UPuku - Izilwane ezinamazinyo avulekile ezivela emndenini wama-bovids, angaphansi kohlobo lwezimbuzi zamanzi. Uhlala ezifundeni ezimaphakathi ne-Afrika. Izindawo ozithandayo ukuhlala ziqukethe amathafa avulekile eduze nemifula namachibi. IPuku iyakwazi ukuphazamiseka futhi njengamanje ivalelwe ezindaweni ezingazodwa ezindaweni ezihlala izikhukhula. Inani labantu lilinganiselwa ukuthi liyizilwane ezibalelwa ku-130,000, ezihlakazeke ezindaweni eziningi ezingazodwa.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Puku
IPuku (Kobus vardonii) - ingeyohlobo lwembuzi zamanzi. Igama lesayensi lanikezwa lolu hlobo nguD. Livingston, isazi semvelo esahlola izwekazi lase-Afrika lisuka eScotland. Wenza igama lomngane wakhe lalinguF. Vardon.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ososayensi e-ICIPE benze umkhankaso wokuxosha ama-tsetse fly wezinkomo.
Yize lolu hlobo phambilini lwalubhekwa njengezinhlobonhlobo zaseningizimu coba, izifundo zofuzo zokulandelana kwe-DNA ye-mitochondrial kukhombisile ukuthi ipuku lihluke kakhulu kwi-coba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubukhulu nokuziphatha kwezilwane nakho kuyahluka kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, namuhla lesi sigejane sithathwa njengesihlobo esihluke ngokuphelele, yize kwenzeka ukuthi uhlobo lwe-Adenota luvamile kuzo zombili lezi zinhlobo.
Ividiyo: Pico
Kukhona ama-subspecies amabili we-fart:
- senga puku (Kobus vardonii senganus);
- iningizimu puku (Kobus vardonii vardonii).
Azitholakalanga izinsalela ezanele ze-waterbuck. Izinsalela e-Afrika, okuyisizukulwane sobuntu, zazimbalwa, zitholakale kuphela emaphaketheni ambalwa aseSvartkrans enyakatho yeNingizimu Afrika esifundazweni saseGauteng. Ngokuya ngemibono ka-V. Geist, lapho kuhlangana khona ubudlelwano phakathi kokuvela komphakathi kanye nokuhlaliswa kwabantu abangasetshenzisiwe ePleistocene, ugu olusempumalanga ye-Afrika - Uphondo lwe-Afrika enyakatho kanye nesigodi sokuqhekeka seMpumalanga Afrika entshonalanga - sithathwa njengekhaya lokhokho.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani ipuku
IPuku yizinhlwathi eziphakathi nendawo. Uboya bazo bungaba ngu-32 mm ubude futhi bunemibala ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zomzimba. Iningi loboya bazo bunombala ophuzi osagolide, esiphongweni sinsundu ngokwengeziwe ngombala, eduze kwamehlo, ngaphansi kwesisu, intamo nodebe olungaphezulu, uboya bumhlophe. Umsila awunamahlahla futhi unezinwele ezinde maqondana nethiphu. Lokhu kwehlukanisa isixuku kwezinye izinhlobo zezinhlwathi ezifanayo.
AmaPuku ahluke ngokocansi. Abesilisa banezimpondo, kepha abesifazane abanazo. Izimpondo ezingama-50 cm ubude ziqhamuka zihlehle kakhulu ngakubili kokuthathu kobude bazo, zinesakhiwo esine-ribbed, isimo se-lyre esingacacile futhi ziba bushelelezi ziye ezingcebeni. Abesifazane bancane kakhulu ngesisindo, banesisindo esilinganisweni esingu-66 kg, kanti abesilisa banesisindo esilinganisweni esingu-77 kg. IPuku inezindlala ezincane zobuso. Abesilisa bendawo banezintambo ezinkulu kakhulu ngokwesilinganiso kunama-bachelors. Zombili zinokukhishwa okuyindlala entanyeni.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Abesilisa bendawo basebenzisa uketshezi lwabo lwezindlala ukusabalalisa iphunga labo kuyo yonke indawo yabo. Bakhipha ama-hormone amaningi entanyeni yabo kunabesilisa abasebasha.
Leli phunga lixwayisa abanye abesilisa ukuthi bahlasela insimu yakwamanye amazwe. Amabala entamo awaveli emadodeni ezindawo kuze kube yilapho esezakhele izindawo zawo. I-puku ehlombe icishe ibe ngu-80 cm, futhi futhi inezimbotshana ezithuthukile ezino-40 kuya ku-80 mm ukujula.
Manje uyazi ukuthi inqwaba ibukeka kanjani. Ake sibone ukuthi le nhlwathi itholakala kuphi.
Ihlala kuphi ipuku?
Isithombe: I-African antelope puku
I-antelope phambilini ibisabalele emadlelweni aseduze namanzi unomphela ngaphakathi kwamahlathi e-savanna kanye nezindawo ezikhukhulayo eningizimu nasenkabeni ye-Afrika. IPuku isuswe dengwane kusuka ebangeni layo langaphambili, futhi kwezinye izingxenye zobubanzi bayo bokusatshalaliswa bube ngamaqembu aqhelelene ngokuphelele. Ngokuyisisekelo, ububanzi bayo buseningizimu ye-equator phakathi kuka-0 no-20 ° naphakathi kuka-20 no-40 ° empumalanga ye-meridian eyinhloko. Ucwaningo lwakamuva lukhombisile ukuthi ama-puku atholakala e-Angola, Botswana, Katanga, Malawi, Tanzania naseZambia.
Inani elikhulu labantu okwamanje litholakala emazweni amabili kuphela, iTanzania neZambia. Abantu balinganiselwa ku-54,600 eTanzania nabangu-21 000 eZambia. Cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zama-puku zihlala esiGodini saseKilombero eTanzania. Kwamanye amazwe lapho behlala khona, inani labantu lincane kakhulu. Kusele abantu abangaphansi kwekhulu eBotswana kanti amanani ehla. Ngenxa yokuncipha kwendawo yokuhlala, ama-puku amaningi athuthelwe emapaki kazwelonke futhi cishe ingxenye yesithathu yabantu bawo manje isendaweni evikelekile.
Izindawo uPuku ahlala kuzo yilezi:
- I-Angola;
- IBotswana;
- ECongo;
- Malawi;
- ETanzania;
- IZambia.
Ubukhona abuchazwanga noma kunabantu abaphambukayo:
- ENamibia;
- IZimbabwe.
IPuku kuhlala amadlelo anezixhaphozi, amathafa nezikhukhula zemifula. Izinguquko zesikhathi sokushisa nemvula zithinta ukukhwelana nokuhamba kwemihlambi emincane. Isibonelo, ngezikhathi zezimvula, imihlambi ijwayele ukuthuthela ezindaweni eziphakeme ngenxa yezikhukhula. Ngenkathi eyomile, bahlala eduze kwezidumbu zamanzi.
Kudlani isixuku?
Isithombe: Puku wesilisa
IPuku idla eduze kwamanzi unomphela ngaphakathi kwamahlathi e-savanna kanye nezikhukhula zaseningizimu nasenkabeni ye-Afrika. Yize ihlotshaniswa nezindawo ezimanzi nohlaza lwasolwandle, ama-puku agwema amanzi amile ajulile. Okunye ukukhula kwabanye abantu kungenxa yokuphela kwamazinga okungazinzile wokuzingelwa ngokungemthetho ezindaweni ezivikelwe, kanti kwezinye izindawo izibalo ziya ngokuya zincipha.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izitshalo ezinamaprotheni amaningi zikhethwa yipuku. Badla utshani obuhlala njalo obuhlukahluka ngezikhathi zonyaka.
IMiombo yikhambi eliyinhloko elidliwa amaqoqo ngoba liqukethe inani eliphezulu lamaprotheni aluhlaza. Ngemuva kokuvuthwa kotshani, inani lamaprotheni ongahluziwe liyancipha, futhi amabhantshi asetshenziswa ezinye izitshalo ukuthola amaprotheni. NgoMashi, ama-92% okudla kwabo yi-broadleaf, kepha lokhu kwenzelwa ukungabi khona kwe-E. rigidior. Lesi sitshalo sinamaprotheni angama-5% angcolile.
UPuku udla kakhulu iCrested Rosy kunezinye izinhlwathi, leli khambi linamaprotheni amaningi kodwa linefayibha encane. Ubungako bensimu buxhomeke enanini lamadoda endawo atholakala endaweni kanye nokutholakala kwezinsizakusebenza ezifanele endaweni yokuhlala.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Abesifazane bakwaPuku
Abesilisa bendawo bahlangana ngokuzimela. Ama-bachelors wesilisa asemhlambini wabesilisa kuphela. Abesifazane bavame ukutholakala ngamaqembu abantu abayisithupha kuya kwabangu-20. Le mihlambi yezinsikazi ayizinzile ngoba amalungu ayo ahlala eshintsha amaqembu. Imihlambi iyahamba, idle futhi ilale ndawonye. Abesilisa bendawo bagcina izindawo zabo unyaka wonke.
Ukuvikela insimu, lawa wesilisa anesizungu akhipha amakhwela ama-3-4 abaxwayisa ngawo amanye amadoda ukuba angahambi. Le mpempe isetshenziswa futhi njengendlela yokubonisa kowesifazane nokumkhuthaza ukuba ashade. Izilwane zidla kakhulu ekuseni kakhulu futhi kusihlwa futhi.
UPuku uxhumana ikakhulukazi ngokushaya ikhwela. Kungakhathaleki ukuthi ubulili noma ubudala, bashaya amakhwela ukusabisa ezinye izilwane ezidlayo. Izindumbana ezisencane zishaya umlozi ukuze zinake umama wazo. Abesilisa bendawo bahlikihla izimpondo zabo otshanini ukuze basuthise utshani ngemfihlo ephuma ezintanyeni zabo. Lezi zimfihlo zixwayisa abesilisa abancintisanayo ukuthi basensimini yomunye wesilisa. Uma i-bachelor ingena endaweni ehlala kuyo, indawo yesilisa etholakala lapho iyamxosha.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ukungqubuzana okuphawuleka kakhulu kwenzeka phakathi kwamadoda amabili ezindawo kunaphakathi kwendoda yendawo kanye ne-bachelor ezulazulayo. Ukujahana kuvamise ukwenzeka phakathi kwezwe kanye nabesilisa abasebasha. Lokhu kujaha kwenzeka noma ngabe i-bachelor ayikhombisi isimilo esinolaka kowesilisa wendawo.
Uma kungowesilisa owehlukile, umnikazi wendawo usebenzisa ukuxhumana okubonakalayo emzamweni wokwethusa umuntu ongena ngaphakathi. Uma owesilisa ophikisayo engahambi, kuqala impi. Abesilisa balwa ngezimpondo zabo. Ukungqubuzana kwezimpondo kwenzeka phakathi kwabesilisa ababili empini yensimu. Ophumelele uthola ilungelo lokubamba insimu.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Antelope puku
IPuku izala unyaka wonke, kepha abantu abaqala ukuya ocansini kakhulu ngemuva kwezimvula zokuqala ezinkulu zesizini. Abesilisa bendawo banesithembu futhi bayahlangana ezindaweni zabo. Kepha kunobufakazi bokuthi abesifazane bayazikhethela abalingani babo. Kwesinye isikhathi abesilisa abasebasha bavunyelwe ngaphambi kokukhwelana uma bekhombisa intshisekelo yezocansi kwabesifazane.
Isikhathi sokuzala sihlobene kakhulu nokushintshashintsha kwesizini, kepha i-fuku ingazala unyaka wonke. Ukukhwelana okuningi kwenzeka phakathi kukaMeyi noSepthemba ukuqinisekisa ukuthi inzalo iyazalwa ngesikhathi semvula. Imvula ngalesi sikhathi iyahluka unyaka nonyaka. Amankonyane amaningi azalwa kusukela ngoJanuwari kuya ku-Ephreli, njengoba utshani bezimboni bukhulu kakhulu futhi buqhakaza ngalesi sikhathi. Inombolo ejwayelekile yamathole ngabesifazane ngamunye ngenkathi ngayinye yokuzala yingane eyodwa.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Abesifazane abanaso isibopho esiqinile nezingane zabo. Akuvamile ukuthi bavikele izingane noma banake ukukhala kwabo, okungakhombisa isicelo sosizo.
Izingane kunzima ukuzithola ngoba "zicashile." Lokhu kusho ukuthi abesifazane bayabashiya endaweni ecashile, kunokuhamba nabo. Ngesikhathi semvula, abesifazane bathola ukudla okuseqophelweni eliphezulu ukondla i-lactation, kanti izimila eziminyene zifihla izinhlwathi ezincane ukuze zikhosele. Isikhathi sokukhulelwa sithatha izinyanga eziyi-8. Abesifazane bakwaPuku balumula izingane zabo ekunceliseni ubisi ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha, futhi zifinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi ezinyangeni eziyi-12-14. Amathole avuthiwe aphuma ngaphansi komhlaba bese ejoyina umhlambi.
Izitha zemvelo zepuku
Isithombe: Puku e-Afrika
Lapho sisongelwa, lesi sigejana sikhipha impempe ephindaphindwayo, esetshenziselwa ukuxwayisa ezinye izihlobo. Ngaphandle kokudliwa yizingwe namabhubesi, amapuku nawo asengozini yemisebenzi yabantu. Ukuzingelwa ngokungemthetho nokulahleka kwendawo okuhlala kuyo kuyizinsongo ezinkulu ku-fart. Izindawo ezinotshani ezikhetha ipuku ziya zigcwala kakhulu yimfuyo nabantu minyaka yonke.
Izilwane ezidlayo njengamanje:
- amabhubesi (Panthera leo);
- izingwe (Panthera pardus);
- izingwenya (Crocodilia);
- abantu (Homo Sapiens).
IPuku ziyingxenye yezilwane ezifuywayo ezibalulekile ekwakheni imiphakathi eklabha futhi isekele imiphakathi yezilwane ezinkulu ezinjengamabhubesi nezingwe, kanye nabadliwayo njengamanqe nezimpisi. IPuku ibhekwa njengemidlalo. Babulawa ngokudla ngabantu bendawo. Zingaba nokuheha izivakashi.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwendawo okuhlala kuyo okubangelwa ukwanda kwezindawo zokuhlala kanye nokufuya kwemfuyo kuyingozi enkulu ku-fart. Uhlelo lwezenhlalo / lokuzalela lusengozini enkulu ekubhujisweni ngenxa yokuhlukaniswa kwendawo yokuhlala nokuzingela, okunemiphumela yesikhathi eside yokungakwazi ukuqasha abantu.
Esigodini saseKilombero, usongo olukhulu epuku luvela ekwandisweni kwemihlambi emngceleni we-floodplain nokulimala kwendawo yokuhlala ngenkathi yezimvula ngabalimi abasuse amahlathi aseMiombo. Ngokusobala, ukuzingela okungalawuleki futhi ikakhulukazi ukuzingela ngokungemthetho okusindayo kubhubhise inqwaba yobubanzi babo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani ipuku
Isibalo sabantu baseKilombero Valley kulinganiselwa ukuthi sehle ngama-37% kule minyaka eyi-19 edlule (izizukulwane ezintathu). Abantu baseZambia kubikwa ukuthi bazinzile, ngakho-ke ukwehla okuphelele komhlaba wonke kuzizukulwane ezintathu kulindeleke ukuthi kufinyelele kuma-25%, kusondele umkhawulo wezinhlobo ezisengozini. Lezi zinhlobo zivame ukubhekwa njengezisengozini enkulu, kepha isimo sidinga ukuqashelwa ngokucophelela kanye nokwehla okuthe xaxa kubantu baseKilombero noma kubantu ababalulekile eZambia kungahle kuholele ekutheni lezi zilwane zifinyelele emngceleni wokuba sengozini.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ucwaningo lwakamuva olwenziwe emoyeni lwesiGodi saseKilombero, okuyikhaya labantu abaningi kunabo bonke base-puku e-Afrika, lusebenzise ezinye izindlela ezimbili ukulinganisa inani labantu. Ngenkathi kuhlolisiswa kusetshenziswa izindlela ezifanayo nasezibalweni ezedlule, ubukhulu besibalo sabantu babulinganiselwa kuma-23,301 ± 5,602, okuyisibalo esiphansi kakhulu kunesilinganiso sangaphambilini sika-55,769 ± 19,428 ngo-1989 no-66,964 ± 12,629 ngo-1998.
Kodwa-ke, kwenziwa ucwaningo olunzulu (kusetshenziswa ibanga elingamakhilomitha ayi-2,5 kunamakhilomitha ayi-10) ukubala i-fart, futhi lokhu kuholele ekulinganisweni kwama-42,352 ± 5927. Lezi zibalo zikhomba ukwehla kwabantu abangama-37% eKilombero ngaphezulu inkathi (iminyaka eyi-15) elingana nezizukulwane ezingaphansi kwezintathu (iminyaka eyi-19).
Abantu abancane endaweni evikelekile yaseSelusk baqothulwa. Kukholakala ukuthi iPuku iyehla ezikhukhuleni zaseChobe, kepha inani labantu lenyuke kakhulu kulesi sifunda kusukela ngeminyaka yama-1960, yize inani labantu selidlulele empumalanga. Azikho izilinganiso eziqondile zabantu baseZambia, kodwa kubikwa ukuthi bazinzile.
UPuku unogada
Isithombe: IPiku evela eBhuku eliBomvu
IPuku njengamanje ibalwe njengabantu abasengozini enkulu njengoba umphakathi uthathwa njengongazinzile futhi usengozini eseduze. Ukusinda kwabo kuncike emaqenjini amaningana ahlukanisiwe. IPuk kufanele incintisane nemfuyo yokudla, futhi abantu bahlupheka lapho izindawo ziguqulwa ukuze zilime futhi zidlise. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi cishe umuntu oyedwa kwabathathu uhlala ezindaweni ezivikelekile.
Ngaphandle kwesiGodi saseKilombero, izindawo ezibalulekile zokusinda kwepuku zifaka amapaki:
- I-Katavi etholakala esifundeni saseRukwa (eTanzania);
- Kafue (Zambia);
- ENyakatho naseNingizimu Luangwa (Zambia);
- Kasanka (Zambia);
- Kasungu (Malawi);
- Chobe eBotswana.
Cishe ama-85% epuku laseZambia ahlala ezindaweni ezivikelekile. Izinyathelo eziseqhulwini zokonga i-fart kulo lonke uhla lwazo zadingidwa kabanzi ngo-2013. EZambia, kunohlelo obelusebenza kusukela ngo-1984 lokungenisa lezi zilwane endle. Futhi imiphumela isivele ibonakala. Ngemuva kokuqedwa kokuzingelwa ngokungemthetho, inani labantu laqala ukubuyela kancane kancane kwezinye izindawo.
UPuku phila endle kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-17. Yize abantu bengayidli inyama yezilwane, abafuduki bazingela inhlwathi ngenkathi kuthuthukiswa izwekazi, kanye nase-safari. I-puku antelope ithembela kakhulu futhi iyashesha ukuxhumana nabantu. Ngakho-ke, ukwehla okuyinhlekelele ngosayizi wabantu kwaba lula.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 11/27/2019
Idethi yokubuyekeza: 12/15/2019 ngo-21: 20
