Iwashi noma isardadi laseMpumalanga Ekude, engesinye sezinhlanzi esasithandwa kakhulu futhi esasakazeka kakhulu esikhathini seSoviet, sinezici zabathengi ezihlwabusayo neziwusizo kakhulu. Inezici zayo eziningi namaqiniso athakazelisayo. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokubanjwa okukhulu, inani labantu lalisengcupheni yokuqothulwa.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Iwashi
U-Iwashi uyinhlanzi yasolwandle ehweba ngomndeni we-herring, kepha kunembile ukuyibiza ngokuthi isardard yaseMpumalanga Ekude. Igama lamazwe omhlaba, le nhlanzi encane yatholwa ososayensi emuva ngo-1846 - iSardinops melanostictus (Temminck et Schlegel). Igama elijwayelekile elithi "Iwashi", isardard lisuselwa ekuphinyisweni kwegama elithi "sardine" ngesiJapane, elizwakala ngathi, "ma-iwashi". Futhi lona kanye igama elithi "isardadi" izinhlanzi zalithola, ngoba laqoshwa okokuqala oLwandle iMedithera, budebuduze nesiqhingi saseSardinia. I-Far Eastern sardine noma i-Iwashi ingenye yama-subspecies amahlanu ohlobo lweSardinops.
Ividiyo: Iwashi
Ngokungeziwe ku-Iwashi, uhlobo lweSardinops lufaka izinhlobo ezinje zezinhlayiya njenge:
- Abase-Australia, abahlala ngasogwini lwase-Australia naseNew Zealand;
- ENingizimu Afrika, ejwayelekile emanzini aseNingizimu Afrika;
- IPeruvia, itholakale ngasogwini lwasePeru;
- I-Californian, ihlala emanzini oLwandlekazi iPacific ukusuka eNyakatho Canada kuya eSouthern California.
Ngaphandle kokuthi u-Iwashi ungowomndeni we-herring, ukuyibiza nge-herring kungumbono oyiphutha. Uyisihlobo esiseduze kakhulu se-Pacific herring, futhi ufaneleke njengohlobo oluhluke ngokuphelele.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Abanye abadobi abangathembekile banikeza amakhasimende ngaphansi kwesikhumba sardine saseMpumalanga esisezingeni eliphakeme nesinambitheka, i-herring esencane, ephansi kakhulu kunesardadi kuzimpawu zabathengi.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani u-Iwashi
Ngaphandle kokufana kwangaphandle neherring, inhlanzi incane ngosayizi futhi ilula ngesisindo, cishe amagremu ayi-100. Izinhlanzi zihlukaniswa nomzimba omncane oblong, kodwa ngasikhathi sinye ngesakhiwo esinyene. Imvamisa ubude bayo abudluli amasentimitha angama-20, kepha kwesinye isikhathi kunabantu abafinyelela kumasentimitha angama-25. Inenhloko enkulu evulekile enemihlathi elingana nayo, umlomo omkhulu namehlo.
Isardard Far Far inesikali esihle esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noluhlaza okotshani, i-iridescent nayo yonke imibala yothingo. Izinhlangothi nesisu kunombala wesiliva okhanyayo onamabala amnyama ahlukile. Kwezinye izinhlobo, imivimbo yethusi emnyama emise okwe-ray iphuma emaphethelweni aphansi ezinsika. Umphetho ngemuva unemisebe ethambile engamashumi amabili. Isici esiyinhloko sama-sardine yi-caudal fin, ephela ngezikali ze-pterygoid. Umsila ucishe ube mnyama, unombhalo ojulile phakathi nendawo.
Ukubukeka konke kwenhlanzi kukhuluma ngokuhamba kwayo okuhle, nokuthi iqondiswe kahle ngaphansi kwamanzi, ihamba njalo. Uthanda ukufudumala futhi uhlala ezingxenyeni ezingenhla zamanzi, uthuthela emihlambini emikhulu, wakhe amaketanga aze afike kumamitha angama-50.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Uhlobo lohlobo lweSardinops, okungowakwa-Iwashi, lukhulu kunabo bonke abamele izinhlanzi eziningi.
Ngihlala kuphi Iwashi?
Isithombe: Iwashi fish
U-Iwashi uyinhlobo yezinhlanzi ezingaphansi komhlaba, ezibandayo eziphila ikakhulukazi entshonalanga yePacific Ocean, abantu ngabanye nabo bavame ukutholakala emanzini aseJapan, eRussia Far East naseKorea. Umngcele osenyakatho wendawo yokuhlala i-Iwashi ugudla engxenyeni eseningizimu yomfula i-Amur oLwandle lwaseJapan, nasengxenyeni eseningizimu yoLwandle i-Okhotsk futhi eduze neziqhingi ezisenyakatho zeKuril. Esimweni sezulu esifudumele, izinhlanzi zasolwandle zingafinyelela ngisho nasenyakatho yeSakhalin, kanti ngeminyaka yama-30s kwakukhona amacala okubamba ivasi emanzini eNhlonhlo yaseKamchatka.
Ngokuya ngendawo yokuhlala nesikhathi sokuzala, ama-sardine aseMpumalanga Ekude ahlukaniswe ngama-subtypes amabili, eningizimu nasenyakatho:
- i-subtype eseningizimu, iya kuzala phakathi nezinyanga zasebusika, uDisemba noJanuwari, emanzini oLwandlekazi iPacific eduze nesiqhingi saseJapan iKyushu;
- inyakatho ye-Iwashi iqala ukuzala ngoMashi, ithuthele ePeninsula yaseKorea nasogwini lwaseJapan lwaseHonshu.
Kunamaqiniso omlando lapho u-Iwashi, ngaphandle kwesizathu, anyamalala ngokuzumayo iminyaka eyishumi ezindaweni zabo ezijwayelekile zaseJapan, Korea nasePrimorye.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: U-Iwashi uzizwa enethezekile emisakazweni efudumele, futhi ukwehla okujulile kokushisa kwamanzi kungaholela nasekufeni kwabo.
Manje uyazi ukuthi inhlanzi ye-Iwashi itholakala kuphi. Ake sibone ukuthi le herring idlani.
Udla ini Iwashi?
Isithombe: Herring Iwashi
Isisekelo sokudla kwe-Far Eastern sardine yizinhlobonhlobo zezinto ezincane ze-plankton, i-zooplankton, i-phytoplankton nazo zonke izinhlobo ze-algae yase-oceanic, ezivame kakhulu ezindaweni ezinamazinga okushisa aphansi nangaphansi komhlaba.
Futhi, uma kudingeka ngokuphuthumayo, ama-sardine angadla i-caviar yezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi, izimfanzi nazo zonke izinhlobo zama-invertebrates. Lokhu kuvame ukwenzeka ebusika, lapho inani lama-plankton olwandle lincipha kakhulu.
Esinye sezitsha ezithandwa kakhulu ama-sardine aseMpumalanga Ekude ngama-copepods - ama-copepod nama-cladocerans, aphakathi kwe-taxa enkulu kunazo zonke embusweni wezilwane. Ukudla kuncike kakhulu esimweni somphakathi weplankton kanye nesikhathi sonyaka sokudla.
Ngesikhathi sokuthomba, abanye abantu baqeda ukondla sekwedlule isikhathi, okusho ukuthi, banamafutha asebusika, oLwandle lwaseJapan, futhi abahlali benesikhathi sokuthuthela ezindaweni ezizalela ogwini, okuholela ekufeni okukhulu kwezinhlanzi ngenxa yendlala yomoya-mpilo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngenxa yokudla okunomsoco, i-Iwashi ingompetha kokuqukethwe kwama-omega-3 fatty acids nezinto ezizuzisayo zokulandela umkhondo.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Pacific Iwashi
Isardard Far Far akuyona inhlanzi edlayo, ezolile ezingela iplankton, ezigaxele ezikoleni ezinkulu. Yinhlanzi ethanda ukushisa ehlala ezingxenyeni ezingenhla zamanzi. Izinga lokushisa lamanzi elifanele impilo yonke lingama-10-20 degrees Celsius, ngakho-ke ngenkathi ebandayo izinhlanzi zifudukela emanzini anethezekile.
Isikhathi sokuphila salezi zinhlanzi cishe siyiminyaka eyi-7, kepha-ke, abantu abanjalo abavamile. U-Iwashi ufinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi eneminyaka engu-2, 3 years, enobude obungamasentimitha ayi-17-20. Ngaphambi kokuthomba, izinhlanzi zihlala ikakhulukazi emanzini asezindaweni ezishisayo. Ebusika, u-Iwashi uhlala ngasogwini oluseningizimu neKorea naseJapane; iqala ukuthuthela kuseva ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, ekuqaleni kukaMashi, futhi ngo-Agasti, ama-sardine asevele atholakala kuzo zonke izifunda ezisenyakatho zendawo abahlala kuyo. Ibanga nesikhathi sokufuduka kwezinhlanzi kuncike emandleni emisinga ebandayo nefudumele. Izinhlanzi ezinamandla futhi ezivuthiwe ngokocansi ziyaqala ukungena emanzini asePrimorye, kuthi ngoSepthemba, lapho ukufinyelelwa okuphezulu kwamanzi kufinyelelwa, kufike abantu abasha.
Isilinganiso sokufuduka nobuningi bokunqwabelana kwayo emihlambini kungahluka ngokuya ngezikhathi ezithile zomjikelezo wayo wabantu. Kwezinye izikhathi, lapho inani labantu lifinyelela isibalo esiphezulu, izinkulungwane zezigidi zezinhlanzi zathunyelwa esifundeni esingaphansi komhlaba ngokukhiqiza okuphezulu kokudla, okwanikeza isardadi laseMpumalanga Ekude isidlaliso esithi "Inkumbi Yasolwandle".
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Isardard Far Far iyinhlanzi encane yokufundela, okuthi, njengoba ilwe futhi yahlulwa esikoleni sayo, ngeke ikwazi ukwelula ukuhlala kwayo iyodwa, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi ife.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Iwashi, aka sardine Far Far
Ukuthola isisindo esanele kanye nesitoko, abesifazane bakulungele ukuzala, sebeneminyaka engama-2, 3 ubudala. Ukuzalela kwenzeka emanzini aseningizimu ngasogwini lwaseJapan, lapho izinga lokushisa lamanzi lingafanele ukwehla ngaphansi kwamadigri ayi-10. Ama-sardine aseMpumalanga Ekude aqala ukuzala ikakhulu ebusuku, emazingeni okushisa angekho ngaphansi kuka-14 degrees. Le nqubo ingenzeka kokubili emabangeni amade, ajulile, nasezindaweni ezisogwini.
Ukuzala okujwayelekile kwe-Iwashi ngamaqanda angama-60,000; izingxenye ezimbili noma ezintathu ze-caviar zigezwa ngesizini ngayinye. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezintathu, inzalo ezimele ivela emaqandeni, ekuqaleni ahlala ezingxenyeni ezingenhla zamanzi asogwini.
Njengomphumela wocwaningo lwesayensi, kutholakale ama-morphotypes amabili ama-sardine:
- okunzima;
- ukukhula ngokushesha.
Uhlobo lokuqala luzala emanzini aseningizimu yesiQhingi saseKyushu, kuthi olwesibili lube sezindaweni ezisenyakatho zokuzalela isiQhingi iShikoku. Lezi zinhlobo zezinhlanzi nazo ziyahlukahluka emandleni okuzala. Ngama-70s okuqala, i-Iwashi enkulu ekhula ngokushesha yayibusa, yanda ngokushesha okukhulu, yaqala ukuthuthela enyakatho iye ePrimorye, futhi yaba nempendulo enhle ekukhanyeni.
Kodwa-ke, esikhathini esifushane uma kuqhathaniswa, lolu hlobo lwathathelwa indawo yisardadi ekhula kancane, enezinga eliphansi lokuvuthwa nokuzala okuncane, ngokungaphenduli ngokuphelele ekukhanyeni. Ukwanda okukhulu kwenani lama-sardine akhula kancane, kuholele ekwehliseni izinhlanzi ezisezingeni eliphakathi nendawo, futhi iningi labantu lehlulekile ukufinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi, okwanciphisa inani elikhulu lokuzala kanye nenani eliphelele lezinhlanzi.
Izitha zika-Iwashi zemvelo
Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani u-Iwashi
Ukufuduka okukhulu kwe-Iwashi kudonsela zonke izinhlanzi nezilwane ezincelisayo. Futhi izama ukubalekela izidalwa ezinkulu, ama-Far sardine akhuphukela phezulu, abe yizisulu zezinyoni. Ama-seagulls azungeza ngaphezu kwamanzi isikhathi eside, alandelela futhi abuke indlela izinhlanzi eziziphatha ngayo. Njengoba zingena kancane emanzini, izinyoni zizithola kalula izinhlanzi eziyishwa.
Ukwelashwa okuyintandokazi kuka-Iwashi:
- imikhomo;
- amahlengethwa;
- oshaka;
- i-tuna;
- ikhodi;
- izinhlanzi nezinye izinyoni ezisogwini.
I-Far sardine yaseFar Eastern imane iyinqolobane yezinto eziwusizo nezingxenye zabantu, enezindleko eziphansi, ibhekwa njengelusizo kakhulu futhi emnandi. Ngakho-ke, usongo olukhulu, njengezinhlanzi eziningi, luhlala ludoba.
Iwashi ibilokhu iyinhlanzi eyinhloko yokuhweba amashumi amaningi eminyaka. Kusukela ngeminyaka yama-1920, yonke indawo yokudoba ngasogwini igxile kuma-sardine. Ukubanjwa kwenziwa ngamanetha, okwaba nomthelela ekwehleni okusheshayo kwalolu hlobo.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Ngenxa yocwaningo lwesayensi, ososayensi baqinisekisile ukuthi lolu hlobo lwezinhlanzi lungasetshenziselwa izinhloso zezempilo, ikakhulukazi ukuvimbela nokwelashwa kwezifo zenhliziyo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Iwashi fish
Esinye segama lesidlaliso soSardine waseMpumalanga Ekude "yinhlanzi engalungile", njengoba izinhlanzi zinganyamalala ezindaweni ezijwayelekile zokudoba amashumi eminyaka ngaphandle kwesizathu esizwakalayo. Kepha njengoba isabelo sokubanjwa kwe-ivashi sahlala siphakeme impela iminyaka eminingi, inani labantu besardard lancipha ngokushesha. Kodwa-ke, ngokusho kososayensi baseJapan, izinkathi zezinhlanzi ezikhulayo zeFar Eastern zasungulwa, ezenzeka ngo-1680-1740, 1820-1855 nango-1915-1950, lapho singaphetha khona ngokuthi isibalo esiphezulu sihlala cishe iminyaka engama-30-40, bese kuqala isikhathi ukwehla kwamandla omnotho.
Ukushintshashintsha kokujikeleza kwabantu kuncike ezintweni eziningi:
- isimo sezulu nolwandle esifundeni, ubusika obunzima nokuntuleka kokudla okwanele;
- izitha zemvelo ezifana nezilwane ezidla ezinye, izimuncagazi nama-pathogen. Ngokwanda okukhulu kwenani labantu besardadi, inani lezitha zalo nalo lenyuka;
- ukudoba, ukudotshwa kwezimboni ngobuningi, ukuzingela ngokungemthetho.
Futhi, ucwaningo oluningi lwesayensi lukhombisile ukuthi into ebalulekile ukulawulwa kwenani labantu abadala i-Iwashi kubantu abasha. Ngokuncipha okukhulu kwezinhlanzi ezindala, ukukhula okuncane kuyanda. Ngaphandle kwesidingo esikhulu sabathengi se-Iwashi, ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-80s, ngenxa yokwehla okukhulu kwenani laso, ukudoba ngobuningi kwakungavunyelwe. Ngemuva kweminyaka engama-30, ososayensi bathole ukuthi isibalo sezinhlanzi besilokhu sikhula ngokukhiqiza kusukela ngo-2008 nezinga lokudangala selidlulile. Okwamanje, ukudoba oLwandlekazi iPacific nolwandle lwaseJapan sekuphinde kwaqala ngokugcwele.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: entshonalanga yeSakhalin, ezindaweni ezingashoni kakhulu, kuvame ukuba nezimo ezihlukanisiwe zokufa kwezicucu eziphelele ze-Iwashi, ezazondla emanzini angajulile, futhi ngenxa yokuphola okubukhali kwamanzi, abakwazanga ukuthuthela eningizimu ukuthola okunye ukuzala.
Iwashingaphandle kobukhulu bayo obuncane, iyindlela ekhethekile yokwelapha abahlala elwandle kanye nabantu. Ngenxa yokubanjwa okungenanembeza nokukhulu, le nhlanzi yayisengcupheni yokuqothulwa, kodwa-ke, izinga lesimo sabantu ababecindezelekile lase lidlulile futhi likhula kahle.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 27.01.2020
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 07.10.2019 ngo-21: 04
