Ushaka othosiwe emndenini weChlamydoselachidae uyaziqhenya ngendawo esezingeni lenhlanzi eyingqayizivele kunazo zonke. Lesi sidalwa esiyingozi sithathwa njengenkosi yokujula komhlaba ongaphansi kwamanzi. Kusuka esikhathini seCretaceous, lesi silwane esidliwayo asishintshile isikhathi eside sokuphila, futhi empeleni asizange siguquke. Ngenxa yokwakheka komzimba ne-morphology, lezi zinhlobo ezimbili ezisindile zithathwa njengoshaka abadala kunabo bonke abakhona. Ngalesi sizathu, babizwa nangokuthi "izinsalela eziphilayo noma izinsalela". Igama elijwayelekile linamagama esiGreki χλαμύς / chlamydas "ijazi noma ingubo" no-σέλαχος / selachos "inhlanzi e-cartilaginous."
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Shark Frilled
Ngokokuqala ngqá, i-cloak shark yachazwa ngokombono wesayensi ngu-ichthyologist waseJalimane uL.Doderlein, owavakashela eJapan kusukela ngonyaka we-1879 kuya kowe-1881 futhi waletha izinhlobo ezimbili zale nhlobo eVienna. Kodwa umbhalo wakhe wesandla ochaza lolu hlobo lwalahleka. Incazelo yokuqala eyehlele kithi yabhalwa ngusosayensi wezilwane waseMelika uS. Garman, owathola owesifazane ongu-1.5 m ubude obanjwe eSagami Bay. Umbiko wakhe othi "An Shark Extraordinary" washicilelwa ngo-1884. UGarman wabeka lolu hlobo olusha ezinhlotsheni zakhe nasemndenini wakhe walubiza ngokuthi yiChlamydoselachusubuhlungu.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Abaphenyi abaningi bakuqala babekholelwa ukuthi ushaka othosiwe uyilungu eliphilayo lamaqembu asephelile wezinhlanzi ezishisayo ze-lamellar, kodwa-ke, ucwaningo lwakamuva lukhombisile ukuthi ukufana phakathi kukashaka othosiwe namaqembu aqothulwayo kudlulisiwe noma kuchazwa ngokungeyikho, kanti lo shaka unezici eziningi zamathambo nemisipha ezixhumanisa kakhulu wakhe noshaka banamuhla nemisebe.
Imivubukulo yoshaka abanemiphetho eziQhingini zaseChatham eNew Zealand, ezivela emngceleni weCretaceous-Paleogene, zitholakale kanye nezinsalela zezinyoni nezigaxa ze-coniferous, okuphakamisa ukuthi lab 'oshaka babehlala emanzini angajulile ngaleso sikhathi. Izifundo zangaphambilini zezinye izinhlobo zeChlamydoselachus zikhombisile ukuthi abantu abahlala emanzini angajulile babenamazinyo amakhulu, aqinile okudla ama-invertebrate angenalutho.
Ividiyo: Shark Ojiwe
Mayelana nalokhu, kucatshangelwe ukuthi ababambe amafry basinda ekuqothulweni okukhulu, bakwazi ukusebenzisa ama-niches amahhala emanzini angajulile nasemashalofini ezwekazi, lawa avulela ukunyakaza ezindaweni ezihlala olwandle olujulile abahlala kuzo manje.
Ushintsho ekutholakaleni kokudla lungakhonjiswa ekushintsheni kwe-morphology yamazinyo, iba bukhali futhi ingene ngaphakathi ekuzingeleni izilwane zasolwandle ezinemizimba ethambile. Kusukela ngasekupheleni kwePaleocene kuze kube namuhla, oshaka abagejiwe bebephume emncintiswaneni ezindaweni zabo zasolwandle ezijulile nokusatshalaliswa kwazo.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani ushaka othosiwe
Oshaka be-eel abathosiwe banomzimba omude, ozacile onomphetho omude womsila, obanikeza ukubonakala kwe-eel. Umzimba unombala ofana noshokoledi onsundu noma ompunga, unemibimbi ephume esiswini. Kunomphetho omncane osesidlangalaleni oseduze nomsila, ngenhla kwesiphetho esikhulu sangaphambilini nangaphambi komkhawulo we-caudal fin. Amaphiko wepectoral mafushane futhi ayindilinga. Oshaka abathosiwe bayingxenye ye-Hexanchiformes oda, ethathwa njengeqembu lakudala loshaka.
Ngaphakathi kohlobo, kuphela izinhlobo ezimbili zokugcina ezihlukanisiwe:
- ushaka othosiwe (C. anguineus);
- Ushaka waseNingizimu Afrika othosiwe (C. africana).
Inhloko inezikhala eziyisithupha zokuvuleka (oshaka abaningi banhlanu). Imikhawulo engezansi ye-gill yokuqala inweba ize ifike emphinjeni, kuyilapho wonke amanye amagill azungezwe imiphetho yesikhumba - yingakho igama elithi "ushaka othosiwe". Isifonyo sifushane kakhulu futhi sibukeka njengokunqunyiwe; umlomo ubanzi kakhulu futhi ekugcineni unamathele ekhanda. Umhlathi ongezansi mude.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Ushaka othosiwe uC. Anguineus wehlukile esihlotsheni sakhe saseNingizimu Afrika uC. Africana ngoba unama-vertebrae amaningi (165-171 uma kuqhathaniswa no-146) kanye namakhoyili amaningi emathunjini e-valve evunguza, nobukhulu obuhlukahlukene bokulingana, njengenhloko ende futhi emfushane kusikiwe ezinsikeni.
Amazinyo emihlathini engenhla nengezansi ayafana, anemiqhele emithathu eqinile futhi ebukhali nezimbhangqwana eziphakathi nendawo. Isiphetho se-anal sikhulu kunomphetho owodwa we-dorsal fin, kanti i-fin ye-caudal ayinayo imbobo engaphansi komhlaba. Ubude obude obaziwa koshaka othosiwe ngu-1.7 m wabesilisa no-2.0 m wabesifazane. Abesilisa bavuthwa ngokobulili, bangafinyeleli kumitha ubude.
Uhlala kuphi ushaka othosiwe?
Isithombe: Ushaka othosiwe emanzini
Ushaka ongavamile kakhulu utholakala ezindaweni eziningi ezihlakazeke kakhulu olwandle i-Atlantic nasePacific. E-Atlantic esempumalanga, ihlala enyakatho yeNorway, enyakatho yeScotland nasentshonalanga ye-Ireland, iFrance iye eMorocco, neMauritania neMadeira. E-Atlantic emaphakathi, ushaka ubanjwe ezindaweni eziningi ezigudle iMid-Atlantic Ridge, kusukela e-Azores kuya eRio Grande eningizimu yeBrazil, kanye naseVavilov Ridge eNtshonalanga Afrika.
E-Atlantic esentshonalanga, wabonwa emanzini aseNew England, eSuriname naseGeorgia. ENtshonalanga yePacific, uhla lukashaka othosiwe lumboza yonke iningizimu-mpumalanga ezungeze iNew Zealand. Maphakathi nasempumalanga yePacific Ocean, itholakala eHawaii naseCalifornia, e-USA nasenyakatho yeChile. Kutholakala eningizimu ye-Afrika, ushaka othosiwe wachazwa njengohlobo oluhlukile ngonyaka ka-2009. Lo shaka utholakala eshalofini elingaphandle kwezwekazi nasemithambekeni yezwekazi engenhla naphakathi. Itholakala ekujuleni ngisho kwamamitha ayi-1570, yize imvamisa ingenzeki ijule ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-1000 ukusuka olwandle.
ESuruga Bay, ushaka uvame kakhulu ekujuleni kwamamitha angama-50-250, ngaphandle kwesikhathi esisuka ku-Agasti kuya kuNovemba, lapho izinga lokushisa lamamitha ayi-100 lamanzi lidlula i-16 ° C kanti oshaka baya emanzini ajulile. Ezimweni ezingavamile, lolu hlobo lubonwe ngaphezulu. Ushaka othosiwe uvamise ukutholakala eduzane nezansi, ezindaweni ezinamadunduma amancane esihlabathi.
Kodwa-ke, indlela adla ngayo iphakamisa ukuthi wenza ama-forays abalulekile emanzini avulekile. Lezi zinhlobo zingenza ama-ascents amile, asondele ebusweni ebusuku ukuzondla. Kukhona ukuhlukaniswa kwendawo ngosayizi nesimo sokuzala.
Manje uyazi ukuthi ushaka othosiwe uhlala kuphi. Ake sibone ukuthi yini edla lo mthungi.
Yini edliwa ushaka othosiwe?
Isithombe: Ushaka Owosiwe Wangaphambi Komlando
Imihlathi emide koshaka othosiwe ihamba kakhulu, ukuvuleka kwayo kungelula kuze kube ngosayizi owedlulele, okubavumela ukuthi bagwinye noma yisiphi isisulu esingeqi isigamu sobukhulu bomuntu. Kodwa-ke, ubude nokwakheka kwemihlathi kukhombisa ukuthi ushaka akakwazi ukwenza ukuluma okuqinile njengezinhlobo ezijwayelekile zikashaka. Iningi lezinhlanzi ezibanjiwe azinakho noma okuqukethwe esiswini okungabonakali, okukhombisa izinga lokugayeka eliphezulu kakhulu noma amakhefu amade phakathi kokuphakelwa.
Oshaka abathosiwe badla ama-cephalopods, izinhlanzi ezinamathambo kanye noshaka abancane. Kwisibonelo esisodwa, i-1.6 m ubude, i-590 g ye-cat shark yaseJapan (i-Apristurus japonicus) itholakele. I-squid yakha cishe u-60% wokudla koshaka eSuruga Bay, okungafaki nje kuphela izinhlobo ezihamba kancane ze-abyssal squid ezinjenge-Histioteuthis neChiroteuthis, kepha ababhukudi abakhulu, abanjengo-Onychoteuthis, Todarode kanye ne-Sthenoteuthis.
Ukudla koshaka othosiwe:
- izimbaza;
- detritus;
- inhlanzi;
- isidumbu;
- ama-crustaceans.
Izindlela zokubamba u-squid oshukumisayo osebenza ngoshaka othosiwe wokubhukuda kuyindaba yokuqagela. Mhlawumbe ithwebula abantu asebevele belimele noma labo abakhuluphele futhi bazofa ngemuva kokuzala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, angabamba isisulu, agobe umzimba wakhe njengenyoka futhi, ancike ezimbanjeni ngemuva kwakhe, ashaye ngokushesha.
Futhi ingavala ama-gill slits, idale ingcindezi engemihle yokuncela isisulu. Amazinyo amaningi amancane, agobile kashaka othosiwe angabambeka kalula emzimbeni noma ezintanjeni ze-squid. Bangaphinde badle ngezidumbu ezehla zisuka olwandle.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Ushaka othosiwe ovela eRed Book
IBhele ethosiwe ingushaka osheshayo, ojulile oselwandle owenzelwe impilo engxenyeni enesihlabathi. Ingenye yezinhlobo kashaka ezihamba kancane, ezikhethelwe impilo yonke ekujuleni kolwandle. Inamathambo amancane, angabaliwe kahle nesibindi esikhulu esigcwele ama-lipids amancane, asivumela ukuthi sigcine isikhundla saso kukholamu lamanzi ngaphandle komzamo omkhulu.
Isakhiwo sangaphakathi singakhuphula ukuzwela ekunyakazeni okuncane kakhulu kwezilwane. Abantu abaningi batholakala bengenazo izeluleko zemisila yabo, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuhlaselwa ezinye izinhlobo zoshaka. Ushaka othosiwe ungabamba inyamazane ngokugoba umzimba wakhe futhi aqhubekele phambili njengenyoka. Imihlathi emide, eguquguqukayo evumela ukuthi igwinye isisulu siphelele. Lolu hlobo luyi-viviparous: imibungu ivela kumaphilisi weqanda ngaphakathi kwesibeletho sikamama.
Lab 'oshaka abajulile basolwandle futhi bayazwela emisindweni noma kunyakaza kude nakumandla kagesi akhishwa yimisipha yezilwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, banamandla okuthola ushintsho kumfutho wamanzi. Imininingwane emincane iyatholakala esikhathini sokuphila sezinhlobo; izinga eliphakeme cishe lingeminyaka engama-25.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Izinhlanzi zikashaka ezifriziwe
Ukufakwa komquba kwenzeka ngaphakathi, kuma-oviducts noma kuma-oviducts abesifazane. Oshaka besilisa kumele babambe insikazi, baqondise umzimba wabo ukufaka izibopho zabo futhi baqondise isidoda emgodini. Imibungu esakhulayo yondliwa ikakhulu ngesikhupha, kepha umehluko esisindweni somntwana osanda kuzalwa kanye neqanda kukhombisa ukuthi umama ngokwengeziwe unikeza umsoco emithonjeni engaziwa.
Kwabesifazane abadala, kunamaqanda amabili asebenzayo kanye nesibeletho esisodwa ngakwesokudla. Izinhlobo azinayo inkathi ethile yokuzalanisa, ngoba ushaka othosiwe uhlala ekujuleni lapho kungekho thonya lonyaka. Ukusetha okungenzeka kube khona kokulingana kungoshaka besifazane abali-15 nabangu-19 besifazane. Usayizi we-Litter usukela emidlwane emibili kuye kweyishumi nanhlanu, ngesilinganiso sesithupha. Ukukhula kwamatafula amaqanda amasha ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokushoda kwendawo ngaphakathi komgodi womzimba.
Amaqanda asanda kuvuthwa nemibungu yokuqala ifakwe ngaphakathi kwephaphu elincane elinsundu ellipsoidal elinsundu. Lapho umbungu ungamasentimitha ama-3 ubude, ikhanda lawo liyakhonjwa, imihlathi icishe ingathuthuki, kuvele izigaxa zangaphandle futhi onke amaphiko asevele abonakala. I-capsule yeqanda iyachitheka lapho umbungu ufinyelela ku-6-8 cm ubude futhi ususwa emzimbeni wowesifazane. Ngalesi sikhathi, izifuba zangaphandle zombungu zikhule ngokuphelele.
Usayizi wesikhwama se-yolk uhlala ungaguquki kuze kube cishe ubude be-embryonic obungu-40 cm, ngemuva kwalokho buqala ukwehla, ikakhulu noma bunyamalale ngokuphelele kubude bombungu obulingana no-50 cm. Izinga lokukhula kombungu lilinganiselwa ku-1.4 cm ngenyanga, futhi sonke isikhathi sokukhulelwa sihlala kathathu neminyaka eyisigamu, yinde kakhulu kunamanye amathambo omgogodla. Oshaka abazalwa banobude obungu-40-60 cm.Abazali abanakekeli nhlobo amawundlu abo emva kokuzalwa.
Izitha zemvelo zoshaka abathosiwe
Isithombe: Ushaka othosiwe emanzini
Kunezilwane eziningana ezidlayo ezizingela laba oshaka. Ngaphezu kwabantu, ababulala oshaka abaningi ababanjwe kumanetha njenge-by-catch, oshaka abancane bazingelwa njalo izinhlanzi ezinkulu, imisebe noshaka abakhulu.
Eduzane nogu, oshaka abancane abathosiwe abasondela eduze kwamanzi baphinde babanjwe yizinyoni zasolwandle noma izimvu zamanzi. Ngenxa yokuthi bahlala kuma-benthos, kwesinye isikhathi bayabanjwa ngesikhathi sokudotshwa phansi noma kumanethi lapho besengozini yokusondela ngaphezulu. IGreat Frilled Sharks ingabanjwa kuphela ngemikhomo ebulalayo nabanye oshaka abakhulu.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Ama-frill angaphansi abahlala phansi futhi angasiza ukususa izidumbu ezibolayo. I-Carrion yehla emanzini avulekile olwandle futhi ime ngezansi, lapho oshaka nezinye izinhlobo ze-benthic badlala indima ebalulekile ekucutshungulweni kwezakhamzimba.
Ababona oshaka abayingozi, kepha amazinyo abo angahlukanisa izandla zomhloli wamanzi ongaqaphile noma umdobi ozibambile. Lo shaka ubanjwa njalo eSuruga Bay ngamaluluthi angaphansi nasemaxhaphozini amanzi ajulile. Abadobi baseJapan bakuthatha lokhu njengokuhlupha, ngoba kulimaza amanetha. Ngenxa yezinga eliphansi lokuzala nokuqhubeka kokudoba okuthengiswayo ukuze kutholakale indawo okuhlala kuyo, kunokukhathazeka ngobukhona bayo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani ushaka othosiwe
I-Frilled Shark inokwabiwa okubanzi kepha okungaxakile kakhulu olwandle i-Atlantic ne Pacific. Akukho lwazi olunokwethenjelwa mayelana nosayizi wesibalo sabantu kanye nentuthuko yokuthuthuka kwalezi zinhlobo esigabeni samanje. Kuncane okwaziwayo ngomlando wayo wokuphila, lolu hlobo kungenzeka lube nokumelana okuphansi kakhulu ekushintsheni kwezinto ezingaphandle. Lo shaka ojule olwandle akuvamile ukubonwa njengokudotshwa okungazelelwe kokudotshwa phansi, ukudotshwa okuphakathi kwamanzi, ukudoba olwandle olujulile kanye nokudoba okujulile kolwandle kwe-gillnet.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Inani lentengo loshaka abathosiwe lincane. Ngezinye izikhathi kwenziwa iphutha ngezinyoka zasolwandle. Njengokudotshwa kwezinhlanzi, le nhlobo ayivamisile ukusetshenziselwa inyama, imvamisa ngenhloso yokudla kwenhlanzi noma ilahlwa ngokuphelele.
Izinhlanzi zasolwandle ezijulile zande eminyakeni engamashumi ambalwa edlule futhi kunokukhathazeka okuthile ukuthi ukunwetshwa okuqhubekayo, kokubili ngokwendawo nangokubanjwa okujulile, kuzokhulisa ukudotshwa kwezinhlanzi ngaleyondlela. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yobubanzi bayo obubanzi nokuthi amazwe amaningi lapho izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezibanjiwe zinemikhawulo esebenzayo yokudoba kanye nemikhawulo yokujula (isib. I-Australia, iNew Zealand neYurophu), lolu hlobo luthathwa njengolunobungozi obuncane.
Kodwa-ke, ukutholakala kwayo kanye nokuzwela kwayo ngaphakathi ekusetshenzisweni ngokweqile kusho ukuthi ukudotshwa kwezokudotshwa kwezinhlanzi kufanele kubhekwe ngeso elibukhali, ngokuqoqwa kwemininingwane eqondene nokudoba kanye nokuqapha, ukuze izinhlobo zingasongelwa esikhathini esizayo esiseduze.
Ukuqapha Ushaka Ojiwe
Isithombe: Ushaka othosiwe ovela eRed Book
Ushaka othosiwe ubhekwa njengosengozini enkulu ngohlu olubomvu lwe-IUCN. Kunemizamo kazwelonke neyesifunda yokunciphisa ukudotshwa kwezinhlanzi okubanjwa oshaka bakujule kakhulu, eseziqalile ukuhlomula.
E-European Union, ngokuya ngezincomo ze-International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) zokumisa ukudotshwa koshaka basolwandle abajulile, i-European Union (EU) Fisheries Council ibeke iqanda ekutholakaleni okuvunyelwe oshaka abaningi. Ngo-2012, i-EU Fisheries Council yanezela oshaka abagejiwe kulesi silinganiso futhi yasetha i-zero TAC kulaba shaka abajulile.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Kule minyaka engamashumi amahlanu edlule, izindawo zokudoba zasolwandle ezijulile zikhuphuke zaze zajula ngamamitha angama-62.5 eminyakeni eyishumi. Kunokukhathazeka okuthile ukuthi uma izinhlanzi zasolwandle ezijulile ziqhubeka nokwanda, ukudotshwa kwalezi zinhlanzi kungakhula futhi. Kodwa-ke, emazweni amaningi lapho kutholakala khona lolu hlobo kunezindlela zokuphatha ezisebenzayo kanye nemingcele yokujula yokudoba.
Ushaka othosiwe kwesinye isikhathi kugcinwa kuma-aquariums eJapan. Emkhakheni we-trawl we-Commonwealth Australian kanye ne-Eastern Fish ne-Sea Sharks, izindawo eziningi ezingaphansi kwamamitha ayi-700 zivaliwe ukudotshwa, okuhlinzeka isiphephelo salezi zinhlobo.Uma kuzophinde kuvulwe amanzi ajulile ukuze kudotshwe, amazinga okubanjwa kwalokhu kanye nabanye oshaka basolwandle abajulile kufanele kubhekwe. Idatha yokuqapha nokubamba okuqondene nezinhlobo ezithile kuzosiza ukuqonda umthelela wokubanjwa okungazelelwe kwezinhlanzi.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 30.10.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 11.11.2019 ngo-12: 10
