Khokhlach (ICystophora cristata) - yathola igama layo kusuka esihlokweni esinamanzi esikhumba esitholakala embhedeni wesilisa. Lokhu kwakhiwa kwesinye isikhathi kubizwa nge-bang (crest), ikepisi noma isikhwama. Kuyisikhumba esikhulukazi samakhala futhi sitholakala ezingeni leso. Ekuphumuleni, amafolda esikhwama alengela embusweni. Owesilisa ovuthayo, ukuvuleka kwamakhala kuyavalwa, futhi isidumbu sithola umoya emaphashini. I-blister ebomvu kwesinye isikhathi ivela ekhaleni elilodwa. Kwesinye isikhathi owesilisa ukhukhumeza ukujwayela okukhethekile ukuze nje azijabulise - “ukuzivocavoca”.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Khokhlach
Isazi semvelo saseJalimane uJohann Illiger waba ngowokuqala ukusungula ama-pinnipeed njengohlobo oluhlukile lwentela. Ngo-1811 waqamba leli gama emndenini wabo. Isazi sezilwane saseMelika uJoel Allen sihlolisise ama-pinnipeds emlandweni wakhe wango-1880 we-monograph of the Pinnipeds of North America. Bekukhona ama-walrus, amabhubesi olwandle, amabhere olwandle nezimpawu. Kulolu shicilelo, ulandelele umlando wamagama, wahlinzeka ngemikhondo emindenini nasesigabeni sezizukulwane, futhi wachaza izinhlobo zezilwane zaseNyakatho Melika futhi wanikeza nezincazelo ezimfushane zezinhlobo kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba.
Ividiyo: Khokhlach
Kuze kube manje, azikatholakali izinsalela zamathambo eziphelele. Esinye sezinsalela zokuqala ezitholakele satholwa e-Antwerp, eBelgium ngo-1876, esisinda esikhathini sePliocene. Ngo-1983, kwashicilelwa i-athikili ethi eminye imivubukulo yatholakala eNyakatho Melika, okungenzeka ukuthi yayine-hood. Kulezi zincazelo ezintathu, ukutholakala okunokwethenjelwa kakhulu kwakuyindawo yaseMaine. Amanye amathambo afaka phakathi i-scapula ne-humerus, okukholakala ukuthi yaqala ngemuva kwePleistocene. Kulezi ezinye izingcezu zezinsalela ezimbili ezitholakele, kamuva esinye sahlukaniswa njengenye yezinhlobo, kanti esinye asikhonjwanga kahle.
Uhlu lozalo lwezimpawu zamanzi nolwandle lwahlukanisa cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-28 edlule. I-Otariidae yavela eNyakatho Pacific. Imivubukulo yakuqala kaPithanotaria eyatholakala eCalifornia isukela eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-11 edlule. Uhlobo lweCallorhinus lwaqhamuka ekuqaleni kwezigidi eziyi-16. Amabhubesi asolwandle, ama-seal seal namabhubesi asolwandle aseningizimu ahlukana ngokulandelayo, kanti lezi zinhlobo zokugcina zakha amakoloni ogwini lwaseNingizimu Melika. Iningi lamanye ama-Otariidae selisabalale laseningizimu Nenkabazwe. Izinsalela zakudala zika-Odobenidae - Prototaria zitholakale eJapan, kanti uhlobo olungekho lweProneotherium lwatholakala e-Oregon - kusukela eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-18-16.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ngabe kufihlwe kanjani
Amadoda asecresti anoboya obuluhlaza ngokumpunga obunamabala amnyama, angahambelani emzimbeni wonke. Ingaphambili lesifonyo limnyama futhi lo mbala ufinyelela emehlweni. Imilenze mincane kakhulu maqondana nomzimba, kepha inamandla, okwenza lezi zimvu zamanzi zibhukude futhi zibe ngabatshuzi abahle kakhulu. Amakati afakwe ama-Hooded akhombisa ukuphazamiseka kocansi. Abesilisa bade kancane kunabesifazane futhi bafinyelela ku-2.5 m ubude. Abesifazane balinganiselwa ku-2.2 m. Umehluko obaluleke kakhulu phakathi kobulili isisindo. Abesilisa banesisindo esifinyelela ku-300 kg, nabesifazane banesisindo esifinyelela ku-160 kg. Okuhlukile kwabesilisa yisikhwama samakhala esifuthwe ngaphambili kwentloko.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kuze kube yiminyaka emine ubudala, abesilisa abanaso isikhwama. Lapho ingafakwanga umoya, ilenga kusuka endebeni engenhla. Abesilisa bafutha le septum yamakhala acishe ibomvu, efana nebhaluni ize iphume ekhaleni elilodwa. Basebenzisa lesi sikhwama samakhala ukukhombisa ubudlova futhi nokuheha ukunakwa kwabesifazane.
Izimpawu ezivaliwe zinezici eziningi ezihlukanisa nezinye izimpawu. Banamakhala amakhulu emndenini. Ukhakhayi lufushane ngomlomo omkhulu. Futhi banesibhakabhaka esiphuma phambili kusuka ngemuva kunanoma iyiphi enye ingxenye. Ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yethambo lamakhala lidlulela ngalé komphetho womhlathi ongaphezulu. Ifomula ye-incisor ihlukile, inama-incisor amabili aphezulu nalawo aphansi. Amazinyo mancane futhi amazinyo amancane anciphile.
Ngesikhathi sokuzalwa, umbala wezimpawu ezincane yisiliva ohlangothini lwenqolobane, ngaphandle kwamabala, futhi okumpunga oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ohlangothini lwe-ventral, okuchaza igama labo lesidlaliso elithi "luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka". Amathole anobude obungu-90 kuya ku-105 cm ngesikhathi sokuzalwa kanye nesilinganiso esingu-20 kg. Kungahle kube nokwehluka phakathi kobulili obuhlanganisa iminyaka engu-1.
Ihlala kuphi inselo?
Isithombe: Uphawu oluhlanganisiwe
Izimpawu ezinamakhanda zivame ukutholakala kusuka ku-47 ° kuye ku-80 ° latitude latitude. Bahlala ogwini olusempumalanga yeNyakatho Melika. Ububanzi babo bufinyelela nasechosheni elisentshonalanga yeYurophu, ngasogwini lwaseNorway. Zigxile kakhulu eBear Island eRussia, eNorway, e-Iceland nasenyakatho-mpumalanga yeGreenland. Ezimweni ezingavamile, zitholakale ogwini lwaseSiberia.
I-hooded crested itholakala eNyakatho ye-Atlantic Ocean, futhi ngezikhathi ezithile banweba ububanzi babo enyakatho eNyakatho ye-Ocean. Zizalela eqhweni lepakethe futhi zihlotshaniswa nayo cishe unyaka wonke. Kunezindawo ezine zokuzalela: eduze neMagdalena Isles eSt Lawrence Bay, enyakatho neNewfoundland, endaweni eyaziwa njengeFront, enkabeni yeDavis Strait, naseqhweni oLwandle iGreenland ngaseJan Mayen Island.
Amazwe lapho kutholakala khona uphawu lwe-crested seal afaka:
- ECanada;
- IGreenland;
- I-Iceland;
- ENorway;
- IBahamas;
- IBermuda;
- IDenmark;
- IFrance;
- EJalimane;
- I-Ireland;
- EPortugal;
- IRussia;
- INgilandi;
- I-United States of America.
Kwesinye isikhathi kubonakala izilwane ezincane eningizimu kuze kufike ePortugal naseCanary Islands eYurophu naseningizimu eCaribbean eWestern Atlantic. Babuye batholakala ngaphandle kwesifunda i-Atlantic, eNyakatho Pacific ngisho naseningizimu yeCalifornia. Bangabatshuzi abaphumelelayo abachitha isikhathi sabo esiningi emanzini. Izimpawu ezinamakhanda zivame ukwehla ziye ekujuleni okungamamitha angama-600, kepha zingafinyelela kumamitha ayi-1000. Uma izimvu zamanzi zisemhlabeni, zivame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezinesembozo seqhwa esikhulu.
Manje uyazi lapho kutholakala khona inhlanzi efakwe izigqoko. Ake sibone ukuthi lolu phawu ludlani.
Udla ini umuntu ogqoke izingubo?
Isithombe: Khokhlach eRussia
Izimpawu zaseHohlayai zondla ezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane zasolwandle, ikakhulukazi izinhlanzi ezinjenge-sea bass, i-herring, i-polar cod ne-flounder. Ziphinde zondle nge-octopus nezimfanzi. Okunye okubonwayo kukhombisa ukuthi ebusika nasekwindla lezi zimvu zamanzi zidla ama-squid kakhulu, kanti ehlobo ziguqula ikakhulukazi ekudleni kwezinhlanzi, ikakhulukazi i-polar cod. Okokuqala, ukukhula okuncane kuqala ukondla eduze nogu. Badla kakhulu ama-squid nama-crustaceans. Ukuzingela idada elenziwe ngotshani akulula, njengoba bekwazi ukujula olwandle isikhathi eside.
Lapho i-arctic algae ne-phytoplankton ziqala ukuqhakaza, amandla abo adluliselwa kuma-acids. Le mithombo yokudla idliwa yizihlahla ezidla imfuyo futhi iphakamisela uchungechunge lokudla ezilwaneni ezidla kakhulu njenge-crested seal. Ama-acid anamafutha aqala ezansi kochungechunge lokudla abese agcinwa ezicutshini zezimpawu zezimpawu futhi abandakanyeka ngqo ekuguqulweni kwesilwane.
Imithombo yokudla eyinhloko yabantu abagqoke izigqoko yile:
- ukudla okuyisisekelo: ama-arthropods asolwandle nama-molluscs;
- ukudla kwezilwane ezindala: izinhlanzi, ama-cephalopods, ama-crustaceans asemanzini.
Abantu abafakwe izigqoko bayakwazi ukukhipha imisindo njengokubhonga, okuzwakala kalula phansi. Kodwa-ke, indlela ebaluleke kakhulu yokuxhumana ivela esikhwameni samakhala naseseptum. Bayakwazi ukukhiqiza imidumba ebangeni le-500 kuye ku-6 Hz, le misindo izwakala emhlabeni nasemanzini. Zivame ukubonakala zihambisa izikhwama ezinomoya ogcwele kanye ne-septa yamakhala phezulu naphansi ukwenza imisindo yamafrikhwensi ahlukene. Le ndlela yokuxhumana isebenza njengesibonakaliso senhloso kowesifazane, kepha futhi njengosongo esitheni.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Khokhlach
Amakati afakwe izigqoko ikakhulukazi izilwane ezihlala zodwa, ngaphandle kwalapho zizalanisa noma zicwiliswa. Ngalezi zikhathi ezimbili, ziyahlangana minyaka yonke. Ukuncenga endaweni ethile ngoJulayi. Bese zibekwa ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zokuzalela. Iningi lalokho okwaziwayo ngabo kwafundwa ngalezi zikhathi zomsebenzi wabo. Isikhwama semakhaleni esifuthayo sihlala sinyuka lapho abesilisa bezizwa besongelwa noma befuna ukudonsela amehlo abesifazane. Ama-diving we-Crested ajwayele ukuhlala imizuzu engama-30, kepha kubikiwe ukudilika okude.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Uphawu alukhombisi zimpawu ze-hypothermia lapho utshuza. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukuqhaqhazela kungaholela ekwandeni kwesidingo somoya-mpilo ngakho-ke kunciphise isikhathi umuntu o-crest angasisebenzisa ngaphansi kwamanzi. Emhlabathini, izimvu zamanzi ziyaqhaqhazela ngenxa yamakhaza, kodwa zehlisa ijubane noma zime ngokuphelele ngemva kokucwiliswa emanzini.
Abantu abafakwe izigqoko bahlala bodwa futhi abancintisi indawo noma isikhundla sabantu emphakathini. Lezi zimvu zamanzi ziyahamba futhi zilandele indlela ethile yokunyakaza unyaka ngamunye ukuze zihlale ziseduze neqhwa lamaphakethe okukhukhuleka. Entwasahlobo, abantu abafake izigqoko bagcwale ezindaweni ezintathu: iSt Lawrence, iDavis Strait kanye nogu olusentshonalanga yeMelika, lumbozwe yiqhwa.
Ehlobo, bathuthela ezindaweni ezimbili, ogwini oluseningizimu-mpumalanga nasenyakatho-mpumalanga yeGreenland. Ngemuva kokuncibilika, izimvu zamanzi ziyahlakazeka futhi zithathe uhambo olude oluya enyakatho naseningizimu eNyakatho ye-Atlantic phakathi nezinyanga zokuwa nezasebusika ngaphambi kokuhlangana kabusha entwasahlobo.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Ingubo yomntwana
Isikhathi esifushane, lapho umama ebeletha futhi enakekela izinyane lakhe, abesilisa abaningana bazoba seduze kwakhe ukuthola amalungelo okukhwelana. Ngalesi sikhathi, abesilisa abaningi bazosongelana ngonya besebenzisa isikhwama sabo sokuvuvukala samakhala, futhi baze basunduzane ngaphandle kwendawo yokuzalanisa. Abesilisa imvamisa abazivikeli izindawo zabo siqu, bavikela kuphela indawo lapho kukhona owesifazane ongena kalula. Abalingani besilisa abaphumelelayo nabesifazane abasemanzini. Ukukhwelana kuvamise ukwenzeka ngo-Ephreli nangoJuni.
Abesifazane bafinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi phakathi kweminyaka emibili kuya kwengu-9 ubudala, futhi kulinganiselwa ukuthi abesifazane abaningi bazala amawundlu abo okuqala aneminyaka emihlanu ubudala. Abesilisa bafinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi ngemuva kwesikhashana, cishe eminyakeni engu-4-6 ubudala, kepha bavame ukungena ebudlelwaneni ngemuva kwesikhathi. Izinsikazi zizala ithole elilodwa lilodwa kusukela ngoMashi kuya ku-Ephreli. Isikhathi sokumitha siyizinsuku ezingama-240 kuya kwezingama-250. Lapho zizalwa, izingane ezisanda kuzalwa zikwazi ukuhamba kalula nokubhukuda. Bazimela futhi baziphonsa esiheni sabo ngokushesha ngemuva kokulunyulwa.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Ngesikhathi sokukhula, umbungu - ngokungafani nezinye izimvu zamanzi - ukhipha isembozo saso sezinwele ezinhle, ezithambile, ezithathelwa indawo uboya obukhulu ngokwengeziwe esibelethweni sowesifazane.
Idada elenziwe ngesigqoko linesikhathi esifushane sokondla sanoma yisiphi isilwane esincelisayo, kusuka ezinsukwini ezinhlanu kuya kweziyi-12. Ubisi lwabesifazane lunothile emafutheni, okubalwa kokuqukethwe kwalo okungu-60 kuya ku-70% futhi kuvumela ingane ukuthi iphindwe kabili ubukhulu bayo kulesi sikhathi esifushane sokondla. Futhi umama ngalesi sikhathi ulahlekelwa kusuka ku-7 kuya ku-10 kg nsuku zonke. Abesifazane bayaqhubeka nokuvikela amaphuphu abo ngesikhathi esifushane sokulunyulwa. Balwa nezilwane ezingaba yizisulu, kufaka phakathi ezinye izimvu zamanzi nabantu. Abesilisa ababandakanyeki ekukhuliseni inzalo.
Izitha zemvelo zabantu abafake izigqoko
Isithombe: Khokhlach ngokwemvelo
Muva nje, abantu bebeyizisulu eziyinhloko zalolu phawu olufakwe izigqoko. Lezi zilwane ezincelisayo ziye zazingelwa iminyaka eyi-150 ngaphandle kwemithetho eqinile. Phakathi kuka-1820 no-1860, kwakubanjwa ngaphezu kwezimpawu ezingama-500,000 ezinezindwangu ezifakwe izigqoko namahabhu minyaka yonke. Ekuqaleni, babezingelwa uwoyela nesikhumba sabo. Ngemuva kweminyaka yama-1940, kwazingelwa izimvu zamanzi ngenxa yoboya bazo, kanti olunye uhlobo lwenani olwalubaluleke kakhulu kwakuyi-hood seal, eyayibhekwa njengeyigugu ngokuphindwe kane kunezinye izimvu zamanzi. Isilinganiso semikhawulo yokuzingela sethulwa ngo-1971 futhi sabekwa kuma-30,000.
Izilwane zemvelo zamabhere afakwe izigqoko ezifakwe emanzini zifaka oshaka, amabhere asezindaweni eziphakeme kanye nemikhomo ebulalayo. Amabhere wePolar adla kakhulu ngezimbambo zehabhu nezentshebe, kodwa futhi aqala nokuzingela izimvu zamanzi ezifekethisiwe lapho zizalela eqhweni futhi zibe yizinto ezibonakalayo nezisengozini.
Izilwane ezizingela uphawu olufakwe ngaphakathi zifaka:
- amabhere asezindaweni eziphakeme (Ursus maritimus);
- Oshaka baseGreenland polar (S. microcephalus);
- imikhomo yokubulala (i-Orcinus orca).
Intwala egcwalile ivame ukuphatha izikelemu ezinjenge-Heartworms, iDipetalonema spirocauda. Lezi zinambuzane zinciphisa ubude besikhathi sokuphila kwesilwane. Amakati aphekiwe yizilwane ezidla izinhlanzi eziningi njenge-polar cod, squid kanye nama-crustaceans ahlukahlukene. Babambe iqhaza elibalulekile emiphakathini yabomdabu baseGreenland naseCanada, abazingela lezi zimvu zamanzi ukuze bathole ukudla. Banikeze nezimpahla ezibalulekile ezibandakanya isikhumba, uwoyela noboya. Kodwa-ke, ukufunwa ngokweqile kwalezi zimpahla kubathinte kabi abantu abanezingubo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Ngabe kufihlwe kanjani
Izinja ezifakwe izigqoko zazizingelwa ngobuningi bazo, kusukela ngekhulu le-18. Ukuthandwa kwezikhumba zazo, ikakhulukazi izikhumba eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, okuyizikhumba zezinsizwa ezisencane, kuholele ekwehleni ngokushesha kwabantu. Ngemuva kweMpi Yesibili Yomhlaba, kwakukhona ukwesaba ukuthi abantu abagqoke izigqoko bazogcina besengozini yokuqothulwa.
Imithetho yashaywa ngo-1958, yalandelwa yizilinganiso ngo-1971. Imizamo yakamuva ibandakanya izivumelwano nezivumelwano, ukuvinjelwa kokuzingelwa ezindaweni ezinjengeGulf of St. Lawrence, nokuvinjelwa kokungeniswa kwemikhiqizo yezimpawu. Ngaphandle kwalezi zinyathelo, inani labantu abavalekile liyaqhubeka nokwehla ngezizathu ezingaziwa, yize ukwehla kuye kwehla ngandlela thile.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Kucatshangwa ukuthi bonke abantu bazokwehla ngo-3.7% ngonyaka, ukwehliswa kwezizukulwane ezintathu kuzoba ngama-75%. Noma ngabe izinga lokwehla lilonke belingu-1% kuphela ngonyaka, ukwehla kwezizukulwane ezintathu kuzoba ngama-32%, okufanekisa izigqoko ezifakwe izigqoko njengezilwane ezisengozini.
Ngaphandle kokuthi akukho ukulinganiselwa okuqondile kwenani lezimpawu, inani labantu libhekwa njengelikhulu kakhulu, lifinyelela kubantu abayizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu ambalwa. Izimpawu zasogwini olusentshonalanga zihloliwe amahlandla amane kule minyaka eyi-15 edlule futhi zehla ngesilinganiso esingu-3.7% ngonyaka.
Inani labantu abasemanzini aseCanada lenyuka phakathi nawo-1980 kanye nawo-1990, kepha izinga lokukhuphuka lehlile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi akunakwenzeka ukwazi ukuthambekela kwamanje ngaphandle kocwaningo olwengeziwe. Njengoba izimo zeqhwa lasolwandle zishintsha, kunciphisa indawo yokuhlala yeqhwa edingekayo kubo bonke abantu abagqoke izigqoko zokuqoqa nokuqoqa, kunezizathu zonke zokukholelwa ukuthi izinombolo kuzo zonke izifunda zingancipha kakhulu.
Ukuvikelwa kwabantu abafake izigqoko
Isithombe: Khokhlach ovela eRed Book
Izindlela eziningi zokongiwa komhlaba, izinhlelo zokuphathwa kwamazwe omhlaba, izilinganiso zokubamba iqhaza, izivumelwano nezivumelwano zenzelwe ukongiwa kwezingubo ezifakwe izigqoko kusukela ngawo-1870. Izindawo zokuncoma kanye nokuzalanisa zezimpawu ziye zavikelwa kusukela ngo-1961. I-Khokhlach ifakiwe eNcwadini Ebomvu njengohlobo olusengozini. Izilinganiso zokubanjwa kwezilwane kuJan Mayen bezilokhu zisebenza kusukela ngo-1971. Ukuzingela kwavinjelwa eGulf of St. Lawrence ngo-1972, futhi kwasungulwa izilinganiso kubantu bonke eCanada, kusukela ngo-1974.
Ukuvinjelwa kokungeniswa kwemikhiqizo yezimpawu ngo-1985 kwaholela ekwehleni kokubanjwa kwezimpawu ezinamakhanda ngenxa yokulahleka kwemakethe yokuqala yoboya. Ukuzingelwa kweGreenland akukhawulwanga futhi kungahle kube kumazinga angazinzile ngenxa yezimo eziwohlokayo zokuzalela. Amasheya aseNyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Atlantic anciphile cishe ngama-90% kanti ukwehla kuyaqhubeka. Imininingwane yabantu ngeNyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Atlantic iphelelwe yisikhathi, ngakho-ke izitayela zale ngxenye azaziwa.
Izizathu ezithinta inani lamakati afakwe izigqoko zifaka:
- ukubhola uwoyela negesi.
- imizila enokuzulazula (ezokuthutha kanye nemihubhe yesevisi).
- ukuthunjwa kwezilwane nokuncishiswa kwezinsizakusebenza zokudla okunempilo.
- indawo ehambayo futhi eguqukayo.
- izinhlobo / izifo ezihlaselayo.
Khokhlach - okuwukuphela kohlobo lweCystophora. Ubuningi bayo kufanele bukalwe kabusha ngokushesha lapho idatha entsha isitholakala.Ngokuya ngosayizi wabantu, ububanzi bendawo, ukucaciswa kwendawo okuhlala kuyo, ukwehluka kokudla, ukufuduka, ukunemba kwendawo yokuhlala, ukuzwela ekushintsheni eqhweni lolwandle, ukuzwela ekushintsheni kwewebhu, kanye nokukhula okuphezulu kwesibalo sabantu, amaqhude afakwe izigqoko anikezwa izinhlobo ezintathu zokuqala ezincelisayo zasolwandle zase-Arctic. ezizwela kakhulu ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08/24/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 21.08.2019 ngo-23: 44
