Cishe wonke umuntu owayephumula osebeni lwechibi noma lomfula wahlangana ibhungane lamanzi... Lesi sinambuzane esinobuchule siyisilwane esingenazwela futhi sihlasela izidalwa eziningi zemifula. La mabhungane awakhombisi ukuhlukumeza abantu, kepha uma ezizwa esongelwa, angaluma. Ukulunywa kwe-diver akuyona ingozi empilweni yomuntu, kepha kubuhlungu.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Diving beetle
Ibhungane lokubhukuda limele umndeni wezinambuzane zasemanzini ezivela ezinhlobonhlobo zamabhungane. Sekukonke, kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-4,000 zalezi zidalwa, ezingama-300 zazo ezitholakala endaweni yaseRussia. Igama lesiLatini lebhungane uDytiscus lihunyushwa ngokuthi "ukudilika". Imivubukulo endala kunazo zonke yalesi sinambuzane yatholakala eKazakhstan futhi ingeyesikhathi seJurassic.
Ividiyo: Ukuntywila kwebhungane
Kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokubhukuda, izinhlobo ezimbalwa ezithakazelisa kakhulu zokutadisha zingahlukaniswa:
- ibhungane elisemngceleni yilona elisakazeke kakhulu nelikhulu kunawo wonke. Umzimba wayo unombala omnyama onomngcele osawolintshi, imilenze nayo ikhanya kakhulu;
- ibhungane elibanzi, ibhungane lokuntywila - isici salo esiyinhloko ukuthi izibungu zikhulu ngosayizi kunabantu abadala futhi zingakhula zifike ku-6 cm ubude;
- Umbala wamabhungane abanzi okubhukuda awugqamile - kusuka kokumnyama onsundu kuya kokumnyama ngombala oluhlaza okotshani. Kwamanye amazwe, kubhalwe kuRed Book;
- i-gargle noma i-phalarope - incane ngosayizi, ijwayelekile eRussia;
- isikebhe sokuntywila simelela kakhulu amabhungane okubhukuda. Kukhona ixhaphozi nokuntywila okuyisicaba. Umzimba wokuqala umbozwe izinwele ezinzima.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izibungu zamabhungane okuntywila zigaya ukudla ngaphandle kwemizimba yazo zisebenzisa uketshezi olunobuthi olukhethekile olufakelwa isisulu. Iziphungumangathi zimunca izakhamzimba kuwo kakade sezicoleke ngokuphelele.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Indlela ibhungane elibukeka ngayo
Usayizi wababhukudi abadala, umbala ungahluka kuye ngohlobo. Ubude bomzimba bezinhlamvu ezincane abudluli ku-3-4 mm, ama-specimens amakhulu afinyelela ku-4.5-5.5 cm.Umzimba we-imago u-oval futhi uyisicaba, okulungele ukuhamba ngaphansi kwamanzi. Izitho zangemuva zinemisipha ekhule kahle. Imilenze eyisicaba kanye nemilenze yangemuva imbozwe izinwele ezinwebeka. Yona kanye indlela yokuhamba kukholamu yamanzi iyefana nokugwedla. Imilenze yangaphambili naphakathi yesiphazamisi imfushane kakhulu kunemilenze yangemuva.
Umzimba webhungane lokuntywila uqukethe izingxenye ezintathu: ikhanda, isifuba, isisu. Ikhanda ligxile esifubeni, alinyakazi futhi lidlulela esiswini ngaphandle kwemingcele ecacile. Ezinhlangothini zekhanda elibanzi futhi eliyisicaba, kunamehlo amakhulu futhi ngalinye lawo linamehlo ajwayelekile angama-9000, ngenxa yokuthi isinambuzane sikwazi ukuhlukanisa ngokusobala izinto ezihambayo, ezimile. Isisu sebhungane siqukethe izingxenye eziyisishiyagalombili, ezivikelwe yi-elytra eqinile.
Umhlathi onamandla utholakala ngemuva kwendebe engenhla. Izinsimbi zomlomo ziwuhlobo lokugedla, umhlathi wakhelwe ukubamba nokuhlafuna ngokushesha. Isitho sephunga amadevu amade akhulunyiwe wezingxenye eziyi-11. Amabhungane okuntywila aphefumula ngosizo lwezimbobo ezikhethekile ezisesiswini. Uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lwe-tracheal luphuma emaphethelweni, futhi kukhona amasaka omoya esifubeni. Ngokubhinca nokusikhama isisu, ibhungane lokuntywila lidala ukuhamba komoya ku-trachea.
Umbala womzimba wezibungu zebhungane lokuntywila unombala onsundu, ophuzi, ompunga, kwesinye isikhathi umzimba umbozwa ngephethini. Amabhungane amancane afana kakhulu nofezela. Ikhanda labo liyisicaba, isifuba sinezingxenye ezintathu, kanti isisu sinezingxenye ezi-8. Akukho okuvulwa umlomo nokudla kungena ngomhlathi. Umzimba obanzi uhamba kancane uye ngasekupheleni, lapho kutholakala khona i-cerci, i-spines, nama-setae.
Uhlala kuphi ibhungane?
Isithombe: Ukuntywila ibhungane emanzini
Ababhukudi basakazeke emhlabeni wonke; batholakala eYurophu, e-Asia, endaweni enkulu ukusuka eSakhalin kuya e-Atlantic Ocean, nasenyakatho ne-Afrika. Amabhungane okuntywila akhetha amadamu anamanzi ahlanzekile, lapho umsinga ungekho nhlobo noma ubuthakathaka kakhulu. Atholakala ngobuningi emachibini anamanzi amile, aqukethe izimbali, amaxhaphozi.
Ibhungane lichitha isikhathi esiningi ngaphansi kwamanzi, kodwa futhi lingandiza - uma kunesidingo, izinambuzane zihamba amashumi amakhilomitha. Esikhathini esiningi, amabhungane ayaphoqwa ezindizeni ezinjalo ngokumiswa kwedamu noma inani elincane lokudla. Kwesinye isikhathi zingandiza ngisho nasemachibini azimele, amachibi lapho kufakwa khona imihlobiso nezinye izinhlanzi.
Bayakwazi ukuqeda ngokuphelele gazinga nazo zonke ezinye izidalwa eziphilayo echibini lokufakelwa. Kungaba nzima impela ukubakhipha endaweni abayithandayo. Kwezinye izimo, kungasiza kuphela ukubulala amagciwane okuphelele phansi echibini kanye nokuzala kabusha izakhamuzi zakhona.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: I-diving beetle iba nezimpande kahle nasemanzini. Inyama ingasetshenziswa njengokudla, okusikwa kuqala kube yizicucu ezincane. Qiniseka ukuthi umboza i-aquarium ngesivalo, ngoba izinambuzane zingandiza kalula. Isimo esikhulu ukuthi amabhungane awakwazi ukufakwa esitsheni esisodwa nanoma iyiphi inhlanzi.
Yini edliwa ibhungane lasemanzini?
Isithombe: Beetle diving beetle
Ababhukudi bayizilwane ezinolaka. Abantu abadala abavamile ukuzondla ngezidumbu, bakhangwa kakhulu yimpango ephilayo engamelana nayo.
Ukudla okuyinhloko kwababhukudi:
- izinambuzane nezibungu zazo, iminenke, onoshobishobi, ifry fish;
- ama-newts, amaxoxo, izinhlanzi ezincane.
Amabhungane awanandaba no-algae, adla ngokuphelele. Uma kunezinqwaba zalezi zinambuzane echibini, khona-ke esikhathini esifushane ziyakwazi ukubhubhisa zonke izinhlanzi, zihlasela gazinga lazo ngamaqembu amakhulu. Amabhungane azizwa ngisho neconsi elincane legazi ebangeni lamashumi amamitha futhi ngokushesha aphuthume kule ndawo. Babheka ukudla ikakhulukazi kukholamu yamanzi, kuyaqabukela ukuphuma emhlabeni.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ababhukudi badla kakhulu. Kwesinye isikhathi zidla ngokweqile kangangokuthi azikwazi ngisho nokukhuphukela phezulu echibini. Ukwehlisa isisindo somzimba nokuntanta phezulu, ibhungane lokuntywila libuyisa yonke into esanda kudliwa, likhiphe ngokuphelele amathumbu kanye ne-goiter ekhethekile. Lapho kune-algae eduze, inyuka kancane iye phezulu echibini eliseduze kwabo.
Izibungu zamabhungane okuntywila ziyehluka kancane kubantu abadala emibonweni yabo yokudla. Bayakwazi ukuhlasela izinhlanzi ezinkulu kakhulu, kubuhlungu kakhulu ukuluma uma bewela ezandleni zomuntu. Imihlathi yawo icijile ngendlela emangalisayo, njengama-saber.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Ibhungane elikhulu lokuntywila
Umzimba wababhukudi ulula kunamanzi futhi, uma bengadli ngokweqile, khona-ke kulula kakhulu ukukhuphukela phezulu. Kudinga umzamo omkhulu ukwehla. Ngaphansi kwedamu, ebusweni bolwelwe, amabhungane aphethwe izingwegwe ezikhethekile ezithweni zangaphambili.
Lezi zinambuzane zizingela ngentshiseko ebusuku. Uma izimo zokuphila echibini zingabagculisi, bese beyofuna elinye ikhaya futhi bakwazi ukuhamba amabanga amade. Ngaphambi kokuqala uhambo, umuntu omdala ukhipha wonke amathumbu akhe bese egcwalisa izikhwama zomoya. Ngokususa kuphela isisindo esingadingekile nesinciphisayo, ibhungane lokuntywila lisuka. Ngesikhathi sendiza yasebusuku, amabhungane amaningi agqekeza ezindaweni ezicwebezelayo zophahla nezindonga zezakhiwo, ngoba kuthiwa zinamanzi amaningi.
Iningi lababhukudi lichitha ubusika emhlabathini noma licashe emifantwini yamagxolo ezihlahla. Ezinye izinambuzane zilala esigabeni samaqanda, ezinye zibe yizibungu. Abanye abantu abadala bahlala emanzini futhi babhukuda ngenkuthalo kuze kube yilapho iqina. Lapho iqhwa lishona, izinambuzane zingena odakeni kuze kufike intwasahlobo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ukuze ugcwalise kabusha izitolo zomoya-mpilo, ibhungane lintanta phezulu bese liphuma ngesisu ngaphezu kwamanzi. Ibhungane elidala kufanele lenze le nqubo okungenani kanye njalo emizuzwini engu-15. Umoya usetshenziswa amabhungane hhayi ukuphefumula kuphela, kepha nokulawula ukwenyuka nokwehla.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Ukuntywila ibhungane echibini
Ngokushesha ngemuva kokulala ubuthongo, amabhungane okuntywila aqala ukuzala. Abesilisa ababheki abesifazane, bakhetha umuntu ofanele ngokwabo futhi bavele bayihlasele, bayibambe ngezidladla zangaphambili, bese beqala ukukhwelana ngokushesha. Yonke le nqubo yenzeka ngaphansi kwamanzi. Ngasikhathi sinye, insikazi ingakhwelana nabesilisa abaningana kanti abanye babo babulawa ukuminyana ngenxa yokungabi nethuba lokugcwalisa iziqiwu zomoya futhi. Abesilisa ngalesi sikhathi bangaphezulu kobuso bamanzi.
Ngemuva kokuphothula inqubo yokukhwelana, izinsikazi zibekela amaqanda ngaphakathi kwe-algae, ngaphambi kokubhoboza izicubu zazo nge-ovipositor. Ngenkathi eyodwa, owesifazane ubeka amaqanda ayizinkulungwane eziyi-1-1.5. Ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-10-12, izibungu ziyavela. Ngokuya ngesimo sezulu, inqubo ingathatha inyanga.
Izibungu zebhungane lokuntywila zikhula ngokushesha okukhulu. Zibhukuda kahle, ziyakwazi ukuphefumula umoya osemkhathini, njengabantu abadala, kepha kulokhu ziveza ukuphela kwangemuva komzimba. Izibungu, kanye namabhungane amadala, anamandla kakhulu, ayizidlakudla ezingenasihe. Ukudla kwabo kokuqala: i-fish roe, izibungu zojekamanzi, izimpukane ze-caddis, omiyane.
Ngokuqala kwekwindla, izibungu zabagibeli ziyashiya amadamu bese zikhasa ziye ogwini, lapho zizakhela khona imibhede evela enhlabathini nasezitshalweni. Endaweni enjalo yokukhosela, ziyafunda. Ngemuva kwenyanga, kuvela abadala. Ekuqaleni zimhlophe futhi zithambile njengeziphungumangathi, kodwa emahoreni ambalwa ubuso bazo buqina futhi bube mnyama.
Izitha zemvelo zebhungane lamanzi
Isithombe: Indlela ibhungane elibukeka ngayo
I-imago yebhungane lokubhukuda ihlala ngokwesilinganiso iminyaka engu-1-2. Ngesikhathi sokuphila kwazo okufishane, lezi zidalwa ziyakwazi ukudala umonakalo omkhulu emvelweni wedamu, amapulazi ezinhlanzi. Ukube bekungezona izitha zemvelo zebhungane elidlayo, bekungaba nzima kakhulu ukulawula izinombolo zalo.
Amabhungane okuntywila angazingelwa ngu:
- izinhlobo ezinkulu zezinhlanzi;
- ezinye izinyoni, kufaka phakathi zonke izinhlanzi zasolwandle;
- izilwane ezincelisayo ezihlala emizimbeni yamanzi.
Uma kunengozi, ababhukudi bayakwazi ukuthuthukisa ngokushesha imfihlo ekhethekile emhlophe enephunga elibi, elethusa ezinye izisulu ezinquma ukuzitika ngazo. Ngalesi sizathu, ababaningi abafuna ukumhlasela.
Isinambuzane somnyovu siyisitha esingokwemvelo sezibungu ezidla ezinye. Abesifazane bama-parasites bafuna ngenhloso izibungu zamabhungane okuntywila ngephunga elikhethekile bese bebeka amaqanda abo ngaphakathi kwemizimba yabo, okuthi emva kwalokho kudle futhi kulume ngaphakathi ngaphakathi kwezibungu. Njengoba zikhula, umbhukudi osemusha uyafa.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: I-predetet beetle, yize incane kakhulu, iyakwazi ukubhekana nesilwane, esikhudlwana kathathu kunesilwane uqobo. Uma umuntu oyedwa engakwazi ukubhekana nesisulu, khona-ke amanye amabhungane agijimela ukumsiza - bona, njengama-piranhas, badinga kuphela ukuhogela igazi kukholamu lamanzi.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Diving beetle
Emazweni amaningi ase-Afrika, i-wide beetle diving beetle iyavikelwa, njengoba isibalo sayo sehle kakhulu ngenxa yezinguquko ezimweni zemvelo zokuhlala. Ensimini yaseYurophu, eRussia, kubhekwa ukuthambekela okuphambene - inani lababhungane abadlayo libhekiwe ukuze kuvinjelwe ukwanda okukhulu kwenani lalo.
Ababhukudi ngobuningi babo babhubhisa gazinga lazo zonke izinhlobo zezinhlanzi, ezinye izinambuzane kanye nezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezisechibini elifanayo nabo, ngaleyo ndlela kuphazamisa ukulingana kwemvelo, kubangele umonakalo omkhulu emapulazini ezinhlanzi. Ingozi yale bhungane futhi ukuthi ikwazi ukundiza amabanga amade ifuna ikhaya elisha, lapho kungekho ukudla okwanele endaweni yakudala, ngaleyo ndlela ihlala ezindaweni ezintsha.
Lapho izitha zemvelo zinganele ukulawula inani lamabhungane adlayo, ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi zingangeniswa echibini futhi zidle izibungu zamabhungane okubhukuda. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, izingoma ezikhethekile zamakhemikhali zisetshenziselwa ukwelapha phansi kusuka ezibungu, kepha lokhu kusebenza kuphela emadamini amancane okufakelwa. Kwesinye isikhathi kwanele nje ukuhlomisa umthombo omncane noma impophoma, ezosiza ukuhamba kwamanzi, futhi amabhungane azomshiya ngokushesha le ndawo engathandeki.
Ibhungane lokuntywila emanzini - umzingeli. Imvelo inikeze lezi zidalwa konke okudingekayo kulokhu. Baziwa njengezidlakela ezinonya nezingesabi, bavame ukuqhathaniswa namaphakethe ama-piranhas, abhubhisa ngokoqobo konke okusendleleni yabo. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, kuyathakazelisa ukuwabuka endaweni yawo yemvelo, ukulandela ukuzingela kwawo okusheshayo.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 03.10.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 11.11.2019 ngo-12: 18
