Inhlamvu yezinhlamvu noma i-hormiga veinticuatro - idlozi eliyingozi kakhulu emhlabeni. Ekuhumusheni - "intuthwane amahora angama-24". Yilokho okwenziwa yisihlungu sesinambuzane esingesona ubuthi, esisijova lapho silunywa. Ukulunywa kwale ntuthwane kunenani elingu-4 esikalini seSchmitt, okusho ukuthi ubuhlungu bokulunywa bunamandla kakhulu kunezinyosi zezinyosi eziningi eziyingozi neminyovu.
Kwezinye izizwe zamaNdiya, lolu hlobo lwentuthwane lubamba iqhaza emkhosini wokuthwasa wabafana, ukubalungiselela ubunzima bokuba ngabantu abadala kanye nokuthwasa babe ngamaqhawe. Lezi zinambuzane zilukiwe zaba amagilavu bese zibekwa ezandleni imizuzu eyi-10. Ukulunywa okuningi kuholela ekukhubazekeni kwezitho. Lezi zenzo zenziwa kaningi kuyo yonke inyanga.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Inhlamvu yezintuthwane
I-Paraponera clavata noma intuthwane yezinhlamvu ingeyombuso wezilwane, uhlobo lwe-arthropod. I-Detachment webbed. Umndeni wezintuthwane. Uhlobo lweParaponera luhlobo lweParaponera clavata. Lezi zinhlobo ekuqaleni zazichazwa njengeFormica clavata ngo-1775 ngudokotela wezobuchwepheshe waseDenmark uFabrice. Izintuthwane zingenye yezinambuzane zasendulo kakhulu emhlabeni wethu, izintuthwane zazihlala kuleplanethi yethu eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-100 edlule kusukela esikhathini seMesozoic.
Ividiyo: Inhlamvu yezintuthwane
I-paleontology yezintuthwane ihlukaniswe izigaba ezi-4: i-Lower and Upper Cretaceous, Paleocene ne-Early Eocene, Eocene Ephakathi ne-Oligocene, nezilwane zesimanje zaseMiocene. Izinsalela zezintuthwane zasendulo azilondoloziwe kahle futhi kunenkinga ukuzichaza. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ososayensi bakhulisa uhlobo olwehlukile lweParaponera, lezi zinhlobo zingezomndeni omncane weParaponerinae Emery.
Izintuthwane zalolu hlobo ziyizilwane ezidla ezinye. Zondla zombili izinambuzane eziphilayo kanye nesidumbu. Bahlala emahlathini asezindaweni ezishisayo. Zinomzimba omkhulu onsundu onsundu. Bahlala emindenini emndenini owodwa, kunabantu abafika ku-1000. Yiba nodosi olubukhali. Lapho ulunywa, kuphuma i-neurotoxin poneratoxin eyingozi, ekhubaza indawo yokulunywa. Zingesinye se-arthropod eziyingozi kakhulu emhlabeni ngenxa yokulunywa okubuhlungu kanye nengozi yokufa uma kuvela ukungezwani komzimba.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani intuthwane yenhlamvu
Intuthwane enenhlamvu inomzimba omkhulu ngokwanele kusuka ku-17 kuye ku-26 mm ubude embozwe ngegobolondo eliqinile. Izintuthwane zabasebenzi abancane. Isibeletho sowesifazane sikhulu ngokukhethekile. IShupliki etholakala emihlathini engezansi yalesi sinambuzane ihlukaniswe izingxenye ezi-5. Ama-Shupliks atholakala endebeni engezansi anemibala emithathu. Inhloko yale ntuthwane iyisikwele esingaphansi esinamakhona ayindilinga. Amehlo alesi sinambuzane atholakala phambi kwesimo esiyindilinga esime kancane.
Amehlo amnyama. Kunezinhlayiya emikhondweni yangemuva nangamabili emilenze emaphakathi. Ingxenye yokuqala yesisu salesi sinambuzane ihlukaniswa ukubambezeleka kokunye. I-hindwings ine-lobe yakudala ethuthukile. Izinambuzane zikhiqiza uketshezi olukhethekile lwe-pheromone ngosizo lwendlala ye-dufour, lolu ketshezi luyingxube yama-carbohydrate.
Umbala womzimba kusuka kokumpunga ngokunsundu kuya kobomvu. Ameva amancanyana afana nenaliti abonakala emzimbeni wonke wentuthwane. Kukhona ithiphu engaba ngu-3-3.5 mm ubude. Idamu lesihlungu lingamamitha ayi-1.10 ubude futhi lingaba imilimitha ububanzi. Kukhona umgudu omude ongu-3 mm phakathi kocingo kanye nedamu lobuthi. Ubuthi buqukethe i-poneratoxin, esebenza amahora angama-24, futhi ibanga ubuhlungu obukhulu kohlukunyezwayo.
Alihlaseli ngokungadingekile, ngaphambi kokulunywa lixwayisa ngengozi ngesimo sokuma kanye nokuhhewula. Amaqanda eParaponera clavata makhulu, ayindingilizi, kakhilimu noma ombala omhlophe. Izintuthwane eziyindlovukazi zinobukhulu obukhulu ikakhulukazi nesisu esikhulu esiyindilinga.
Manje uyazi ukuthi idlozi lenhlamvu linobuthi noma cha. Ake sibone ukuthi isinambuzane esiyingozi sitholakalaphi.
Ihlala kuphi intuthwane?
Isithombe: Inhlamvu yezintuthwane emvelweni
Izintuthwane zalezi zinhlobo zihlala emahlathini emvula ashisayo aseNingizimu Melika ukusuka eCosta Rica naseNicaragua kuya eVenezuela, eBrazil, ePeru naseParaguay. Futhi lezi izintuthwane zingatholakala emahlathini asePeru, e-Ecuador, eColombia. Impilo yonke, izintuthwane zikhetha amahlathi aphansi anesimo sezulu esishisayo esishisayo. Izintuthwane zihlela izidleke ezingaphansi komhlaba phakathi kwezimpande zezihlahla ezinkulu. Lezi zidleke ngokuvamile zinokokufaka okukodwa kanye nokukhipha okukodwa. Izintuthwane zihlala zisebenza emnyango; uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi, ziyaxwayisa ezinye ngakho futhi zivala ukungena.
Izidleke zitholakala ekujuleni okungaba ngamamitha ayi-0.5. Kwesinye isidleke esinjalo, ikoloni elincane labantu abafinyelela enkulungwaneni liyaphila. Kwihektha elilodwa lehlathi, kungaba nezidleke ezinje ngezine. Ngaphakathi kokuhlala kwezintuthwane kufana ncamashi nesakhiwo esinezitezi eziningi. Imipheme emide futhi emide iphakama isuka komhubhe owodwa omude uye ezinhlangothini emazingeni ehlukene. Ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa, uhlelo lwe-drainage nalo lufakiwe, okwakhiwa ngalo isiteshi esijulile, sehla esidlekeni.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ukwakha isidleke, izintuthwane zivame kakhulu ukukhetha indawo ezansi kwezihlahla zePentaclethra macroloba, lesi sihlahla sikhipha umpe omnandi, lezi zinambuzane ezithanda ukuzijabulisa ngawo.
Kwesinye isikhathi izintuthwane zibeka izidleke zazo emigodini yalezi zihlahla phezulu ngaphezu komhlaba. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukuphakama komgodi kungaba sezingeni lamamitha ayi-14 ngaphezulu komhlaba. Isikhathi sokuphila sezintuthwane zesisebenzi cishe siyiminyaka emi-3, isibeletho sowesifazane siphila isikhathi eside kakhulu kuneminyaka eyi-15-20, lokhu kungenxa yempilo ezolile nenesilinganiso.
Idliwa yini intuthwane?
Isithombe: Inhlamvu Yentuthwane Enobuthi
Izintuthwane zalezi zinhlobo zingama-zooonecrophages angaphezulu; zidla zombili izidumbu futhi zihlala izinambuzane ezincane.
Ukudla kweParaponera clavata kufaka:
- izinambuzane ezincane (izimpukane, ama-cicadas, izimvemvane, ama-centipedes, izimbungulu ezincane, njll.);
- tshala umpe;
- ijusi yezithelo nezithelo.
Ukufunwa kokudla kwenziwa ebusuku, futhi kwenziwa kuphela izintuthwane zesisebenzi. Lapho zisuka esidlekeni, izinambuzane ezisendleleni zishiya uphawu lwama-pheromone, ngokusho kwalolu phawu zingabuya, noma ezinye izintuthwane zingaluthola. Ukufunwa kokudla kwenziwa ikakhulukazi esihlahleni futhi akuvamile kakhulu phansi. Izintuthwane ziziqondisa ngokuphelele emkhathini nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sosuku. Ukudla kungatholwa yiqembu elincane noma yedwa.
Izintuthwane zihlukanisa inyamazane enkulu zibe yizicucu ezincane ukuze ziyilethe esidlekeni. Idlozi elilodwa ngokuvamile alikwazi ukuletha isisulu sonke, ngakho-ke iqembu lonke lezintuthwane lihlanganyela ekulethweni kokudla. Ngenkathi befuna ukudla, bangathola isinambuzane esifile, kungaba isisulu esihle kakhulu, bangazingela izinambuzane ezincane.
Ngaphezu kwezinambuzane, izintuthwane zalolu hlobo azikuphikisi ukudla umpe omnandi wezihlahla; ngalokhu, izintuthwane zisika kancane emagqolweni ezihlahla futhi zithola ujusi omnandi. Izintuthwane ezindala ziletha amaconsi obisi esidlekeni sazo ukondla izibungu. Izibungu zalolu hlobo lwentuthwane zidla ukudla ngaphandle kokucutshungulwa kokuqala.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Inhlamvu yezintuthwane eyingozi
Njengazo zonke izinhlobo zezintuthwane, iParaponera clavata inesakhiwo senhlalo esithuthuke kakhulu. Lezi zintuthwane bezilokhu zenza lokho okufanele zikwenze emndenini impilo yazo yonke. Ezinye izintuthwane zingabakhi, ezinye zithola ukudla, indlovukazi yesifazane izala abantwana. Izintuthwane zisebenza ikakhulukazi ebusuku. Ebusuku bayazingela ukuze bathole ukudla kwabo. Kukhona ukuzola nokusizana emndenini.
Kodwa-ke, banobutha nezihlobo zabo ezivela kweminye imindeni futhi ukungqubuzana phakathi kwemindeni kuhlala kwenzeka. Ukudla kutholakala ezihlahleni, noma (kuyaqabukela) emhlabathini. Izintuthwane zimba imigodi ejulile futhi zihlala lapho emindenini emikhulu. Kokubili abesilisa nabesifazane banakekela inzalo. Abantu abadala, abanesibopho sokudla, baletha ukudla esidlekeni sezibungu nendlovukazi yesifazane, okuyinto engashiyi isidleke.
Ukufuna ukudla kwenzeka esihlahleni noma phansi ehlathini, kanti izintuthwane zingahamba zifike kumamitha angama-40 ukusuka esidlekeni. Ngaphambi kwalokho, kwenziwa isu elikhethekile lokuthola ukudla, lapho idlozi ngalinye leqembu lenza umsebenzi walo. Ukubuyela esidlekeni cishe ngama-40%, abasebenzi baphatha uketshezi, ama-20% aletha izinambuzane ezifile, kuthi ama-20% alethe ukudla kwezitshalo.
Izintuthwane ezithwala umthwalo zihamba ngokushesha okukhulu kunabantu ababuyela bengenalutho. Uma kunomthombo wokudla eduze, izintuthwane zondla kuphela kulokho ezinakho. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi indlwana iqashwe onogada abakhethekile bezintuthwane eziningana, esimweni esingaqondakali bahlola indawo, futhi uma kunengozi bavale iminyango bese bexwayisa ezinye izintuthwane ngengozi.
Azinolaka kubantu nakwezinye izidalwa uma zingazizwa ziyingozi. Kepha, uma uya esidlekeni noma uzama ukuphatha idlozi ezandleni zakho, lizoqala likhalise ngokuxwayisa futhi likhiphe isexwayiso esinamanzi amabi ngengozi. Ngemuva kwalokho, lesi sinambuzane sinamathela ukunukubeza bese sifafaza ubuthi obukhubazekile. Kwabaguliswa ukungezwani komzimba, lokhu kuluma kungabulala.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Inhlamvu yezintuthwane
Isidleke sigcwele entwasahlobo. Izintuthwane ezisebenzayo azibambiqhaza kunqubo yokuzala; kukhethwa abesilisa abanempilo ekhethekile ukuzala, okufa ngemuva kokukhwelana. Ukukhwelana akwenzeki ngaphakathi esidlekeni, njengoba kunjalo ngezidalwa eziningi eziphilayo, kodwa emhlabathini. Ngesikhathi sokumataniswa, owesifazane uthola inani lesidoda, elanele iminyaka engama-20 ezayo yokuphila. Ngemuva kokukhulelwa, owesifazane ngokuzimela uqaqa amaphiko akhe futhi ahlale esidlekeni.
Ukubekwa kokuqala kwenzeka ngoMashi-Ephreli. Insikazi izalela amaqanda egumbini elikhethekile. Amaqanda ayindilinga futhi makhulu ngokwanele. Umbala wamaqanda ukhilimu noma umhlophe ngokuphuzi. Izibungu zokuqala zizalwa kungakapheli izinsuku ezimbalwa, inzalo inakekelwa ngumndeni wonke omkhulu. Izintuthwane ezisebenza zidlulisa ukudla ngeketanga zisuka emlonyeni ziye emlonyeni. Ukudla akudingi ukucutshungulwa okukhethekile, kumunwa yizibungu ngendlela lapho kunokuchotshozwa okuncane kuphela.
Izibungu nazo zithola amanzi noju kuzintuthwane ezisebenza. Lapho inzalo ikhula, idlozi ngalinye lithatha indawo yalo entuthwaneni, bese liqala ukufeza umsebenzi walo othize.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ukuba wohlobo oluthile lwezibungu kuncike kumahomoni akhiqizwa yizindlala zomhlathi ongezansi bese engena ekudleni.
Izitha zemvelo zentuthwane yenhlamvu
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani intuthwane yenhlamvu
Izintuthwane zalolu hlobo zinezitha eziningi zemvelo.
Izitha zemvelo zentuthwane yezinhlamvu zifaka:
- izinyoni;
- izibankwa;
- izibhamu;
- iminyovu;
- izidleke;
- intuthwane yamabhubesi.
Ngesikhathi sokuhlaselwa kwenduli, ikholomu iqala ukuzivikela ngenkuthalo. Izintuthwane azifihli entuthwaneni, kodwa zihlala zivikela inzalo yazo. Imvamisa leli koloni lingaphila ngenxa yokuthi abanye abantu bayafa. Lapho zihlasela izitha, izintuthwane zalolu hlobo ziluma kabuhlungu ngaleyo ndlela ziphuca isitha izikhali. Isitha singakhubaza izitho kubuthi bezintuthwane futhi sizohlehla. Imvamisa izintuthwane zihlaselwa lapho zikhasa zodwa, noma ngamaqembu amancane.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izintuthwane zezinhlamvu ziyakwazi ukukhala kakhulu ngesikhathi sengozi, zixwayise ngengozi yezinye izintuthwane.
Izidleke zezintuthwane zivame ukukhungathwa yizimpukane i-Apocephalus paraponerae futhi zidle uketshezi lwezintuthwane. Futhi amabhaktheriya eBartonella avame ukutholakala emzimbeni wezintuthwane, adlala indima ebalulekile ohlelweni lokugaya ukudla, ngokwanda kokudla kwe-carbohydrate, inani lamagciwane ngaphakathi esidlekeni landa kakhulu. Isitha esiyingozi kakhulu sezintuthwane ngabantu. Abantu bagawula amahlathi okuhlala kuwo lezi zinambuzane, babhubhise izintuthwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, phakathi kwezizwe eziningi zamaNdiya, lezi zinambuzane zisetshenziselwa amasiko, ngemuva kwalokho izinambuzane ziyafa.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Inhlamvu Yentuthwane Enobuthi
Ngenxa yokuthi kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlobo zezelamani emvelweni, ezingafana ngaphandle, kunzima kakhulu ukuthola inani lala ma-arthropods. Izintuthwane zalezi zinhlobo zihlala ngaphansi komhlaba noma phezulu ezihlahleni, zihlala emindenini emikhulu futhi kunzima kakhulu ukuqapha izinombolo zazo. Izintuthwane ziyizinambuzane eziphikelelayo futhi zisinda ezimweni ezimbi zemvelo. Esikhathini sokuziphendukela kwemvelo, izintuthwane zenze izimfanelo ezikhethekile ezizisiza zisinde futhi zizivikele zona kanye namakhaya azo. Emazweni amaningi aseYurophu, izidleke zezintuthwane zasehlathini ziyavikelwa. Ezweni lethu, ukucekela izintuthwane kubhekwa njengecala lokuphatha futhi kujeziswa ngenhlawulo.
Izinhlobo zeParaponera clavata azibangeli ukukhathazeka okukhulu, futhi azidingi ukuvikelwa okwengeziwe. Ukugcina hhayi kuphela lolu hlobo lwezintuthwane, kodwa nezinye izilwane nezinambuzane, kubalulekile ukumisa ukugawulwa kwamahlathi endaweni yezintuthwane. Dala izikhala ezingaphezulu eziluhlaza namapaki. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, iningi lama-hobbyists seliqale amapulazi entuthwane futhi bathola lezi zintuthwane eziyingozi njengezilwane ezifuywayo. Ekuthunjweni, izintuthwane zezinhlamvu zizizwa zizinhle, kulula ukuziqeqesha, kepha kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi la ma-arthropod ayingozi kakhulu. Kulabo abanenkinga yokungezwani komzimba, ukulunywa idlozi elinjalo kungabulala, ngakho-ke akulincedi ukuligcina ekhaya.
Inhlamvu yezinhlamvu - izinhlobo ezinkulu kakhulu futhi eziyingozi kakhulu zezintuthwane emhlabeni, empeleni, zizolile futhi zinokuthula, ngobuhlakani obuphakeme nenhlangano yezenhlalo ethuthuke kahle. Lezi zintuthwane ziyingozi kuphela uma zizivikela futhi, ngaphambi kokuluma, ziyaxwayisa. Uma uzibona lezi zintuthwane, ungazithinti ngezandla zakho. Uma kwenzeka ulunywa, kuyadingeka ukuthatha i-anti-allergen agent futhi ufune usizo kudokotela.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 28.07.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09/30/2019 ngo-21: 19
