Igama layo i-crested newt ithole ngenxa yobude bayo obude, obelula emuva nasemsileni. Lawa ma-amphibians avame ukugcinwa ngabaqoqi. Endaweni yazo yemvelo, izinombolo zazo zihlala zincipha. Lesi silwane sibukeka njengeselesele noma isibankwa, kodwa akunjalo. Zingaphila emhlabeni nasemanzini.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Crested newt
I-Triturus cristatus ivela kuhlobo lwe-Triturus futhi ingeye-oda lama-amphibian anomsila. I-subclass shellless ingeyesigaba sama-amphibians.
Ama-Newt angaphansi kwemindeni elandelayo:
- ama-salamanders;
- ama-salamanders;
- ama-salamanders angenamaphaphu.
Phambilini, bekukholelwa ukuthi lezi zinhlobo zifaka izinhlobo ezi-4: T. c. cristatus, T. dobrogicus, T. karelinii, noT. carnifex. Manje izazi zemvelo azihlukanisi izinhlobo ezingaphansi kwalezi eziphila emanzini. Lolu hlobo lwatholakala ngo-1553 ngumhloli wamazwe waseSwitzerland uK. Gesner. Uyiqambe ngokuthi isibankwa sasemanzini. Igama elithi tritons lanikezwa umndeni ngo-1768 ngusosayensi wase-Austrian I. Laurenti.
Ividiyo: Crested newt
Ezinganekwaneni zasendulo zamaGrikhi, uTriton wayeyindodana kaPoseidon no-Amphitrite. Ngesikhathi sikaZamcolo, washaya uphondo ngokuyalelwa nguyise futhi amagagasi ahlehla. Ekulweni nemidondoshiya, unkulunkulu wakhipha igobolondo lolwandle imidondoshiya yabaleka. UTriton uboniswe ngomzimba womuntu nemisila yehlengethwa esikhundleni semilenze. Usize ama-Argonauts ukuthi ashiye echibini lawo aye olwandle oluvulekile.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ummeleli wohlobo unempahla eyingqayizivele yokuvuselelwa. Ama-Amphibians angabuyisa imisila elahlekile, imilenze noma imisila. R. Mattey wenza ukutholakala okumangazayo ngo-1925 - izilwane zingavuselela izitho zangaphakathi nokubona ngisho nangemva kokusika i-optic nerve.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Crested newt ngokwemvelo
Usayizi wabantu abadala ufinyelela kumasentimitha ayi-11-18, eYurophu - kuze kufike kumasentimitha angama-20. Umzimba yi-fusiform, ikhanda likhulu, liyisicaba. Zixhunywe ngentamo emfushane. Umsila uthambile. Ubude baso cishe bulingana nobude bomzimba. Izitho zomzimba ziyefana, zithuthuke kahle. Emilenzeni yangaphambili, iminwe emi-3-4 emincane, emilenzeni yangemuva, 5.
Ukuphefumula kwezibungu kwenziwa ngemithambo. Ama-amphibians amadala aphefumula ngesikhumba nasemaphashini, lapho kuguquka khona amagill. Ngosizo lomphetho wesikhumba emsileni, ama-amphibian athola umoya-mpilo emanzini. Uma izilwane zikhetha impilo yasemhlabeni, iyanyamalala njengengadingekile. Ama-newts angakhwifa, aqhume noma ashaye ikhwela.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Yize umbono wezilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini ubuthakathaka kakhulu, inzwa yokuhogela yathuthukiswa kahle kakhulu: ama-newt crest anganuka isisulu ebangeni elingamamitha ayi-200-300.
Izinhlobo zihlukile kunewtt ejwayelekile ngokungabi khona komugqa omnyama wobude phakathi kwamehlo. Ingxenye engenhla yomzimba imnyama enamabala amancane abonakalayo. Isisu sinombala ophuzi noma owolintshi. Kunamaqoqo amaningi amachashazi amhlophe ezihlathini nasezinhlangothini. Umphimbo umnyama, kwesinye isikhathi uphuzi, unamachashazi amhlophe. Amazinyo agijima emigqeni emibili ehambisanayo. Isakhiwo semihlathi sikuvumela ukuthi ubambe isisulu ngokuqinile.
Isikhumba, kuye ngohlobo, singaba bushelelezi noma sibe namabhomu. Kubi lapho uthinta. Esiswini, imvamisa ngaphandle kokukhululeka okukhulunyiwe, ngemuva kusalungiswa okuluhlaza. Umbala awuxhomekile kuphela ezinhlotsheni, kodwa futhi nasendaweni yokuhlala. Lezi zinto zithonya ukwakheka nosayizi weqolo lomqolo wesilisa elikhula ngenkathi yokukhwelana.
Ukuphakama ukuphakama kungafinyelela isentimitha elilodwa nohhafu, i-isthmus esemsila iyabizwa. Ingxenye enesiga kakhulu eqala kusuka ekhanda kuye ezansi komsila. Umsila awukhulunywa kakhulu. Ngezikhathi ezijwayelekile, i-crest cishe ayibonakali kwabesilisa.
Ihlala kuphi i-newst crest?
Isithombe: Crested newt eRussia
Indawo yezidalwa ibanzi kakhulu. Kubandakanya iningi laseYurophu, kufaka phakathi i-UK, kepha hhayi i-Ireland. Ama-Amphibians ahlala e-Ukraine, entshonalanga yeRussia. Umngcele oseningizimu ugudla iRomania, i-Alps, iMoldova, noLwandle Olumnyama. Enyakatho, kunqamula eFinland naseSweden.
Okuvame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezingamahlathi ezinemizimba emincane yamanzi - amachibi, amachibi, imisele, amachibi angasemuva, ama-peat bog, imisele. Bachitha isikhathi sabo esiningi ogwini, ngakho-ke bathola isiphephelo kwiziphunzi ezibolile, izimbobo zemvukuzane, kanye namagxolo ezihlahla eziwile.
Izilwane zihlala cishe kuwo wonke amazwekazi, ngaphandle kwe-Australia, Antarctica, Africa. Ungahlangana nabo eNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika, e-Asia ngisho nangaphesheya kwe-Arctic Circle. Izidalwa zikhetha izindawo ezinenqwaba yohlaza. Izindawo ezingcolisiwe ziyagwenywa. Entwasahlobo kuze kube phakathi nehlobo bahlala emanzini. Ngemuva kokufika ezweni, izidalwa zicasha ezindaweni zokukhosela.
Ngokuqala kwesimo sezulu esibandayo, ama-amphibian alala izinyanga eziyisi-7 kuya kwezi-8 futhi abhoboza ngaphansi komhlaba, izihlahla ezibolile, izinkuni ezifile noma inqwaba yamaqabunga awile. Kwesinye isikhathi ungabona izigaxa zezidalwa zigonene. Abantu baguqulwa kangcono ezindaweni ezivulekile. Kunzima kakhulu ukuthola ama-newst crest ezindaweni zezolimo nasezindaweni ezinabantu.
Ukujula kwamachibi okuvame ukungabi ngaphezu kwemitha elilodwa nohhafu, imitha elingu-0.7-0.9 ngaphezulu. Izinqolobane zesikhashana angeke zeqe u-0.2-0.3 wamamitha. Izilwane zivuka engxenyeni yesibili ka-Ephreli, lapho umoya ufudumala kuze kube ngama-9-10 degrees. Ukuhlaliswa kwamachibi amaningi kwenzeka ngamazinga okushisa kwamanzi angaphezu kwama-12-13 degrees.
Yini edliwa yi-crested newt?
Isithombe: Crested newt ovela eRed Book
Ukudla kuhlukile kunalokho okusezweni.
Emanzini, ama-amphibians adla:
- amabhungane amanzi;
- izimbaza;
- ama-crustaceans amancane;
- izibungu zomiyane;
- abathandi bamanzi;
- ojekamanzi;
- ukujija;
- izimbungulu zamanzi.
Emhlabathini, ukudla akuvamile futhi akuvamile.
Ingxenye enkulu yile:
- izikelemu zomhlaba;
- izinambuzane nezibungu;
- ama-slugs;
- ama-acorn angenalutho.
Amehlo angaboni kahle awavumeli ukubamba izilwane ezinamahloni, ngakho-ke i-newt ivame ukulamba. Izitho zomugqa ohlangothini zisiza ekubambeni ama-crustaceans asemanzini ageleza afinyelele embusweni we-amphibian kude nesentimitha elilodwa. Izintuthwane zizingela amaqanda ezinhlanzi nongwane. AmaMolluscs akha ama-60% wokudla kwama-amphibians, izibungu zezinambuzane - kufika kuma-40%.
Emhlabeni, izikelemu zomhlaba zifinyelela kokungu-60% kokudla, ama-slugs ayi-10-20%, izinambuzane nezibungu zazo - 20-40%, abantu abancane bezinye izinhlobo - 5%. Ezimweni zokuzalanisa ekhaya, abantu abadala bondliwa ngezikhilikithi zasendlini noma zikabhanana, izidlo noma izikelemu zomhlaba, amaphela, ama-molluscs nezinye izinambuzane. Emanzini, izidalwa zinikezwa iminenke, ama-bloodworms, ama-tubules.
Ukuhlaselwa kwabantu bohlobo lwabo, kepha ngosayizi omncane, kwezinye izindawo kuholele ekwehleni kwabantu. Emhlabeni, izilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini zizingela ikakhulukazi ebusuku noma emini lapho izulu lina. Babamba yonke into esondela futhi ingene emlonyeni.
Zidla kuphela izibungu ezidla i-zooplankton. Njengoba zikhula, ziguqula inyamazane enkulu. Esigabeni sesibungu, ama-newt adla ama-gastropods, ama-caddisflies, izicabucabu, ama-cladocerans, i-lamellar gill nama-copepods. Izidalwa zinesifiso esihle impela, zivame ukuhlasela izisulu ezidlula ubukhulu bazo.
Manje uyazi ukuthi uzondla kanjani i-newt crested. Ake sibone ukuthi uhlala kanjani endle.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Crested newt
Ama-newt aseCresti aqala umsebenzi wawo ngoMashi-Ephreli, ngemuva kokuncibilika kweqhwa. Ngokuya ngendawo, le nqubo ingahlala kusuka ngoFebhuwari kuya kuMeyi. Izidalwa zikhetha impilo yasebusuku, kepha ngesikhathi sokukhwelana zingasebenza usuku lonke.
Izilwane zibhukuda kahle futhi zizizwa zikhululekile emanzini kunasemhlabeni. Umsila usetshenziswa njengendiza. Ama-Amphibians ahamba ngokushesha ezansi nemizimba yamanzi, ngenkathi egijima emhlabeni kubukeka kukubi.
Ngemuva kokuphela kwenkathi yokuzalanisa, abantu bathuthela emhlabathini, kepha abanye besilisa bakhetha ukuhlala emanzini kuze kube sekwindla. Yize zihamba phansi ngobunzima, ngezikhathi zobungozi, izilwane zingahamba ngamadeshi ngokushesha.
Ama-Amphibian angakhasa kude nemizimba yamanzi ikhilomitha elilodwa nohhafu. Abahambi abazethembayo kakhulu ngabantu abasha abanonyaka owodwa noma emibili ubudala. Abasha abanolwazi olukhulu bazama ukuhlala eduze kwamanzi. Izimbobo ze-hibernation azizimbi ngokwazo. Sebenzisa okwenziwe ngomumo. Zivalekile kuzo ngamaqembu ukuze zilahlekelwe umswakama omncane.
Ekhaya, izilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini zihlala isikhathi eside kakhulu kunasemvelweni wemvelo. Ekuthunjweni, lapho kungekho lutho olubasongelayo, ama-newt angaphila isikhathi eside ngokwengeziwe. Umuntu omdala kakhulu oqoshiwe washona eneminyaka engama-28 - irekhodi ngisho naphakathi kweminyaka eyikhulu.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Crested newt ngokwemvelo
Ngemuva kokuphuma ebusika, ama-amphibian abuyela echibini, lapho azalelwa khona. Abesilisa bafika kuqala. Uma lina, indlela izoba lula, uma kwenzeka kuneqhwa kuzoba nzima ukufika lapho. Owesilisa uhlala endaweni yakhe futhi ulindele ukufika kowesifazane.
Lapho insikazi iseduze, owesilisa usakaza ama-pheromones, azulise umsila wakhe ngenkuthalo. I-Cavalier yenza umdanso wokukhwelana, izama ukuheha isithandwa sayo, igobise umzimba wayo wonke, iyigcoba, ishaya ikhanda kancane ngomsila wayo. Ekupheleni kwenqubo, owesilisa ubeka i-spermatophore phansi, bese owesifazane eyithatha nge-cloaca.
Ukukhulelwa kwenzeka ngaphakathi komzimba. Insikazi ibeka amaqanda amhlophe, aphuzi noma aphuzi ngokuluhlaza angaba ngamamilimitha amahlanu ububanzi entwasahlobo nasekuqaleni kwehlobo. Amaqanda asontekile abe yizicucu ezi-2-3 emaqabungeni ezitshalo zasemanzini. Izibungu zivela ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-14-18. Ekuqaleni, zondla kulokho okusuka esikhwameni se-yolk, bese zizingela i-zooplankton.
Iziphungumangathi ziluhlaza okotshani, isisu nezinhlangothi zisegolide. Umsila futhi uqede ezindaweni ezimnyama ngokuhlelwa okumhlophe. Izigilo zibomvu. Zikhula ubude obufinyelela kumasentimitha ayi-8. Ngokungafani nezinhlobo ezihlobene kakhulu, zihlala kukholamu yamanzi, hhayi ezansi, ngakho-ke zivame ukudliwa yizinhlanzi ezidlayo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izinyawo zangaphambili zikhula kuqala ezibungwini. Letindvuna letindzala tikhula cishe emavikini la-7-8.
Ukukhula kwemikhumbi kuthatha cishe izinyanga ezintathu, emva kwalokho izinsizwa ziyavela emanzini zingene emhlabeni. Lapho idamu loma, inqubo iyashesha, futhi lapho kunamanzi anele, kunalokho, ahlala isikhathi eside. Izibungu ezingashintshiwe zilala kuleli fomu. Kepha akukho okungaphezu kwengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu kubo okusinda kuze kufike intwasahlobo.
Izitha zemvelo zama-crested newts
Isithombe: I-newt crested newt
Isikhumba sase-Amphibian sikhipha amafinyila kanye nento enobuthi engathelela esinye isilwane.
Kepha, naphezu kwalokhu, i-newt inezitha eziningi zemvelo:
- amaxoxo aluhlaza;
- izinyoka;
- izinyoka;
- ezinye izinhlanzi;
- izindwandwe;
- onogolantethe nezinye izinyoni.
Kwesinye isikhathi ufudu lwexhaphozi noma unogolantethe omnyama kungangena empilweni ye-amphibian. Izilwane eziningi ezidla emanzini - ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi, izilwane eziphila emanzini nasemanzini, izinambuzane ezingenamgogodla - azikuthandi ukudla izibungu. I-cannibalism ayijwayelekile ekuthunjweni. Abanye abantu bathinteka kakhulu yizinhlanzi ezifakiwe.
Izimuncagazi ezidala inyumoniya zingangena emzimbeni wesilwane nokudla. Phakathi kwazo: Batrachotaenia karpathica, Cosmocerca longicauda, Halipegus ovocaudatus, Opisthioglyphe ranae, Pleurogenes claviger, Chabaudgolvania terdentatum, Hedruris androphora.
Ekhaya, ama-newt crest asengozini yezifo eziningi. Izifo ezivame kakhulu zihlobene nohlelo lokugaya ukudla. Izinkinga zihlotshaniswa nokudla okungafanele noma ukungenisa inhlabathi esiswini.
Abantu be-aquarium bavame ukuhlupheka ngezifo zefungal ezithinta isikhumba. I-Mucorosis ibhekwa njengenkinga evame kakhulu. Isifo esivame kakhulu yi-sepsis. Lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yokungena kwamagciwane emzimbeni. Ukudla okunomsoco okungafanele kungaholela ekuqongeleleni uketshezi ezicubu zomzimba - ukuvuza.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Crested newt emanzini
Ukuzwela okuphezulu kwezinga lamanzi yikhona okuyimbangela enkulu yokwehla kwenani labantu baseNewt. Abantu balezi zinhlobo bancipha ngokushesha kunamanye ama-amphibian. KuT. Cristatus, ukungcola kwezimboni kanye nemisele yamanzi emizimbeni yamanzi kubeka engcupheni enkulu.
Ezindaweni eziningi, lapho cishe eminyakeni engamashumi amabili edlule, izilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini zazithathwa njengezinhlobo ezivamile, manje azisatholakali. I-newt crested ibhekwa njengenye yezinhlobo ezisengozini kakhulu ezisengozini yezilwane zase-Europe. Ngaphandle kobubanzi obubanzi, lolu hlobo aluningi neze, ikakhulukazi enyakatho nasempumalanga yezindawo zalo ezijwayelekile.
Abantu basakazeke kulo lonke uhla emaphethini we-mosaic futhi batholakala kaningana kaningi kaningi kune-newt ejwayelekile. Uma kuqhathaniswa nayo, ikamu libhekwa njengenhlobo yangemuva. Yize ngezinombolo i-newt crested ingaphansi izikhathi eziphindwe ka-5 kunaleyo ejwayelekile, emahlathini ahlabayo abantu balingana, kanti kwezinye izindawo baze badlule nezinhlobo ezijwayelekile.
Ngenxa yokucekelwa phansi okukhulu kwezindawo zokuhlala kusukela ngawo-1940, inani labantu baseYurophu lehle kakhulu. Ubuningi babantu yi-1.6-4.5 specimens ngehektha ngalinye lomhlaba. Ezindaweni ezivame ukuvakashelwa abantu, kunokuthambekela kokucishe kuphele ngokuphelele ezindaweni ezinkulu.
Ukwanda kwenethiwekhi yemigwaqo, ukwethulwa kwezinhlanzi ezidla ezinye (ikakhulukazi, i-Amur sleeper), ukubhujiswa ngabantu, ukufuduka kwezindawo kanye nokubanjelwa kwezindawo ezithinta kakhulu inani lezidalwa. Umsebenzi wokumba wezingulube nawo uyisici esibi.
Ukuqapha okusha okusha
Isithombe: Crested newt ovela eRed Book
Lezi zinhlobo zibhalwe ku-International Red Book, eRed Book yaseLatvia, eLithuania, eTatarstan. Kuvikelwe yi-Berne Convention (Annex II). Yize ingekho ohlwini lweRed Data Book yaseRussia, njengoba kubhekwa njengengekho sengozini, loluhlobo lufakiwe kuRed Data Books ezifundeni ezingama-25 zaseRussia. Phakathi kwabo kukhona i-Orenburg, iMoscow, i-Ulyanovsk, iRiphabhulikhi yaseBashkortostan nabanye.
Njengamanje, akukho zinyathelo zokuphepha ezikhethekile ezisetshenziswayo. Izilwane zihlala eziqiwini eziyi-13 eRussia, ikakhulukazi, iZhigulevsky nezinye izindawo ezigcinwayo. Ukwephula ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwamanzi kungaholela ekunyamalaleni okuphelele kwama-amphibians. Ngakho-ke, kunconywa ukuthi kuvinjelwe imisebenzi yezolimo neyehlathi.
Ukuze kulondolozwe lezi zinhlobo, kuyadingeka ukwenza umsebenzi wokuthola amaqembu endawo azinzile nokwethula umbuso ovikelekile ezindaweni ezinjalo, kugxilwe ekulondolozweni kwezindikimba zamanzi, nasekuqaliseni ukuvinjelwa kokuhwebelana ngama-newst crest. Lezi zinhlobo zifakiwe ohlwini lwezilwane ezingavamile zesifunda saseSaratov futhi kunconywa ukuthi zifakwe kwiRed Data Book yalesi sifunda.
Ezindaweni ezinkulu ezinkulu, kunconywa ukuthi kubuyiselwe esimweni semvelo yasemanzini, kushintshwe amabhange okufakelwa ahlotshiswe ngohlaza lwemvelo ukuze kuzalwe kahle izidalwa, futhi kumiswe ukukhishwa kwamanzi esiphepho angalashiwe emifuleni emincane enemicibisholo.
Crested newt kanti izibungu zayo zibandakanyeka ekubhujisweni komiyane, okuletha izinzuzo ezinkulu kubantu. Futhi, izilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini zidla abathwali bezifo ezahlukahlukene. Ngokunakekelwa okufanele, awukwazi ukuhlobisa i-aquarium yakho kuphela ngamabhangqa amasha, kepha futhi ubakhiqize ngempumelelo. Izingane zidinga ukudla okuhlala njalo, izimila nezindawo zokufihla zokwenziwa.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 22.07.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09/29/2019 ngo-18: 52
