhaya lichitha ubusika livikela izindonga zalo. I-attic negalaji nakho kuyizindawo zokukhosela ezivamile zasebusika zezinkukhu. La mabhungane angachitha ubusika engabonwa umninikhaya.
Kodwa-ke, amanye ama-weevils agcina esendaweni yokuhlala ekhaya. Bangakwazi ukudlula emfantwini odongeni noma esikhaleni esiseduze kwepayipi. Bangakhasa badlule esikhaleni ngaphansi kwebhodi esezingeni eliphansi. Bangasebenzisa imbobo elula ukukhipha ophahleni lwendlu.
Ebusika, indawo yokuhlala ekhaya ifudumele kune-attic noma igalaji. Lokhu kungadida ama-weevils. Lapho bengena endaweni efudumele yasekhaya, ama-weevils aqala ukwenza sengathi intwasahlobo ifikile futhi azama ukuthola indlela yokuphuma ngaphandle.
Imfucumfucu eza endlini yokukhosela ingathelela wonke amagumbi asendlini. Zivame ukuqoqwa ndawonye emakamelweni anamawindi. Amabhungane ahlangana emawindini ezama ukuphuma ngaphandle. Abaninikhaya bathola lezi zingulube zikhahava ezindongeni, emafasiteleni nasesilingini.
Ngabe udlani udlani?
Isithombe: Weevil ngokwemvelo
Njengezinye izinambuzane ezihlasela ama-pantry, ama-weevil adla okusanhlamvu nelayisi, kanye namantongomane, ubhontshisi, okusanhlamvu, imbewu, ummbila nokunye ukudla.
Iningi lezinkukhu londla kuphela ezitshalweni. Izibungu ezinamanzi, ezingenamile zezinhlobo eziningi zondla kuphela engxenyeni ethile yesitshalo - okungukuthi, ikhanda lembali, imbewu, izithelo ezinamanzi, iziqu noma izimpande. Izibungu eziningi zondla izinhlobo ezithile zezitshalo noma ezihlobene eduze. Ama-weevils amadala ajwayele ukungazi kangako emikhubeni yawo yokudla.
Ama-Weevils ahlala futhi ondle ngaphakathi kwezinhlamvu azidlayo. Insikazi idla imbobo embewini noma okusanhlamvu bese ibeka iqanda kuyo, bese iyavala imbobo, ishiye iqanda ngaphakathi kwenhlamvu noma imbewu. Lapho iqanda lichanyuselwa, lesi sibungu sizondla ngokwangaphakathi size sikhule ngokugcwele. Lapho isikhula esidala sikhula, sidla konke okusanhlamvu.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Njengoba izikelemu zesifazane zikhipha ama-pheromones, abesilisa bazobalinda baphume ezinhlamvwini bese befuna ngokushesha ukuhlangana nabo ukuze bazalane.
Abanini bemizi bangase bangakwazi ukubona ama-weevils lapho behlangana eduze namakhaya abo. Kepha uma izingungumbane zikwazi ukuthola umgodi zingene endlini, umnikazi uvame ukuthola amakhulu ezinambuzane ekhasa emafasiteleni nasezindongeni.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Weevil Insect
Ngaphandle, ama-weevils ayakwazi ukubhubhisa izitshalo zensimu. Ngaphakathi, la mabhungane awanambitheki kunokuba abe yingozi. Ama-Weevils angcolisa ukudla ngendle nezikhumba, kubangele ukulimala okungaphezu kwalokho abangakudla. Ekhaya, ama-weevils angabonakala ekudleni okuhlanganisiwe, angavela nangaphandle. Uma sebengaphakathi, abantu bangakhula futhi bande kusuka ekudleni okuseduze uma kungavivinywa.
Amanye ama-weevils angaba izinambuzane ezihlelekile. Laba yiboya abacasula abaninikhaya ngoba bavamise ukungena emakhaya ngobuningi. Abanye babo bahlasela ekwindla. Bacasha ebusika bashiye entwasahlobo. Abanye bahlasela ehlobo lapho isimo sezulu siqala ukufudumala.
Izikhukhula zabantu abadala zihamba ebusuku futhi zifuna indawo yokukhosela ngaphansi kwemfucumfucu yezitshalo emini. Lokhu kuziphatha kusetshenziselwa izinhloso zokuqapha nokulawula. Ama-Weevils angalandelelwa ngezicupho nangemithi yokubulala izinambuzane esetshenziswa lapho kuqala ukubanjwa kwama-weevils amadala. Kodwa-ke, indlela yokubamba esetshenziswa kakhulu “yizindawo zokukhosela,” eziqukethe amahlamvu amazambane afakwe umuthi wokubulala izinambuzane. Izicupho zokumboza zisebenza ngokukhethekile ngaphambi nje kokuba izitshalo zamazambane zivele emikhakheni emisha.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Ibhungane le-Weevil
Imijikelezo yempilo yesilokazane incike kakhulu ezinhlotsheni. Abanye abantu abadala bazalela amaqanda abo phansi eduze kwezitshalo ezizaqhutshwa entwasahlobo. Lapho amaqanda echanyuselwa, izibungu zingena emhlabathini bese zidla ezimpandeni. Njengoba izibungu zingaphansi komhlaba, abantu abavamile ukuzibona.
Abantu abadala bahlafuna okusanhlamvu ngaphandle bese bebeka namaqanda futhi. Abesifazane bangabekela amaqanda angama-300 kuye kwangama-400, imvamisa eyodwa ngembobo. Izibungu zikhula ngezigaba eziningana (ama-instars) ngaphakathi kwezinhlamvu, futhi zibuye ziphumelele ku-nucleus. Bangakwazi ukuqeda isizukulwane ngenyanga ezimweni ezifudumele. Abantu abadala bavame ukuhlala izinyanga eziyi-7 kuya kweziyi-8, kepha abanye bangaphila iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-2.
Izigaba zamaqanda, izibungu, neziphungumangathi zemvubu azitholakali ezinhlamvwini. Ukondla kwenziwa ngaphakathi kokusanhlamvu futhi abantu abadala basika izimbobo zokuphuma. Izimbobo zokuphuma kwe-weevil okusanhlamvu zinkulu kunalezo ze-rice weevil futhi zivame ukuba zimbi kakhulu kunokushelela futhi ziyindilinga.
Abesifazane babhola imbobo encane okusanhlamvu, bafake iqanda emgodini, bese bevala umgodi ngemfihlo ye-gelatinous. Iqanda lichanyuselwa kwisibungu esincane, esisabalalela enkabeni ye-nucleus, sifunze, sikhule kanye namazinyane lapho. Abantu abadala abasha banezimbobo zokuvela ngaphakathi, bese bengena ekuhlanganyeleni bese beqala isizukulwane esisha.
Abesifazane bezinkukhu ezibekiwe bazalela amaqanda aphakathi kuka-36 no-254. Emazingeni okushisa asukela ku-23 kuya ku-26 degrees Celsius, umswakama ohlobene no-75 kuya ku-90%, amaqanda afakwa kukolweni onomswakama we-13.5 kuye ku-19.6% izinsuku ezintathu. Izibungu zivuthwa ezinsukwini eziyi-18, kanti iziphungumangathi ngezinsuku eziyisithupha. Umjikelezo wempilo usukela ezinsukwini ezingama-30 kuye kwezingama-40 ehlobo nezinsuku eziyi-123 kuye kwezingu-148 ebusika, kuya ngezinga lokushisa. Kuthatha cishe izinsuku ezingama-32 ukuqeda umjikelezo wempilo. Kokubili izinqolobane nezinambuzane zerayisi zilingisa ukufa ngokusondeza izidladla zazo eduze komzimba nokwenza sengathi ziyawa.
Izibungu eziningi zichitha ubusika emhlabathini futhi zibe ngabantu abadala entwasahlobo elandelayo. Kodwa-ke, abantu abadala abavela ehlobo noma ekwindla bangangena emakhaya ukuze bakhosele. Abanye, njengesigaxa se-oki sase-Asiatic, bakhangwa ukukhanya, ngakho-ke badonselwa emakhaya abo ebusuku. Abanye bangakhangwa imfudumalo evela ekhaya.
Izitha zemvelo zama-weevils
Isithombe: Sibukeka kanjani isigaxa
Ama-Weevils anezitha ezahlukahlukene zemvelo.
Izinambuzane ezidliwayo zifaka:
- izicabucabu;
- amabhungane omhlabathi;
- ama-nematode adlayo.
Izilwane ezidla ezinye zifaka:
- izinkukhu;
- izinyoni eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka;
- umbulali;
- ama-wrens nezinye izinyoni.
Izintuthwane ezibomvu zomlilo ziyizidlakudla ezisebenza kahle zomuthi kakotini empumalanga yeTexas. Sekuyiminyaka eyi-11, omdaka bengakaze balahlekelwe ngumnotho ngenxa yokufa ngenxa yezintuthwane. Ukususa izintuthwane kuholele ekwandeni kokulimala kwezitshalo kusuka ku-weevil. Ama-insecticide asetshenziswa ezinambuzaneni zikakotini anciphisa kakhulu inani lezintuthwane. Ukuze uzuze kulesi sidlo sezintuthwane esisebenzayo, kufanele kugwenywe ukufaka izicelo zokubulala izinambuzane ezingadingekile.
Izitha eziyinhloko zezinambuzane ngabantu abazama ukuziqeda. Indlela elula nephumelela kunazo zonke ukuthola umthombo wokutheleleka bese ususa ngokushesha. Sebenzisa ithoshi noma omunye umthombo wokukhanya ukuhlola ngokucophelela zonke izindawo zokudla nezokugcina. Uma kungenzeka, lahla ukudla okungcoliswe kakhulu okugoqiwe, oplastiki abasindayo noma iziqukathi ezingavaliwe ukuze uzilahle, noma ungcwabe ekujuleni kwenhlabathi. Uma uthola ukutheleleka kusenesikhathi, ukulahlwa kuphela okungaxazulula inkinga.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Weevil
I-weevil ibhekwa njengohlobo lwesinambuzane lapho kusetshenziswa khona izindlela zokulahla. I-weevil kakotini, isilokazane esasilimaza umlando, sabikwa okokuqala e-United States (Texas) ngo-1894. Eminyakeni engama-30 eyalandela, cishe i-87% yendawo elinyiwe yagcwala futhi imboni kakotini yacekelwa phansi. Imithi yokubulala izinambuzane eyayihlosiwe ekuqaleni yayisebenza kuphela kwaze kwaba ngo-1960. Isigaba esilandelayo sohlelo lokuphathwa koboya saqala ngonyaka we-1962 ngenkathi i-Weevil Research Laboratory isungulwa eMississippi State University.
Intuthuko enkulu ekulweni nezinsikimba ize ngokukhishwa kwe-synthetic aggregation pheromone, okukhombise ukuthi iyithuluzi lokuqapha elisebenza kahle elingadlala indima enkulu ohlelweni lokulawula nokuqeda nya. Isivivinyo sokuqeda umshayeli saqala ngo-1971 futhi sabandakanya ukusetshenziswa kwezicupho ze-pheromone, abesilisa abayinyumba kanye nemithi yokubulala izinambuzane.
Ngemuva kwalokho, ukuhlolwa kwesibili kokuqedwa kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa izingibe ze-pheromone. Ngo-1983, kwaqalwa uhlelo lokuqeda ibhande likakotini oluseningizimu-mpumalanga (eNyakatho naseNingizimu Carolina), okwathi kamuva lwadluliselwa ezingxenyeni ezithile zeGeorgia, i-Alabama kanye neFlorida yonke. Ukugxila okuyinhloko kohlelo bekuwukuvimbela ukuxuba nokukhiqiza i-weevil kuhlangene nokulawula ngenkathi yokukhula. Ngo-1985, lolu hlelo lwenabela eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-United States, kwathi ngo-1993, kwaqedwa ukuqedwa kobubi eCalifornia, e-Arizona nasenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeMexico.
Ohlelweni lokuqeda ukweva olususelwa ku-pheromone, izingibe zisetshenziselwa ukuthola, ukuhlola inani labantu, ukubamba ngobuningi nokwenza izinqumo ngokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imichilo yokuvikela efakwe yisinambuzane nayo ingafakwa ezingibeni ze-pheromone ukudala ukufa futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuvimbele ukuphunyuka.Icebo lokuheha nokubhubhisa kusetshenziswa izingqinamba ezinamathelayo eziphathwe ngemithi yokubulala izinambuzane likhonjiswe ukuthi lisebenza ngempumelelo ephindwe kathathu kunezingibe ezivamile ze-pheromone.
Weevilmhlawumbe yaphumelela ngenxa yokuthuthuka kwayo, okungasetshenziselwa ukungena nokudla kuphela, kepha nokwenza izimbobo lapho amaqanda angabekwa khona. Lo mndeni ufaka phakathi izinambuzane ezilimaza ngokweqile njengokudla okusanhlamvu, isibaya kanye nelayisi.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 09/07/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 25.09.2019 ngo-13: 54
