I-eider ejwayelekile (iSomateria mollissima) iyinyoni enkulu yasolwandle yomndeni wedada. Lezi zinhlobo ezivela ku-oda i-Anseriformes, ezasatshalaliswa ngasogwini olusenyakatho yeYurophu, kanye naseMpumalanga Siberia nasengxenyeni esenyakatho yeMelika, yaziwa nangokuthi idada lasenyakatho noma le-arctic diving.
Incazelo ye-eider
Idada elilingana nelikhulu, linentamo efinyeziwe, kanye nenhloko enkulu nomlomo okheke okomgexo, ofana nehansi. Isilinganiso sobude bomzimba singama-50-71 cm ngamaphiko we-80-108 cm... Isisindo somzimba senyoni esikhulile singahluka phakathi kuka-1.8-2.9 kg.
Ukubukeka
Umbala ubhekene ne-dimorphism yezocansi ekhonjisiwe, ebonakalayo kakhulu eyisici sedada lokuntywila:
- Ingxenye engenhla yomzimba wesilisa imhlophe kakhulu, ngaphandle kwekepisi elimnyama le-velvety, elisendaweni yomqhele, kanye nesifunda se-occipital esiluhlaza kanye nomsila ongaphezulu wombala omnyama. Ubukhona besembozo esibucayi, esinombala ophuzi bubonakala endaweni yesifuba. Ingxenye engezansi nezinhlangothi zowesilisa kumnyama, kunamabala amhlophe abonakala kahle futhi amakhulu ezinhlangothini zomngcwabo. Umbala womlomo uyahluka ngokuya ngezici ze-subspecies ngazinye, kepha abantu abanombala ophuzi-olintshi noma ompunga ngokuluhlaza bavame ukutholakala. Futhi, ukwakheka kwephethini esemlonyeni kuhluke ngokuphawulekayo.
- izimpaphe zedada lensikazi lokudilika emanzini lifanekiselwa inhlanganisela yesizinda esinsundu ngokunsundu esinemigqa eminingi emnyama, etholakala emzimbeni ongenhla. Ama-streaks amnyama abonakala kakhulu ngemuva. Uqhwaku lunombala oluhlaza okomnqumo noma onsundu womnqumo, omnyama ukwedlula owabesilisa. Idada lesifazane elisenyakatho kwesinye isikhathi lingahle lididaniswe nensikazi yama-eider ahlobene (i-Somateria srestabilis), futhi umehluko omkhulu ukwedlula ikhanda lesimo somlomo omkhulu.
Izinja zesigaxa esivamile, ngokuvamile, zinokufana okuphawulekayo nabesifazane balezi zinhlobo, futhi umehluko uboniswa yimpaphe emnyama, ecekethekisayo enemigqa emincane emincane kanye nohlangothi olumpunga lwe-ventral.
Indlela yokuphila kanye nomlingiswa
Yize behlala ezimweni zezulu ezinzima zasenyakatho, ama-eider ashiya kanzima izindawo zokuhlala izidleke, futhi indawo yasebusika ayitholakali kuphela ezindaweni eziseningizimu. Ensimini yaseYurophu, iningi labantu selizivumelanise kahle nezimo futhi lijwayele impilo yokuhlala phansi, kepha ingxenye enkulu yezinyoni zasolwandle ithambekele ekufudukeni okuyingxenye.
Ummeleli omkhulu kangaka womndeni wedada uvame ukundiza ngokwanele ngaphezu kwamanzi, noma ebhukuda ngenkuthalo... Isici esithile somgibeli ovamile yikhono lokuntywila ngokujula kwamamitha amahlanu noma ngaphezulu. Ngokwesayensi, ukujula okuphezulu lapho le nyoni ingehlela khona ngamamitha angamashumi amabili. Umgibeli angahlala kalula ngaphansi kwamanzi cishe imizuzu emithathu.
Izinyoni eziningi ezivela ezifundeni ezisenyakatho yezwe lethu, kanye nasendaweni yaseSweden, eFinland naseNorway, kanye nabantu bendawo, bayakwazi ukuhlala ebusika ezimeni zezulu zasogwini olusentshonalanga yesifunda saseMurmansk, ngenxa yokuntuleka kwamakhaza amanzi nokulondolozwa kwenani elanele lokudla. Eminye imihlambi yamadada e-arctic diving iya ngasezingxenyeni ezisentshonalanga nasenyakatho yeNorway, kanye naseBaltic naseWadden Sea.
Uhlala isikhathi esingakanani umondli
Ngaphandle kokuthi isikhathi sokuphila somuntu ovamile ezimweni zemvelo singafinyelela eshumini nanhlanu, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ngisho nangaphezulu kweminyaka, inani elibalulekile labantu bale nyoni yasolwandle kuyaqabukela baphila iminyaka yobudala eyishumi.
Indawo yokuhlala nezindawo zokuhlala
Indawo engokwemvelo yedada lokuntywila ngamanzi asogwini. I-eider ejwayelekile ithanda iziqhingi ezincane ezinamadwala, lapho izidumbu zomhlaba eziyingozi kakhulu zalezi zinhlobo zingekho.
Kuyathakazelisa! Izindawo eziyinhloko ezihlala abantu basenyakatho ngamadada yizingxenye ze-arctic nezingaphansi komhlaba, kanye nogu olusenyakatho eduze kwaseCanada, i-Europe kanye ne-Eastern Siberia.
Empumalanga yeNyakatho Melika, inyoni yasolwandle iyakwazi ukwakha izidleke eningizimu kuze kufike eNova Scotia, kuthi entshonalanga yaleli zwekazi, indawo yokwakha izidleke ikhawulelwe e-Alaska, Dease Strait naseMelville Peninsula, eVictoria naseBanks Islands, eSt. Matthew naseSt. Lawrence. Engxenyeni yaseYurophu, ikakhulukazi ama-subspecies aphakanyisiwe mollissima asakazeke kakhulu.
Imvamisa, idada elikhulu elisenyakatho litholakala eduze nezindawo zolwandle ezinenqwaba yama-mollusk nezinye izimpilo zasolwandle eziningi. Le nyoni ayindizeli ngaphakathi kwezwekazi noma engxenyeni engaphakathi, futhi izidleke zihlelwe eduze kwamanzi, ebangeni eliphakeme lesigamu sekhilomitha. I-eider ejwayelekile ayitholakali emabhishi amnandi anesihlabathi.
Ukudla nokudla
Ukudla okuyinhloko kwe-eider ejwayelekile kumelelwa ikakhulukazi ama-mollusks, kufaka phakathi izimbaza kanye ne-litorin, etholakala olwandle. Idada lasenyakatho lingasebenzisa izinhloso zokudla zazo zonke izinhlobo zama-crustaceans, amelwe ama-amphipods, ama-balanus nama-isopods, futhi adla nama-echinoderms namanye ama-invertebrate asolwandle. Kwesinye isikhathi, idada lokuntywila e-Arctic lidla izinhlanzi, futhi esigabeni sokuzala okusebenzayo, izigaxa zesifazane zondla ngokudla kwezitshalo, kufaka phakathi ulwelwe, amajikijolo, imbewu kanye namaqabunga azo zonke izinhlobo zotshani basogwini.
Indlela eyinhloko yokuthola ukudla ukudilika emanzini. Ukudla kugwinywa kuphele bese kugaywa ngaphakathi kwenselo. Ama-eider ajwayelekile adla emini, ahlangana ngamaqoqo ezinombolo ezahlukahlukene. Abaholi bagxuma kuqala, ngemuva kwalokho yonke enye inyoni icathamela iye ezansi ifuna ukudla.
Kuyathakazelisa! Esikhathini esinzima kakhulu sasebusika, umondli ovamile ulwela ukonga amandla ngezindlela ezisebenza kahle kakhulu, ngakho-ke inyoni yasolwandle izama ukubamba inyamazane enkulu kuphela, noma yenqaba ngokuphelele ukudla ngesikhathi seqhwa.
Amakhefu okuphumula ayimpoqo, isikhathi esimaphakathi okuyisigamu sehora... Phakathi kokuntywila, izinyoni zasolwandle zihlala ogwini, okukhuthaza ukugaya okusebenzayo kokudla okumunciwe.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Isilwanyane esivamile yisilwane esilingana ndawonye esidla kaningi emakoloni, kepha kwesinye isikhathi ngababili abangashadile. Inani elithile lemibhangqwana eshadile lakheka ebusika, futhi entwasahlobo, abesilisa baba nesasasa elikhulu futhi bahambe eduze kwabesifazane. Isidleke siyimbobo enobubanzi obucishe bube yikota yemitha nobude obungu-10-12 cm, obuqubuka emhlabathini, bubekwe ngotshani futhi ungqimba oluningi lwefluff lukhishwe engxenyeni engezansi yesifunda sesifuba nesisu. Bamba siqukethe, njengoba umthetho, amaqanda ezinkulukazi enkulu yomnqumo okhanyayo noma umbala oluhlaza-mpunga.
Inqubo yokuchanyuselwa iqala kusukela ngesikhathi kubekwa iqanda lokugcina... Owesifazane kuphela obamba iqhaza ekufukameleni, futhi ukuvela kwamachwane kwenzeka cishe emavikini amane. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa zokuqala, owesilisa useduze nesidleke, kodwa ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile ulahlekelwa ngokuphelele intshisekelo yokubeka amaqanda bese ebuyela emanzini olwandle, engakhombisi nhlobo ukukhathalela inzalo yakhe. Ekupheleni kokufukamela, ukuhlala kowesifazane kuba mnandi kakhulu futhi kunganyakazi.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ezingxenyeni zamanzi olwandle ezivela kwabesifazane abahlukahlukene kaningi azihlanganisi nje kuphela, kodwa futhi nezinyoni ezindala ezingashadile, ngenxa yalokho okwakhiwa imihlambi emikhulu yeminyaka ehlukene.
Ngalesi sikhathi, umgibeli ovamile uyenqaba ukudla. Ukuvela kwamachwane, njengomthetho, kwenzeka ngasikhathi sinye, kungathathi amahora angaphezu kwayisithupha. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa zokuqala, izingane ezizalwayo zizama ukuhlala eduze kwesidleke, lapho zizama khona ukubamba omiyane nezinye, hhayi izinambuzane ezinkulu kakhulu. Amachwane asekhulile asuswa ngabesifazane asondele olwandle, lapho izingane zidla khona eduze kwamatshe asogwini.
Izitha zemvelo
Impungushe yase-Arctic nesikhova esineqhwa ziphakathi kwezitha zemvelo ezibaluleke kakhulu zedada elidala lokuntywila, kanti usongo lwangempela kumadada lumelwa yizinja nezimpungushe ezimnyama. Ngokuvamile, inyoni yasolwandle enkulu kangaka ihlupheka kakhulu kuma-endoparasite ahlukahlukene, akwazi ukubhubhisa ngokushesha umzimba we-eider ovamile ngaphakathi.
Inani lokuhweba
Kubantu, umgibeli ovamile noma idada lasenyakatho linentshisekelo ethile, ikakhulukazi ebangelwa ukwehla okuyingqayizivele futhi okubizayo. Ngokuya ngezimpawu zayo ezishisayo, okokusebenza okunjalo kuphakeme kakhulu kunokwehla kwanoma iziphi ezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni.
Kuyathakazelisa! Okuyingqayizivele ngezici zayo ezibonakalayo ngendlela ye-down kungaqoqwa kalula ngqo ezindlekweni, okwenza ukuthi kungalimazi inyoni ephilayo.
I-Eiderdown inentshisekelo enkulu kubadobi, futhi isendaweni yesifuba senyoni enkulu yasolwandle. I-down ikhiwa idada lokuntywila lase-Arctic ukuze kufakwe kahle ukubekwa kweqanda.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Njengoba izibalo zibonisa, inani labantu besilwane esivamile, esidla ingxenye esenyakatho yeYurophu, linamabhangqa angaba yisigidi. Endaweni yeBlack Sea Biosphere Reserve ihlala cishe ngamabhangqa ayizinkulungwane ezimbili.
Kwezinye izindawo nezifunda, inani lezinyoni zasolwandle ezinkulu njengedada lokuntywila e-Arctic okwamanje aliphezulu kakhulu.... Eminyakeni yamuva nje, inani ledada lasenyakatho lehle kakhulu, ngenxa yokuwohloka okuphawulekayo emvelweni wezilwandle nokuzingela ngokungemthetho.
