I-Parrot cockatoo Ingabe upholi omuhle kakhulu futhi ohlakaniphile. Kugqame kwezinye izinhlobo zopholi nge-crest yayo kanye nemibala ehlukahlukene emhlophe, epinki, empunga futhi emnyama. Ama-cockatoo asekhaya avame ukubizwa ngokuthi "ama-stickies" ngenxa yemvelo yawo ephumayo kakhulu kanye nesidingo sokucindezela ukuba phakathi kwabantu. Uma ubheka indlela yakhe yokuziphatha ehlekisayo, cishe wonke umuntu othanda izinyoni ucabanga ukuyithenga.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Parrot Cockatoo
I-cockatoo yaqala ukukhonjwa njengomndeni omncane waseCacatuinae emndenini wakwaPsittacidae yisazi semvelo saseNgilandi uGeorge Robert Gray ngo-1840, kwathi iCacatua yaba ngowokuqala kuhlobo lohlu lohlu olwalubaliwe. Ucwaningo lwamangqamuzana lukhombisa ukuthi izinhlobo zokuqala ezazaziwa kakhulu ngopholi baseNew Zealand.
Igama elithi "cockatoo" lisho ikhulu le-17 futhi livela ku-kaktoe yaseDashi, nayo evela ku-kakatua yaseMalay. Ukwahluka kwekhulu le-17 kufaka phakathi i-kakato, i-cocoon, ne-crocador, ngenkathi ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili, kwasetshenziswa i-cocato, i-sokatura ne-cockatoo.
Izinhlobo ze-Fossil cockatoo zivame kakhulu kunezipholi ngokujwayelekile. Kwaziwa imfuyo eyodwa kuphela yasendulo ye-cockatoo: izinhlobo zeCacatua, ezitholakala ekuqaleni kweMiocene (eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-16-23 edlule). Yize ihlukanisiwe, izinsalela ziyafana ne-cockatoo encane ekhokhisiwe nepinki. Umthelela walezi zinsalela ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo nase-phylogeny ye-cockatoo ulinganiselwe, yize izinsalela zivumela ukujola kokungafani kokwehlukana komndeni.
Ividiyo: Parrot cockatoo
Ama-Cockatoos angaphansi kohlelo olufanayo lwesayensi nomndeni njengamanye amapholi (i-Psittaciformes ne-Psittacidae, ngokulandelana). Sekukonke, kunezinhlobo ezingama-21 ze-cockatoo ezidabuka e-Oceania. Zigcwele e-Australia, kubandakanya iNew Zealand neNew Guinea, futhi zitholakala nase-Indonesia naseSolomon Islands.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: I-bird parrot cockatoo
Ama-Cockatoos amapholi aphakathi naphakathi amakhulu okwakhiwa okugcwele. Ubude buhluka kusuka ku-30-60 cm, kanti isisindo sisebangeni lama-300-1 200 g. Kodwa-ke, izinhlobo ze-cockatiel zincane kakhulu futhi zincane kunezinye, ubude bazo bungu-32 cm (kufaka phakathi izimpaphe zomsila ezikhombe ezinde), kanti isisindo sayo singu-80 -100 g. Isigaxa esisusekayo esiqhele umqhele, wonke ama-cockatoo anaso, sihlaba umxhwele. Iphakama lapho inyoni ihlala phansi ngemuva kokundiza noma lapho ijabule.
Ama-Cockatoos abelana ngokufana okuningi namanye ama-parrot, kufaka phakathi uqhwaku olugobile nolwakhiwo lwe-paw ngezinzwane ezimbili eziphakathi phambili nezinzwane ezimbili zangaphandle emuva. Ziyaziwa ngokushoda kwazo ngemibala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noluhlaza okubonwa kwamanye amapholi.
Ama-Cockatoos anemilenze emifushane, uzipho oluqinile, kanye ne-writhing gait. Bavame ukusebenzisa uqhwaku lwabo oluqinile njengesitho sesithathu lapho bekhuphuka amagatsha. Imvamisa zinamaphiko amade, abanzi, asetshenziswa endizeni esheshayo, ngejubane elifinyelela ku-70 km / h. Amalungu ohlobo lwama-cockatoo okulila kanye nama-cockatoo amakhulu amhlophe anezimpiko ezifushane, eziyindilinga kanye nendiza yokuphumula ngokukhululeka.
Izimpaphe ze-cockatoo zincane kakhulu kunezinye zopholi. Imibala evelele imnyama, mpunga nomhlophe. Izinhlobo eziningi zinamabala amancane emibala egqamile ezimpapheni zazo: ophuzi, opinki nobomvu (onqenqemeni noma emsileni). I-Pink nayo ibaluleke kakhulu ezinhlotsheni eziningana. Ezinye izinhlobo zinendawo enemibala egqamile ezungeze amehlo nobuso. Izimpaphe zabesilisa nabesifazane ziyefana ezinhlotsheni eziningi. Noma kunjalo, izimpaphe zezinsikazi zifiphele kunalezo zesilisa.
Uhlala kuphi upholi we-cockatoo?
Isithombe: I-big parrot cockatoo
Ububanzi bokusatshalaliswa kwama-cockatoos bunqunyelwe kakhulu kunezinye izinhlobo zopholi. Atholakala kuphela e-Australia, Indonesia nasePhilippines. Izinhlobo eziyishumi nanye kwezingu-21 zitholakala endle kuphela e-Australia, kanti eziyisikhombisa zitholakala e-Indonesia kuphela, ePhilippines naseSolomon Islands. Azikho izinhlobo ze-cockatoo ezitholakale esiqhingini saseBorneo, yize zikhona eziqhingini eziseduze zasePacific, yize izinsalela zitholakele eNew Caledonia.
Izinhlobo ezintathu zitholakala eNew Guinea nase-Australia. Ezinye izinhlobo zisabalele, njengepinki, ezitholakala kulo lonke izwe lase-Australia, kanti ezinye zinamabanga amancane afakwe engxenyeni encane yezwekazi, njenge-black cockatoo yase-Western Australia noma iqembu elincane lesiqhingi laseGoffin's cockatoo (iTanimbar corella), okuyi eziqhingini zaseTanimbar. Amanye ama-cockatoo afakwa ngengozi ezindaweni ezingaphandle kohlobo lwawo lwemvelo, njengeNew Zealand, iSingapore nePalau, kuyilapho izinhlobo ezimbili zase-Australia iCorella zisabalalele kwezinye izingxenye zezwekazi lapho zingazalelwanga khona.
Ama-cockatoo ahlala emahlathini angaphansi komhlaba nasemihlathini. Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu, njenge-pink ne-cockatiel, zigxila ezindaweni ezivulekile futhi zikhetha imbewu yotshani. Bangabahambeli abahamba phambili kakhulu. Imihlambi yalezi zinyoni ihamba ezindaweni eziningi eziseningizimu, ithole futhi idle imbewu. Isomiso singaphoqa imihlambi evela ezindaweni ezomile ukuba idlulele ezindaweni zezolimo.
Ezinye izinhlobo, njenge-cockatoo emnyama ecwebezelayo, zitholakala ezihlahleni ezinamahlathi emvula ngisho nasemahlathini asezintabeni. I-cockatoo yasePhilippines ihlala emahlathini omhlume. Abamele uhlobo lohlala ehlathini, njengokujwayelekile, baphila impilo yokuhlala phansi, ngoba ukutholakala kokudla kuzinzile futhi kungabikezelwa. Ezinye izinhlobo ziye zajwayela kahle indawo yokuhlala yabantu eshintshile futhi zitholakala ezindaweni zezolimo ngisho nasemadolobheni aphithizelayo.
Udlani upholi we-cockatoo?
Isithombe: I-white parrot cockatoo
Ama-Cockatoos adla kakhulu ukudla okususelwa ezitshalweni. Imbewu yakha inqwaba yokudla kwazo zonke izinhlobo. I-Eolophus roseicapilla, iCacatua tenuirostris namanye ama-cockatoo amnyama adla kakhulu emhlambini. Bakhetha izindawo ezivulekile ezinokubonakala okuhle. Ezinye izinhlobo zidla ezihlahleni. Ama-cockatiel aseNtshonalanga nemilenze emide anezinzipho ezinde zokumba izigaxa nezimpande, kanti i-cockatoo ebomvana ihamba isiyingi esizungeze i-Rumex hypogaeus, izama ukusonteka ingxenye yomhlabathi wesitshalo nokususa izingxenye ezingaphansi komhlaba.
Izinhlobo eziningi zondla imbewu evela kwizigaxa noma amantongomane ezitshalo ezinjenge-eucalyptus, i-bankia, i-hakeya naphtha, etholakala endaweni yase-Australia ezifundeni ezomile. Amagobolondo abo aqinile awatholakali ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezilwane. Ngakho-ke, opholi namagundane badla kakhulu izithelo. Amanye amantongomane nezithelo zilenga ekugcineni kwamagatsha amancane angakwazi ukuxhasa isisindo se-cockatoo, ngakho-ke iningizimu enezimpaphe igobele igatsha kuyo futhi ilibambe ngonyawo lwayo.
Ngenkathi amanye ama-cockatoo kungabantu abavamile abadla ukudla okuhlukahlukene, abanye bakhetha uhlobo oluthile lokudla. I-cockatoo emnyama ecwebezelayo iyazithanda izigaxa zezihlahla ze-Allocasuarina, ikhetha uhlobo olulodwa, A. i-verticillata. Ibamba izigaxa zembewu ngonyawo lwazo bese izichoboza ngomlomo wazo onamandla ngaphambi kokususa imbewu ngolimi lwayo.
Ezinye izinhlobo zidla izinambuzane eziningi, ikakhulukazi ngenkathi yokuzalanisa. Iningi lokudla kwe-cockatoo emnyama enomsila ophuzi kuqukethe izinambuzane. Umlomo wayo usetshenziselwa ukukhipha izibungu ezinkuni ezibolayo. Isikhathi esichithwa yi-cockatoo ukufuna ukudla sincike kwisizini.
Ngezikhathi zobuningi, bangadinga amahora ambalwa kuphela ngosuku ukufuna ukudla, futhi bachithe lonke usuku lonke becoboshisa noma belungisa izihlahla. Kodwa ebusika bachitha usuku lonke befuna ukudla. Izinyoni zinesidingo esikhulayo sokudla ngesikhathi sokuzala. Ama-cockatoo ane-goiter enkulu, evumela ukuthi bakwazi ukugcina nokugaya ukudla isikhathi esithile.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: I-parrot yellow-crested cockatoo
Ama-cockatoo adinga ukukhanya kwemini ukuze athole ukudla. Akuzona izinyoni zakuqala, kepha zilinda ilanga lifudumise izindawo zazo zokulala ngaphambi kokuphuma ziyofuna ukudla. Izinhlobo eziningi zinobuntu kakhulu futhi ziyondla futhi zihamba ngemihlambi enomsindo. Kuya ngokutholakala kokudla, imihlambi iyahluka ngosayizi. Ngezikhathi zenala yokudla, imihlambi mincane futhi ibalelwa ezinyoni eziyikhulu, ngenkathi ngezikhathi zesomiso noma ezinye izinhlekelele, imihlambi ingakhukhumala ize ifike emashumini ezinkulungwane zezinyoni.
Esifundazweni saseKimberley, umhlambi wama-cockatiel amancane angama-32,000 uyabonakala. Izinhlobo ezihlala ezindaweni ezivulekile zakha imihlambi emikhulu kunezinhlobo ezisezindaweni ezingamahlathi. Ezinye izinhlobo zidinga indawo yokuhlala eduze nezindawo zokuphuza. Ezinye izinhlobo zihamba amabanga amade phakathi kwezindawo zokulala nokudla.
Ama-Cockatoos anezindlela zokugeza ezihlukile:
- ilenga ubheke phansi emvuleni;
- fly emvuleni;
- flutter emaqabungeni emanzi ezihlahla.
Lona ngumbono ohlekisa kakhulu wokuqukethwe kwasekhaya. ICockatoo inamathele kakhulu kubantu ababakhathalelayo. Azifanele kakhulu ukufundisa ulimi olukhulunywayo, kepha zinobuciko obukhulu futhi zikhombisa ukukhululeka ekwenzeni ubuqili nemiyalo eyahlukahlukene. Bangakwazi ukwenza ukunyakaza okuhlukahlukene, okuhlekisayo. Ukunganeliseki kuboniswa ngokukhala okungathandeki. Baphindisela kakhulu kumenzi wobubi.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Zopholi be-Cockatoo
Ama-Cockatoos akha izibopho zomuntu oyedwa phakathi kwemibhangqwana engahlala iminyaka eminingi. Izinsikazi zizala okokuqala ezineminyaka ephakathi kwemithathu nengu-7, kuthi ezeduna zifinyelele ekuvuthweni ngokocansi sezikhulile. Ukuthomba okulibazisekile, uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinyoni, kukuvumela ukuthi uthuthukise amakhono okukhulisa izilwane ezisencane. Ama-cockatoo amancane ahlala nabazali bawo kuze kube unyaka. izinhlobo eziningi ziye zabuyela ngokungaguquguquki ezindaweni zazo zokwakha izidleke eminyakeni edlule.
Ukuqomisana kuqondile, ikakhulukazi ngemibhangqwana esunguliwe. Njengopholi abaningi, ama-cockatoo asebenzisa izidleke eziyize emihosheni ezihlahleni angenakuzenzela zona. Lokhu kudangala kwenziwa ngenxa yokubola kwezinkuni noma ukubhujiswa, ukwephuka kwegatsha, isikhunta noma izinambuzane ezifana nomuhlwa noma izigaxa zezinkuni.
Imijelo yezidleke ayivamile futhi iba umthombo wokuncintisana, kokubili nabanye abamele izinhlobo zezinhlobo, kanye nezinye izinhlobo nezinhlobo zezilwane. Ama-cockatoo akhetha izimbobo ezihlahleni ezikhudlwana nje kunazo, ngakho-ke izinhlobo ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene zihlala esidlekeni emigodini ehambelana nosayizi wazo.
Uma kunokwenzeka, ama-cockatoo akhetha ukwakha isidleke endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-7 noma ama-8, eduze kwamanzi nokudla. Izidleke zifakwe izinduku, izingodo zezinkuni namagatsha anamaqabunga. Amaqanda amile okweqanda futhi amhlophe. Ubukhulu bazo buhluka kusuka ku-55 mm kuye ku-19 mm. Ubukhulu bokubamba buyahlukahluka phakathi komndeni othile: kusuka eqandeni elilodwa kuya kwayisishiyagalombili. Cishe ama-20% amaqanda abekiwe ayinyumba. Ezinye izinhlobo zingabeka i-clutch yesibili uma kufa eyokuqala.
Amachwane azo zonke izinhlobo azalwa embozwe okuphuzi phansi, ngaphandle kwe-palm cockatoo, izindlalifa zakhe ezizalwa zinqunu. Isikhathi sokufukamela sincike kubungako be-cockatoo: abameleli bezinhlobo ezincane bafukamela inzalo cishe izinsuku ezingama-20, kanti i-cockatoo emnyama ifukamela amaqanda kuze kube yizinsuku ezingama-29. Ezinye izinhlobo zingandiza ngokushesha emva kwamasonto ama-5, nama-cockatoo amakhulu ngemuva kwamasonto ayi-11. Ngalesi sikhathi, amaphuphu ambozwe izimpaphe futhi athole ama-80-90% wesisindo sabantu abadala.
Izitha zemvelo zopholi be-cockatoo
Isithombe: I-bird parrot cockatoo
Amaqanda namachwane asengozini yezilwane eziningi ezidla ezinye. Izinhlobo ezehlukene zezibankwa, kufaka phakathi i-monitor lizard, ziyakwazi ukugibela ezihlahleni zizithole emigodini.
Ezinye izidumbu zifaka:
- isikhova sesihlahla esinamabala eRasa Island;
- i-amethyst python;
- ukuncipha;
- amagundane, kufaka phakathi igundane likanogwaja onyawo olumhlophe eCape York;
- i-carpal possum esiqhingini se-kangaroo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Galah (e-pink-grey) kanye nama-cockatiel amancane ancintisana nezindawo zokwakha izidleke nge-black cockatoo ecwebezelayo arekhodwe lapho kwabulawa khona uhlobo lokugcina. Iziphepho ezinamandla nazo zingakhukhula imigodi, kuminzise abasha, futhi umsebenzi womuhlwa ungaholela ekubhujisweni kwangaphakathi kwezidleke. I-Peregrine falcon (i-hawk duck), ukhozi oluncane lwase-Australia nokhozi olunomsila owaziwa ngokuthi yi-wedge-tailed ziyaziwa ukuthi zihlasele izinhlobo ezithile zama-cockatoo.
Njengamanye ama-parrot, ama-cockatoos ahlushwa izifo zomlomo kanye ne-feather circovirus (PBFD). Leli gciwane lidala ukulahleka kwezimpaphe, ukugobeka komlomo futhi kunciphise ukuzivikela kwenyoni. Ikakhulukazi ejwayelekile kuma-cockatoos anezimpunga, ama-cockatiels amancane nezinhlobo ezibomvana. Lesi sifo satholakala ezinhlotsheni eziyi-14 ze-cockatoo.
Kodwa-ke, i-PBFD ayinakwenzeka ukuthi ibe nomthelela omkhulu kuzinyoni ezinempilo endle. Leli gciwane lingabeka ingozi kubantu abancane abangenwe yileli gciwane. Njengopholi be-Amazon kanye nama-macaws, i-cockatoo ivame ukuvela ama-cloacal papillomas. Ukuxhumeka kwama-neoplasms amabi akwaziwa, njengesizathu sokubonakala kwawo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Pink Parrot Cockatoo
Izinsongo ezinkulu kubantu be-cockatoo ukulahleka kwendawo yokuhlala nokuqhekeka nokuhweba kwezilwane zasendle. Ukugcina umphakathi usezingeni elifanele kuncike ekutholakaleni kwezindawo zokwakha izidleke ezihlahleni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlobo eziningi zinezidingo ezikhethekile zokuhlala noma zihlala eziqhingini ezincane futhi zinamabanga amancane, okwenza zibe sengozini.
IConservancy, ekhathazekile ngokwehla kwenani le-cockatoo, icabange ukuthi ukusebenza kwezingane ezingaphansi komhlaba wonke kungenzeka ukuthi kungenxa yokulahleka kwezindawo zokuzalela kulandela ukususwa kwe-hinterland ngekhulu elidlule. Lokhu kungaholela ekugugeni kwama-cockatoo asendle, lapho iningi liyizinyoni ezisanda kuzala. Lokhu kuzoholela ekwehleni ngokushesha kwamanani ngemuva kokushona kwezinyoni ezindala.
Ukubamba izinhlobo eziningi zezinto ezithengiswayo manje akuvumelekile, kepha ukuhweba kuyaqhubeka ngokungemthetho. Izinyoni zifakwa emabhokisini noma kumashubhu oqalo bese zihanjiswa ngesikebhe zisuka e-Indonesia nasePhilippines. Akuzona nje kuphela izinhlobo ezingandile ezishushumbiswa ziphuma e-Indonesia, kepha nezindwangu ezijwayelekile ziyashushumbiswa zivela e-Australia. Ukwehlisa izinyoni, zimbozwa ngamastokisi enayiloni bese zisongwe ngamapayipi e-PVC, abese ebekwa emithwalweni engahambisani nalutho ezindizeni zomhlaba wonke. Izinga lokufa "kohambo" olunjalo lifinyelela kuma-30%.
Muva nje, abashushumbisi bebelokhu bethumela kwamanye amazwe amaqanda ezinyoni, okulula ukuwafihla ngesikhathi sezindiza. Kukholakala ukuthi ukuhweba nge-cockatoo kwenziwa amaqembu ezigelekeqe abuye athengise izinhlobo zezilwane zase-Australia ngezinhlobo zaphesheya kwezilwandle njenge-macaw.
Unogada wopholi
Isithombe: Parrot cockatoo Red Book
Ngokwe-IUCN ne-International Organisation for the Protection of Birds, izinhlobo eziyisikhombisa zama-cockatoo zithathwa njengezisengozini. Izinhlobo ezimbili - i-cockatoo yasePhilippines + i-cockatoo ephuzi-zithathwa njengezisengozini. Ama-cockatoo athandwa njengezilwane ezifuywayo futhi ukuhweba ngawo kusongela ezinye izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Phakathi kuka-1983 no-1990, ama-Moluccan cockatoos abhalisiwe angama-66 654 asuswa e-Indonesia, futhi lesi sibalo asibandakanyi inani lezinyoni ezibanjelwe ukuhweba kwasekhaya noma zithunyelwa ngokungemthetho.
Ucwaningo lwabantu baseCockatoo luhlose ukubala izinhlobo zezinhlobo ze-cockatoo kulo lonke uhla lwazo ukuze kutholakale izilinganiso ezinembile zobuningi nokunquma izidingo zabo zemvelo nezokuphatha. Amandla wokulinganisela iminyaka yama-cockatoo agulayo nalimele anganikeza imininingwane ebalulekile ngomlando wempilo yama-cockatoo ezinhlelweni zokuvuselela futhi kuzosiza ekuhlonzeni abafanelekayo bokuzalisa abathunjiwe.
I-Parrot cockatoo, evikelwe yiConference on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna (CITES), evimbela ukungeniswa nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kopholi ababanjwe zasendle ngezinjongo ezithile ezinelayisensi. Izinhlobo ezinhlanu ze-cockatoo (kufaka phakathi wonke ama-subspecies) - Goffin's (Cacatua goffiniana), Filipino (Cacatua haematuropygia), Moluccan (Cacatua moluccensis), yellow-crested (Cacatua sulphurea) kanye ne-black cockatoo - zivikelwe ku-CITES I.Zonke ezinye izinhlobo zivikelwe ohlwini lweSithasiselo seCITES II.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 19.04.2019
Idethi yokubuyekeza: 19.09.2019 ngo-21: 55
