Igundane lemvukuzane elinqunu Ayithandeki futhi ayithandeki, kepha ngokungangabazeki iyisilwane esimangazayo, ngoba inezici eziningi ezihlukile ezingeyona enye yamagundane. Sizozama ukuhlaziya umsebenzi wokuphila wegundane lemvukuzane, singachazi nje kuphela izici zalo zangaphandle, kepha nemikhuba, isimilo, ukudla kwesilwane, izindawo zaso zokugcina zokuthunyelwa kanye nezici zokuzala.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Amagundane enqunu
Amagundane anqunu ayigundane lomndeni wamagundane. Lo mndeni ongajwayelekile uhlanganisa izilwane ezincelisayo zase-Afrika ezigqobayo, ososayensi bathole imikhakha engu-6 nezinhlobo ezingama-22 zamagundane. Ukujula emlandweni, kubalulekile ukuthi wazi ukuthi lo mndeni wamagundane ongajwayelekile ubelokhu waziwa kusukela ekuqaleni kukaNeogene, kuleyo nkathi ekude le nhlobo yamagundane yayihlala nase-Asia, lapho manje ingatholakali khona.
Ngokokuqala ngqa, isazi semvelo esinqunu satholwa emuva ngekhulu le-19 yisazi semvelo saseJalimane uRuppel, owathola igundane ngenhlanhla futhi walithatha njengegundane eligulayo elalahlekelwa izinwele ngenxa yokugula. Ngaleso sikhathi, ukunakwa okukhethekile akuzange kunikezwe kumbiwebi, abanye ososayensi baphenya kuphela isakhiwo sabo somphakathi esingavamile. Lapho ubuchwepheshe bokutadisha ikhodi yezakhi zofuzo buvela, ososayensi bathola izici eziningi ezimangazayo zala magundane anempandla.
Ividiyo: Amagundane enqunu
Kuvela ukuthi amagundane ezinqunu awagugi nhlobo ngobudala, ahlala esebenza futhi enempilo njengakuqala. Izicubu zamathambo abo zihlala ziminyene, izinhliziyo zabo zihlala ziqinile, nokusebenza kwabo kocansi kuyinto ejwayelekile. Ngokumangazayo, zonke izici zempilo zihlala zingaguquguquki, hhayi ukuwohloka njengoba zikhula.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Isikhathi sokuphila samagundane anqunu sinde ngokuphindwe kasithupha kunesikhathi sokuphila esilinganiswe ngokwemvelo kwamanye amagundane. Isibonelo, amagundane aphila kusuka eminyakeni emi-2 kuye kwengu-5, futhi igundane lemvukuzane lingaphila yonke iminyaka engama-30 (ngisho nangaphezulu) ngaphandle kokuguga nhlobo!
Ukufunda lezi zidalwa eziyingqayizivele, ososayensi bathole izici eziningi ezimangalisayo ezikhona kubembi, phakathi kwazo okukhona:
- ukungazweli ebuhlungwini;
- ukwesaba nokumelana ne-asidi (hhayi ukwesaba ukushisa nokushisa kwamakhemikhali);
- ukuzinza;
- ukutholakala kokuzivikela komzimba okungenakuqhathaniswa (cishe akuhlushwa umdlavuza, isifo senhliziyo, unhlangothi, isifo sikashukela, njll.);
- ikhono lokwenza ngaphandle komoya-mpilo imizuzu engu-20;
- impilo ende yamagundane.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Amagundane anqunu angaphansi komhlaba
Ubungako begundane le-mole elinqunu buncane, ubude bomzimba wayo abudluli ku-12 cm, futhi isisindo sayo sisuka ku-30 kuye ku-60 gram. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi abesilisa bancane kakhulu kunabesifazane, abangaba nesisindo esilingana nesabanumzane babo. Umzimba wonke wegundane lemvukuzane ungabizwa ngokuthi yi-cylindrical, ikhanda le-rodent likhulu impela, futhi izitho ezimfushane zinamazwane ayisihlanu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ekuboneni kokuqala kuphela, igundane lemvukuzane libonakala linempandla, noma kunjalo, unezinwele ezithile ezisakazeke emzimbeni, ikakhulukazi endaweni yezidladla, zibonakala kangcono.
Ngenxa yesikhumba esishwabene, amagundane emvukuzane ajika ngobuciko ezindaweni ezixineneyo, kubonakala sengathi amagundane enza ukubola okuthile ngaphakathi kwesikhumba sabo lapho enza ithuba. Abavubukuli banezihlakala ezifana netshizili eziphuma ngaphandle komlomo, zingaphandle, izilwane zabo zisetshenziselwa ukumba, njengamabhakede e-excavator. Izindebe zomlomo ngemuva kwama-incisors zivikela abemba ukuthi bangene emlonyeni womhlaba. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi umhlathi owenziwe kahle wamagundane emvukuzane unamandla amakhulu futhi unesisindo esikhulu semisipha.
Abavukuzi bacishe babe yizimpumputhe, amehlo abo mancane kakhulu (0.5 mm) futhi ahlukanisa phakathi kokukhanya kokukhanya nobumnyama. Bangakwazi ukuhamba esikhaleni ngosizo lwama-vibrissae akutholakali endaweni yomlomo kuphela, kodwa nasemzimbeni wonke; lezi zinwele ezizwelayo zisebenza njengezitho ezithintekayo. Yize ama-auricles kulawa magundane ancishisiwe (amele udonga olunesikhumba), azwa kahle, athola imisindo enesivinini esiphansi. Abavukuzi banomuzwa omuhle wokuhogela, futhi. Ngokuvamile, ubuso obunesikhumba somzimba wegundane le-mole bunombala obomvana futhi bugcwele imibimbi.
Ihlala kuphi igundane lemvukuzane?
Isithombe: Igundane lamagundane anqunu
Wonke amagundane emvukuzane ahlala ezwenikazi elishisayo lase-Afrika, okungukuthi, ingxenye yalo esempumalanga, ekhetha izindawo eziseningizimu yehlane laseSahara. Ngokuqondene negundane le-mole elinqunu, livame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezingama-savannah nezindawo eziwugwadule eSomalia. Abavukuzi bahlala naseKenya naseTopiya, bahlala ezindaweni ezingama-savanna ezomile nezindawo ezingamahlane ukuze bahlale unomphela. Ososayensi bakwazile ukuthola ukuthi lapho abacwaningi behlala eMongolia nase-Israel, kwaziwa ngenxa yezinsalela zezilwane ezitholakala kula mazwe. Manje laba bemba bahlala kuphela e-Afrika.
Njengoba sekushiwo, abembi bahlala ezindaweni ezivulekile (ezingxenyeni zezingwadule ezingamahlane), amagundane athanda inhlabathi enesihlabathi futhi evulekile, futhi angakhuphuka izintaba ubude obuyikhilomitha elilodwa nohhafu. Lezi zidalwa ezingavamile zijwayele ukuhlala emathunjini omhlaba, zimba wonke ama-labyrinth angaphansi komhlaba ngezinsimbi zawo ezinamandla, eziqukethe imigudu eminingi ehlotshisiwe, ubude bayo obungaba amakhilomitha amaningana. Abavukuzi cishe abaze bafike phezulu, ngakho-ke akunakwenzeka ukuwabona.
Kwesinye isikhathi intsha ngesikhathi sokuzinza ingavela kafushane ngaphandle. Ngisho nenhlabathi eyomile kakhulu efana nokuvumelana kukakhonkolo ayihluphi ngamagundane anqunu, kuwo bayakwazi ukumba (noma kunalokho, badle) amaningana amathuna, abangena ekujuleni komhlaba kusuka kwimitha elilodwa nohhafu kuya kwamabili.
Yini edliwa yigundane elinqunu?
Isithombe: Amagundane ase-Afrika anqunu
Amagundane anqunu angabizwa ngokuzethemba ngokuthi abadla inyama, ngoba ukudla kwabo kuqukethe izitsha zemvelaphi yezitshalo kuphela. Imenyu yabemba iqukethe ama-rhizomes nezilimo eziyizigaxa zezitshalo, zombili ezitshaliwe nezasendle.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kuyenzeka ukuthi, lapho kutholakala i-tuber, igundane lemvukuzane lidla ingxenye yalo kuphela, bese igundane lithela inhlabathi emgodini eyayiququda ukuze amazambane akhule ngokuqhubekayo, ngakho-ke igundane elihlakaniphile lizama ukuzihlinzeka ngokudla elizokusebenzisa esikhathini esizayo.
La magundane azitholela ukudla ngaphansi komhlaba kuphela. Izilwane nazo zithola umswakama eziwudingayo ezimpandeni nasezilwaneni eziyizigaxa, ngakho-ke azidingi imbobo yokunisela. Ukuze kuthi ngesikhathi sokufunwa kokudla umhlaba ungangeni emakhaleni abembi, bavikelekile ngenhla ngesikhumba esikhethekile, esibizwa ngokuthi "udebe lwamanga". Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi igundane lemvukuzane alinawo umlomo ongaphezulu.
Lawa magundane ayingqayizivele ane-metabolism ehamba kancane kakhulu. unezinga lokushisa lomzimba eliphansi ngokumangazayo, elisukela kuma-degree angama-30 kuye kwangama-35. Ngenxa yalokhu, isilwane asidingi kudla okuningi uma siqhathaniswa nezinye izilwane ezincelisayo ezinosayizi ofanayo. Lapho amagundane enqunu edla, wona, njengama-hamsters, ayakwazi ukubamba ukudla kwawo emilenzeni yawo yangaphambili. Ngaphambi kokuba baqale ukudla, bavuthula inhlabathi kuwo, bayisika ngezinsipho ezibukhali zibe yizicucu ezihlukene, bese behlafuna kahle besebenzisa amazinyo abo amancane esihlathi.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Amagundane enqunu
Amagundane enqunu anezilwane ezi-eusocial, isb. banenhlangano ephakeme kakhulu yenhlangano yezenhlalo, endleleni yabo yokuphila bayefana nezinambuzane zenhlalo (izintuthwane, izinyosi). Amakoloni angaphansi komhlaba ala magundane ngokuvamile abale izilwane ezingama-70 kuya kwezingama-80.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kunemininingwane yokuthi ososayensi baye babona amakoloni wamagundane, lapho kwakuhlala khona izilwane ezingaba ngu-295.
Ubude bonke bama-labyrinths angaphansi komhlaba, okuyindawo yokuhlala yekoloni elilodwa, bungadlula ibanga elingamakhilomitha ama-3 kuye kwangama-5. Umhlaba olahlwayo lapho kumbiwa imigudu ufinyelela kumathani amathathu noma amane ngonyaka. Imvamisa, umhubhe unobubanzi obungu-4 cm futhi ungamamitha amabili ukujula.
Imigudu isetshenziselwa ukuxhuma komunye nomunye:
- amakamelo okwakha izidleke;
- amakamelo aft;
- izindlu zangasese.
Ukumba izindima ezingaphansi komhlaba kuwumsebenzi ohlanganyelwe, ziqala ngentshiseko ngenkathi yemvula, lapho umhlaba uthamba futhi uthambeka ngokwengeziwe. Uchungechunge lwabavukuzi abayisi-5 noma aba-6 luhamba ngefayela elilodwa, lulandela isisebenzi sokuqala esiluma ungqimba lomhlabathi ngama-incisors, amagundane alandela isilwane sokuqala asiza ukukhahlela. Ngezikhathi ezithile, umba wokuqala ubuyiselwa yisilwane esilandelayo ngemuva.
Wonke amagundane emvukuzane ahlala ngaphakathi koloni elifanayo ayizihlobo. Inhloko yendawo yonke yokuhlala yowesifazane oyedwa, obizwa ngendlovukazi noma indlovukazi. Indlovukazi ingakhwelana nababili noma abathathu besilisa, bonke abanye abantu bekholoni (abesilisa nabesifazane) bangabasebenzi, ababambiqhaza kwinqubo yokuzala kabusha.
Ngokuya ngamapharamitha wobukhulu, abasebenzi banemisebenzi eminingi. Abantu abakhulu babalwa phakathi kwamasosha abandakanyeka ekuvikeleni abantu besizwe sabo kubantu ababi. Abembi abancane banomsebenzi wokugcina uhlelo lomhubhe, amawundlu abahlengikazi, nokufuna ukudla. Umsebenzi wabantu abaphakathi ngosayizi ophakathi nendawo; akukho mehluko ocacile phakathi kwezinhlobo zamagundane emvukuzane, njengoba kujwayelekile ezintuthwaneni. Inkosikazi eyindlovukazi empilweni yayo yonke imatasa ngokuzala inzalo kuphela, izala izingane ezingaphezu kwekhulu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngokombono owodwa kuyaziwa ukuthi eminyakeni eyi-12 isibeletho sazala cishe amagundane angama-900.
Kufanele kungezwe ukuthi amagundane enqunu anezindlela zokuxhumana ezithuthuke kakhulu, ebangeni labo lamaphimbo azikho izinhlobo ezingaphansi kwezingu-18 zemisindo, okungaphezulu kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amagundane. Ukugcina ukushisa komzimba njalo akuyona into yamagundane; it (izinga lokushisa) lingaguquguquka, kuya ngombuso wokushisa kwemvelo. Ukwehlisa ijubane lokwehla kwezinga lokushisa, abembi bahlangana ngamaqembu amakhulu futhi bangahlala isikhathi eside emigodini eseduze nobuso bomhlaba. Ukuba ne-metabolism ehamba kancane kunomthelela ekusindeni kwamagundane emvukuzane lapho kungekho i-oxygen eyanele emathunjini omhlaba futhi okuqukethwe yi-carbon dioxide kuphezulu, okubulala ezinye izinto eziphilayo.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Amagundane enqunu angaphansi komhlaba
Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, insikazi, ebizwa ngendlovukazi noma isibeletho, inesibopho sokuzala inzalo kumagundane enqunu. Ekuhlanganyeleni, usebenzisa abesilisa abambalwa abavundile (imvamisa ababili noma abathathu), zonke ezinye izakhamuzi ze-labyrinth engaphansi komhlaba azihlanganyeli kwinqubo yokuzala. Indlovukazi yesifazane ayishintshi abalingani, igcina ubudlelwane obuhlala njalo nalaba besilisa abakhethiwe iminyaka eminingi. Isikhathi sokukhulelwa cishe izinsuku ezingama-70, isibeletho sikwazi ukuthola inzalo entsha njalo ezinsukwini ezingama-80. Kungaba nodoti ongafika ku-5 ngonyaka.
Amagundane enqunu angabizwa ngokuthi azala kakhulu; uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amagundane, inani lamawundlu kudoti owodwa lingahluka lisuka kubantu abayi-12 kuye kwabangu-27. Ingane ngayinye inesisindo esingaphansi kwamagremu amabili. Yize kungazalwa amawundlu angaphezu kweshumi nambili ngesikhathi, insikazi inezingono eziyi-12 kuphela, kepha lokhu akusho nakancane ukuthi ezinye zezingane ziyafa. Ngenxa yocwaningo lososayensi baseMelika, kwaziwa ukuthi izingane zamagundane ezinqunu zondla ngokulandelana, ngoba umama wesifazane unobisi oluningi. Ngenxa yale ndlela yokondla, izingane esezisencane kakhulu ziyabona ukubaluleka kobudlelwano bezenhlalo.
INdlovukazi Umama iphatha izingane ngobisi inyanga yonke, yize ziqala ukudla ukudla okuqinile sezivele zinamasonto amabili ubudala. Amantshontsho ajwayele ukudla indle yabanye abasebenzi, ngakho-ke athola izimbali zebhaktheriya ezidingekayo ukugaya uhlaza oludliwe. Emasontweni amathathu noma amane ubudala, amagundane amancane asemancane asevele engena esigabeni sabasebenzi, futhi amagundane avuthiwe ngokocansi asondela onyakeni owodwa ubudala. Njengoba sekushiwo, abembi baphilela amagundane isikhathi eside kakhulu - cishe iminyaka engama-30 (kwesinye isikhathi ngaphezulu). Ososayensi abakakwazanga ukuthola kahle ukuthi kungani le ndlela eyingqayizivele yokuphila isikhathi eside isebenza.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Yize kuhlonishwa ukuba ngowesifazane oyindlovukazi, baphila ngaphansi kakhulu kunabanye abasebenza ngokumba. Abaphenyi bathole ukuthi isikhathi sokuphila kwesibeletho sisukela eminyakeni eyi-13 kuye kweyi-18.
Izitha zemvelo zegundane elinqunu
Isithombe: Impuku yegundane enqunu
Ngenxa yokuthi abembi bahola indlela yokuphila engaphansi neyimfihlo, cishe abafiki phezulu, khona-ke lawa magundane awanazo izitha eziningi, ngoba akulula ukuthola i-excavator emathunjini omhlaba, lapho icwila khona kube ngamamitha amabili ukujula. Ngaphandle kwezimo zokuphila ezivikelekile neziphephile zala magundane, zisenabahlaseli ababi. Izitha eziyinhloko zabemba zingabizwa ngokuthi izinyoka. Kuyaqabukela, kepha kwenzeka ukuthi inyoka ngqo phansi komhlabathi ilandele igundane elilodwa, limfune ngomhubhe ombiwe. Lokhu akwenzeki kaningi, imvamisa izinyoka zibukela izilwane phezulu.
Izinyoka zeMole zizingela amagundane enqunu ngesikhathi lapho amagundane ekhipha inhlabathi eyeqile emigodini yawo. Umuntu onwabuzelayo onobuqili ulinde ukuvela kwesikhumbi, anamathele ikhanda lakhe ngqo emgodini. Lapho igundane libonakala lilahla phansi, liyibamba ngombani. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi yize amagundane emvukuzane ecishe abe yimpumputhe, ahlukanisa kahle iphunga, angazibona ngokushesha izihlobo zawo kubantu angabazi, futhi izilwane azibekezeleli kakhulu lezi zakamuva.
Phakathi kwezitha zamagundane ezinqunu kungabalwa nabantu ababheka lezi zidalwa njengezilokazane zezilimo futhi bazame amagundane e-lime. Vele, abembi bangalimaza isivuno ngokuzitika ngezimpande nezimpande, kepha ungakhohlwa ukuthi bona, njengezimvukuzane, banomphumela omuhle enhlabathini, bayikhiphe futhi bayigcwalise nge-oxygen.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Amagundane enqunu
Ekuboneni kokuqala, kungahle kubonakale sengathi amagundane enqunu ayizidalwa ezingenakuzivikela ngokuphelele, ngoba ababoni lutho, bancane ngosayizi futhi abanaboya. Lo muzwa uyakhohlisa, ngoba la magundane angancintisana nezinye izilwane eziphila isikhathi eside maqondana nobungqabavu bazo. Uma ukhuluma ngenani labantu lamagundane anqunu, kufanele uqaphele ukuthi lezi zilwane ezingavamile azivamile ebuningini bendawo yazo futhi zivame kakhulu. Inani lamagundane anqunu alinaso isongo sokuqothulwa; amagundane ahlala emaningi, okuyizindaba ezinhle. Ngokuya ngemininingwane ye-IUCN, lezi zinhlobo zamagundane zinesimo sokongiwa kwemvelo esibangela ukukhathazeka okuncane, ngamanye amagama, amagundane ezinqunu awabhalisiwe kwiRed Book futhi awadingi izinyathelo ezikhethekile zokuzivikela.
Izizathu eziningi ziholele esimweni esihle kanjalo maqondana nenani lalezi zilwane, ezibandakanya:
- impilo engaphansi komhlaba, efihliwe nephephile yabembi, evikelwe kumathonya amabi angaphandle;
- ukumelana kwabo nezifo ezahlukahlukene eziyingozi;
- ukungazweli kwamagundane ebuhlungwini nasekusindeni lapho kuvezwa izici ezahlukahlukene ezimbi;
- indlela eyingqayizivele yokuphila isikhathi eside;
- ukuzala okuphezulu ngokungajwayelekile.
Ngakho-ke, singasho ukuthi ngenxa yezici zabo ezihlukile, amagundane enqunu akwazi ukusinda, agcina imfuyo yabantu bayo abaningi isezingeni elifanele.Kusala sethemba ukuthi lokhu kuzoqhubeka ngokuzayo.
Ekugcineni, ngithanda ukungeza ukuthi imvelo ayidinwa ukusimangaza, sibonga izidalwa ezikhethekile nezinokulibala okukhulu njenge igundane le-mole elinqunu... Yize ukuheha kwangaphandle kungelona iphuzu labo eliqinile, la magundane anezinye izinzuzo eziningi ezingavamile ezinye izilwane ezingenakuziqhayisa ngazo. Lezi zilwane ezimangalisayo zingabizwa kufanele ngokuthi ama-original and nuggets omhlaba ongaphansi.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 03/01/2020
Usuku lokubuyekeza: 12.01.2020 ngo-20: 45
