Inhlanzi muksun - umhlali ojwayelekile wemifula yaseSiberia. Yena, ngomqondo ongokoqobo wegama, muhle kuzo zonke izinhlangothi, ngokubukeka nangokunambitha. Inyama kaMuksun idume ngokunambitheka kwayo kamnandi ngamafutha amaningi, futhi alikho ithambo eliqinile kuyo. Ake sizame ukuqonda izici ezingaphandle zalowo onqobayo wemifula ye-taiga, sithole ukuthi yini edla ukudla kwakhe, sifunde imikhuba yezinhlanzi futhi uthole ukuthi i-muksun inezindawo zaphakade.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Muksun
UMuksun uyinhlanzi evela kuhlobo lwe-whitefish, eyomndeni wama-salmon kanye nomndeni omncane we-whitefish. Izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-60 zezinhlanzi zihlukaniswa nohlobo lwe-whitefish, cishe zonke zikhetha amadamu agelezayo ngamanzi abandayo, zigwema izindawo ezinesimo sezulu esishisayo nesikhathi eside sehlobo. I-Muksun ibizwa nge-northern whitefish, futhi ingabizwa nangokuthi iyabanda.
Phakathi kwezihlobo eziseduze ze-muksun kukhona:
- IBaikal omul;
- isihlathi (chira);
- ezinye izinhlanzi ezimhlophe;
- ukudonsa;
- peled.
UMuksun uhlukaniswa njengomhlali wamanzi ahlanzekile, kepha futhi angabekezelela amanzi anosawoti amancane. Ngokuvamile, izinhlanzi zifudukela ezindaweni ezinosawoti. Inkambo yayo iya ngokuqina entwasahlobo ngesikhathi sezikhukhula, lapho uquqaba olukhulu lweqhwa luqala ukuncibilika ngamandla.
Ividiyo: Muksun
Lezi zinhlobo ze-whitefish zinkulu ngosayizi. Abantu abavuthiwe bangafinyelela kubunzima obungu-5 kuya ku-8 kg, kepha izinhlobo ezinjalo zingabizwa ngokuthi i-trophy, azivamile ukubonwa. Imvamisa, ukukhula okuncane kudlula, kube nesisindo esisuka kuhafu nohafu kuya kumakhilogremu amabili nobude obungu-30 kuye ku-40 cm. Uma kubhekwa ubukhulu bawo wonke ama-salmonids, i-muksun ingafakwa endaweni ephakathi nendawo phakathi kwezilwane ezinkulu ezinjenge-taimen, nelma, chinook salmon (kusuka ku-20 kuye ku-80 kg) hhayi izinhlobo ezinkulu kakhulu zokumpunga (kusuka ku-2.5 kuye ku-3 kg).
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: I-muksun enkulu kunazo zonke ebanjiwe yayinesisindo esingu-13 kg nobude bomzimba obungu-90 cm.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani umuksun
I-Muksun ayihlukaniswanga ngezinhlobo ezingaphansi ezihlukene. Kukhona abantu bendawo, umehluko wayo ngosayizi, isikhathi sokuthomba, umbala.
Phakathi kwazo kukhona okulandelayo:
- ULena;
- UKolyma;
- indigirskaya.
Umzimba we-muksun uvulekile futhi ucindezelwe kancane ezinhlangothini; iphaseji ye-caudal iphakanyiselwa phezulu. Inhloko, enwetshelwe phambili, ihlukaniswa ngokuba khona komphetho okhombe, umlomo okukuwo ngezansi. Inhlanzi inesici se-adipose fin. Ithoni yesiphambano sonke iyimpunga esiliva, kanti umqolo omnyama upendwe ngomlotha noma ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Kubantu abavuthiwe, kuyabonakala ukuthi emuva kuhlukaniswa nge-hump echazwe kahle. Izikali ze-muksun zibuthakathaka, ngosayizi ophakathi, kulayini we-lateral kukhona kusuka esikalini se-87 kuye ku-107.
Isisu senhlanzi sicindezelwe kancane futhi sehlukile kwithoni enkulu ngombala okhanyayo. Umhlathi ongaphezulu we-muksun ukhulisiwe, inani lama-gill stamens lingafinyelela izingcezu ezingama-65, ezilula kakhulu lapho uhlunga udaka oluphansi ngenkathi ufuna ukudla, ikakhulukazi ezilwaneni ezisencane. UMuksun uyinhlanzi ehloniphekile futhi ebaluleke kakhulu emndenini wakhe we-salmon, ngakho-ke, lapho uthengisa isihlathi, kuvame ukudluliselwa njenge-muksun, ake sibheke umehluko wabo ngokucophelela ukuze ungakhohliswa.
Izici ezihlukile:
- ukuguquka kusuka ekhanda kuye engxenyeni ye-dorsal ku-muksun kubukhali, futhi esihlathini kuhlukaniswa ngokushelela;
- I-chekur inobubanzi obukhulu bomzimba obungenakulinganiswa, kuyilapho i-muksun ilinganiselwe;
- I-muksun inomlomo okhombe ngobukhulu obumaphakathi, umhlathi ongaphezulu kwawo mude kunowaphansi. Umlomo wesihlathi mncane, futhi impumulo iphakeme kakhulu nge-hump yesici;
- isisu se-muksun siqondile noma siqondile, siyindunduma esihlathini;
- izikali ezinkulu zesihlathi zihlala ziqinile, kuyilapho ku-muksun zibuthakathaka futhi ziphakathi ngosayizi;
- inani elilinganisiwe lesikali eceleni komugqa we-lateral we-muksun ngu-97, isihlathi sinama-90.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Indlela ephumelela kunazo zonke yokuhlukanisa phakathi kwesihlathi ne-muksun ukuhlola amandla wezikali zezinhlanzi: uma uzama ukukala izikali ngomunwe wakho, khona-ke ku-muksun izosala kalula ngemuva komzimba, okungajwayelekile ezihlathini, izikali zazo eziqine kakhulu futhi zipakishwe ngokuqinile.
Uhlala kuphi umuksun?
Isithombe: Fish muksun
Ngokuqondene nezwe lethu, inhlanzi ye-muksun ingabizwa ngokuthi inyakatho, ngoba ingumhlali ojwayelekile wemifula ye-taiga yaseSiberia, itholakala endaweni yamanzi e-Arctic Ocean, ikhetha amanzi ayo anosawoti omncane. Insimu yokuhlala komsun ibanzi impela, ihlanganisa i-Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (uMfula iKara) futhi ifinyelela esifundeni saseMagadan (uMfula iKolyma) naseYakutia.
Iningi lalo lonke i-muksun lihlala kulezi zindawo ezilandelayo zemifula:
- ULena;
- Indigirki;
- Yenisei;
- Anabara;
- Obi;
- I-Pyasiny;
- I-Irtysh.
UMuksun naye uhlala emanzini amachibi anjengeGlubokoe, iTaimyr, iLama. Inhlanzi itholakala oLwandle lwaseKara, uLaptev Sea, oLwandle lwase-East Siberian, olwandle, ikhetha izindawo ezisogwini.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ekuqaleni kwekhulu elidlule eMfuleni iTom (umfudlana ofanele we-Ob) kwakukhona inani elikhulu le-muksun, ngenxa yalokhu kwakuyisiko ukubiza abahlali baseTomsk ngokuthi "muksunniks". Ngenxa yokuchuma ngokuzingela ngokungemthetho, manje isimo sesishintshile, inani le-muksun lehle kakhulu, laze laba yindlala kulezo zindawo.
Ngaphandle kwemingcele yaseRussia, umuksun wayethanda amanzi aqandayo echibini-lomfula waseCanada nase-United States. Lapha ibizwa ngokuthi "i-whitefish" - inhlanzi emhlophe, ngoba ipendwe ngamathoni alula (acishe amhlophe). UMuksun uthanda amanzi ahlanzekile ahlanzekile noma imizimba yamanzi anosawoti kancane, udlula emanzini olwandle, ukhangwa yimifula emifula enamanzi olwandle ahlanzekile nosawoti. UMukun ufuduka njalo ngesikhathi sokuzala, enqoba izikhala ezinkulu, kepha emigodini yezinhlelo zemifula njenge-Ob neTom ingatholakala unyaka wonke.
Udla ini muksun?
Isithombe: Muksun waseNyakatho
UMuksun uyasebenza impela, awukwazi ukumbona ngaphandle kokuhamba, ngakho-ke, ukufuna ukudla kubaluleke kakhulu, ngoba udinga ukuvuselela amandla akho nsuku zonke. Ukudla okulula kwezinhlanzi ezintweni ezahlukahlukene, ezincane, ze-benthic: izibungu, izingwe, ama-molluscs, ama-crustaceans aphakathi nendawo, zonke izinhlobo zezinambuzane zasemanzini. Isakhiwo esikhethekile samapuleti we-gill sisiza i-muksun ukuhlunga inani elikhulu lomhlabathi ongezansi (ikakhulukazi udaka) ukuze ithole ukudla kuwo.
Imenyu yamasheya amancane ikhawulelwe kuma-zooplankton namaqanda ezinye izinhlobo ze-salmon. Ama-specimens avuthiwe awaphikisi ukudla ama-fry ozakwabo. Ngesikhathi sokuzala, izinhlanzi zondla kabi kakhulu ukuze zingakhathali nhlobo futhi zifike ezindaweni zokuzalela. Kepha ekugcineni kwesikhathi sokuzala, i-muksun iba nge-omnivorous, ngoba kunesidingo esiphuthumayo sokubuyisa amandla nobungqabavu.
Ngenkathi yokundiza kwenqwaba yezinambuzane ezihlala eduze nemizimba yamanzi, idili langempela liqala e-muksun, cishe alisuki ebusweni bamanzi, lihlala libamba izisulu eziningi ngokwengeziwe ezindiza zidlule noma ziwela ngqo emanzini.
Ngakho-ke umuksun udla kakhulu:
- amabhungane omhlabathi;
- izibawu;
- Kwangathi amabhungane;
- amabhu ebusuku;
- padenkami;
- ezinye izinambuzane.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Fish muksun eRussia
Njengoba sekushiwo, umuksun uthanda amadamu amasha noma anosawoti amancane ngamanzi ahlanzekile apholile. Akusizi ngalutho ukuthi le nhlanzi ibizwa ngokuthi inyakatho (inhlanzi emhlophe esenyakatho), ngoba ayithandi isimo sezulu esifudumele nesikhathi sonyaka sehlobo esishisayo, ngakho-ke yenza kube nokuhlala emanzini aseSiberia. UMuksun uthathwa njengenhlanzi eyi-semi-anadromous, ngoba yenza ukufuduka okudala okuzala.
UMuksun angabizwa ngokuthi uqine kakhulu futhi uyaphikelela, ngoba akafi ngesikhathi sokuzala, yize esebenzisa amandla amakhulu namandla. Ngokumangazayo, le nhlanzi ibuya ngemuva kokufudukela ezindaweni zayo lapho ingahlala khona futhi iqala ukubuyisa amandla ayo kanye nezinqolobane ezinamafutha, izondle ngokuqinile nangokungakhethi.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: I-muksun enesibindi nenenhloso iyakwazi ukunqoba cishe amakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ezimbalwa, ebhukuda ngokumelene nomsinga wamanje ukuze ikhukhule amaqanda ayo.
UMukun usebenzisa isikhathi esanele senhlanzi ekudleni, ikakhulukazi ngemuva kokuphela kwesikhathi sokuzala. Izindawo zokudla ze-muksun yizindawo ezigelezayo ezinamanzi apholile, ukujula kwawo kuyahluka kusuka kumamitha amathathu kuya kwamahlanu.
Into esemqoka ukuthi lezi zindawo zehlukile:
- ukuzinza kokushisa;
- ukutholakala kwezindawo zokukhosela ezingaphansi kwamanzi;
- amanzi ahlanzekile ane-oxygen eyanele.
Ngokuvamile, i-muksun yaziswa kakhulu phakathi kwabadobi nabadla izinhlanzi. Kunobufakazi bokuthi nasezikhathini zasendulo, lapho i-sterlet yayithengiswa ngamabhakede ezimakethe, i-muksun yayithengiswa ngocezu kuphela futhi yayibiza kakhulu. Inyama yayo isabhekwa njengesibiliboco kanye nenqolobane yamavithamini awusizo nezinye izinto. Abathandi bokudoba benza konke okusemandleni abo ukubamba le nhlanzi enhle, badoba ngokuphotha futhi bahambe ngokudoba besebenzisa izingibe ezahlukahlukene.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Inhlanzi yaseMuksun emanzini
Imvelo yanikeza i-muksun isikhathi eside sokuphila, esiphakathi kweminyaka eyi-16 kuye kwengama-20, nezimpawu zezinhlanzi nazo zakhonjwa, ukunqoba umugqa weminyaka engama-25. Mayelana nalokhu, izinhlanzi zivuthwa ngokocansi lapho sezikhulile ngokwanele, imvamisa ngeminyaka eyi-8 - 12 ubudala, ama-muksuns okuqala ukuvuthwa angabantu abaneminyaka eyisithupha ubudala bezinhlanzi.
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-muksun kuqala ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, lapho kuqala ukuncibilika kweqhwa. Njengoba kuchaziwe ngaphambili, umuksun uhamba izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha eyoshanela amaqanda. Inhlanzi ibhukuda ibanga elide kangako kuphela phakathi nasekwindla. Ezizalweni zokuzalela i-muksunu, amadamu afanelekile, lapho i-current ishesha khona, futhi indawo engezansi imbozwe isihlabathi noma amatshe amatshe. Isikhathi sokuzala izinhlanzi siphela ekwindla ngasekupheleni (Novemba).
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ukuzala kukaMuksun kuyaphela lapho izinga lokushisa lamanzi lehla ngaphansi kwamadigri amane ngesibonakaliso sokuhlanganisa.
Inani lamaqanda elikhiqizwe yilo futhi lincike ngosayizi wenhlanzi. Bangabalelwa ku-30 kuye ku-60 000. Amaqanda anombala ophuzi futhi anamathele, adingekayo ukunamathisela ezindaweni eziqinile. Ngesikhathi sokuphila kwayo kwezinhlanzi, insikazi yenza ukufuduka okuzalelayo okungu-3 noma oku-4, minyaka yonke ayinamandla okuhamba uhambo olude kangako, aluthola kancane kancane, agcwalise amafutha alo, ukuze enze lolu hambo oludinisayo futhi olude futhi.
Amaqanda e-muksun avuthwa isikhathi esiyizinyanga ezinhlanu noma ngaphezulu. Izingane zivame ukuzalwa ngoMashi noma ngo-Ephreli. Lapho kuzalwa gazinga elincane, ukugeleza kwamanzi kubayisa ezingxenyeni ezingezansi zemifula noma kwamathangi okudonswa kwamanzi, lapho bekhula khona futhi bakhule ngenkuthalo. Izingane zihlukaniswa ngombala wazo wehlosi, ozisiza ukuba zizifihle phakathi kwezimila ezisogwini lolwandle, lapho zifuna khona i-zooplankton ukuthola ukudla. Kubonakele ukuthi ukuvuthwa kwabesifazane kukude kunokwabesilisa. Imvamisa, inhlanzi ilungela ukufuywa lapho ifinyelela isisindo esingama-gramu angama-800 noma ngaphezulu.
Izitha zemvelo zemuksun
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani imisipha
Ezimweni zemvelo, i-muksun ayinazitha eziningi kangaka. Ngokuphathelene nesici samanzi, ezinye izidalwa ezinkulu zezinhlanzi zingaba izifiso ezimbi zale nhlanzi. Izilwane ezincane namaqanda, ezingadliwa ngobuningi ngezinye izinhlanzi, zisengozini enkulu. Noma kunjalo, isitha esiyingozi kakhulu nesikhohlisayo silinde i-muksun hhayi kukholamu lamanzi, kodwa ogwini.
I-muksun enesibindi futhi eqinile, ezozala, inganqoba noma iziphi izithiyo nobunzima, kepha ayikwazi ukunqoba ukuhaha kwabantu, ubuqaba nokuntuleka kwemigomo. Kuyadabukisa ukukwazi, kepha isitha esiyinhloko nesicashile kunazo zonke sezinhlanzi, okungukuthi, umuntu. Abantu bathonya i-muksun, ngokuqondile nangokungaqondile. Ukudoba ngobuningi okungalawulwa kanye nokuzingelwa ngokungemthetho kokuzingelezela kuyachuma, kubhubhisa izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlanzi, kufaka phakathi i-muksun.
Ikakhulukazi esengozini futhi engenakuzivikela i-muksun ezalanayo, elwela ukufinyelela ezindaweni ezizalela kuyo ngokuphelele. Lokhu kuvame ukusetshenziselwa abazingeli abangenabulungisa, ngenhloso yokwenza inzuzo, ukubulala izinhlanzi kanye ne-caviar yayo. Umuntu uthinta kabi inani lezinhlanzi, angcolisa imizimba yamanzi ngenxa yemisebenzi yakhe engakhathali. Ezindaweni eziningi lapho i-muksun yayingummeleli ovamile futhi omningi we-ichthyofauna, manje kubhekwa njengokuyivelakancane okukhulu, okukhathazeka ngokwandayo kwezinhlangano zokongiwa kwemvelo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Muskuny
UMuksun uphethwe yinyama yakhe emnandi futhi enempilo, engabizi kakhulu. Njengoba sekushiwo, ezifundeni eziningi, lapho le nhlanzi yayiningi khona, imfuyo yehla kakhulu, okwaholela ekutheni i-muksun yaba yinto engavamile kakhulu. Inani labantu le-muksun lehle kakhulu ngenxa yokudoba ngobuningi okungalawulwa kanye nokuzingelwa kobugebengu. Ngenxa yalokhu, umbuzo wokufaka i-muksun eRed Book uya ngokuya uqhamuka, ngenkathi kusacutshungulwa, kepha izindlela eziningi zokuzivikela ezithathiwe sezivele zikhiqiza kakhulu.
Yize inhlanzi ithathwa njengezinhlanzi ezithengiswayo, ukudotshwa kwayo kulawulwa ngokuqinile. Kwezinye izifunda (iTyumen, iTomsk) kanye nezindawo ezizimele zeYamalo-Nenets neKhanty-Mansi, kusukela ngonyaka we-2014, sekusungulwe izindlela zokuvimbela imboni yokudoba i-muksun. Ku-2017, kunqatshelwe ukudoba i-muksun emanzini asezindaweni zokudoba zaseWest Siberian.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: I-Muksun ikhuliswe ngempumelelo ezimweni zokufakelwa, kusuka lapho inikezwa khona emashalofini ezitolo ezahlukahlukene.
Kwesinye isikhathi, ukuzidela komuntu, ukuhaha kanye nokoma okumangazayo kwenzuzo akunamkhawulo, njengoba kufakazelwa ukugcwaliswa kwezinhlu ezibomvu ngabamele abahlukahlukene bezilwane. UMukun naye angalindela isiphetho esinjalo, kepha kusekhona ithemba lokuthi izindlela zokuzivikela esezithathiwe zizothela izithelo, yize, njengoba isikhathi sikhombisa, impi yokulwa nokuzingela ngokungemthetho iseyize futhi ayisebenzi.
Kumele uqaphele ukuthi muksun - inhlanzi iyathutha, ngakho-ke ukufakwa kwayo eRed Book kunoma iyiphi insimu ethile ngeke kunikeze imiphumela oyifunayo. Vele, ukwehla kwesibalo semfuyo ye-muksun akubonwa yonke indawo, kepha ezindaweni eziningi zokuhlala kwayo okukhulu. Kungenzeka ukuthi esikhathini esizayo esiseduze i-muksun izofakwa ohlwini lweRed Book yezwe lethu elikhulu.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 26.07.2019
Idethi yokubuyekeza: 09/29/2019 ngo-21: 07
