AmaSwift ahlala ngamaqembu amancane. Kunezinhlobo ezingaba yikhulu, imvamisa zihlukaniswe ngemikhaya emibili nezizwe ezine. Yinyoni eshesha kunazo zonke emhlabeni futhi incike kakhulu kusimo sezulu. Shesha yenzelwe umoya nenkululeko. Atholakala kuwo wonke amazwekazi, ngaphandle kwase-Antarctica naseziqhingini ezikude, lapho bengakakwazi ukufinyelela khona. Ezinganekwaneni zaseYurophu, ama-swifts ayaziwa ngokuthi "Izinyoni ZikaDeveli" - mhlawumbe ngenxa yokungafinyeleleki kwawo futhi, njengezikhova, ziheha ukunakwa okuningi.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Strizh
ISwift iphakathi nendawo ngosayizi, ibukeka njengenkonjane, kepha ngaphezulu. Ukufana phakathi kwala maqembu kungenxa yokuguquka okuguqukayo, kukhombisa izindlela zokuphila ezifanayo ezisuselwa ekubambeni izinambuzane ezindizayo. Kodwa-ke, izindlela zabo zaziphambukile endulo. Izihlobo zabo eziseduze kakhulu yi-hummingbirds yaseNew World. Abasendulo babebathatha njengenkonjane ngaphandle kwemilenze. Igama lesayensi u-Apus livela ku-Greek α yasendulo - "ngaphandle" no-πούς - "umlenze". Isiko lokukhombisa ukushushumbisa ngaphandle kwemilenze laqhubeka langena eNkathini Ephakathi, njengoba kungabonakala emifanekisweni yezimemezelo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ukuphathwa kwentela kwama-swifts kuyinkimbinkimbi, futhi imingcele ejwayelekile nezinhlobo zezinhlobo zemvelo zivame ukuphikiswa. Ukuhlaziywa kokuziphatha nokuzwakala komsindo kuyinkimbinkimbi ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo okufana, ngenkathi ukuhlaziywa kwezici ezahlukahlukene zokuziphatha kanye nokulandelana kwe-DNA kuveze imiphumela edidayo nengahambisani.
Isivinini esivamile sasingenye yezinhlobo ezichazwe isazi semvelo saseSweden uKarl Linnaeus ngo-1758 kuhlelo lweshumi lweSystema Naturae yakhe. Wethula igama eliyinkomba elithi Hirundo apus. Uhlobo lwamanje i-Apus lwakhiwa yisazi semvelo sase-Italy uGiovanni Antonio Scopoli ngo-1777. Umanduleli wezinhlobo ezingaphansi kwe-Central Europe, ezaziphila ngesikhathi seqhwa sokugcina, uchazwe njengo-Apus palapus.
Amaswishi anemilenze emifushane kakhulu, esetshenziselwa ngokuyinhloko ukubamba izindawo eziqondile. Abalokothi bahlale ngokuzithandela emhlabathini, lapho bengase babe sengozini khona. Ngezikhathi zokungazali, abanye abantu bangachitha izinyanga eziyishumi bezindiza eziqhubekayo.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Shesha ukundiza
Ama-swifts angamasentimitha ayi-16 kuya kwayi-17 ubude futhi anezimpiko ezingamasentimitha angama-42 kuye kwangama-48, kuya ngeminyaka yesifanekiso. Anombala onsundu onsundu ngaphandle kwesilevu nomphimbo, okungamhlophe kube ukhilimu ngombala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingxenye ephezulu yezimpaphe zokundiza inombala onsundu onsundu ngokuqhathaniswa nawo wonke umzimba. Ama-swifts nawo angahlukaniswa ngezimpaphe zawo zomsila ezilinganiselwe, amaphiko amancane e-crescent nemisindo ememeza kakhulu. Zivame ukuphutha ngezinkonjane. ISwift inkulu, inesimo sephiko esihluke ngokuphelele nokubhangqa kwendiza okufana nokwenkonjane.
Zonke izinhlobo emndenini i-Apodidae (ezisheshayo) zinezici ezihlukile ze-morphological, "unyawo olubambekayo" lwangemuva lapho izinzwane ezimbili nezine ziphikisana no-3 no-4. Lokhu kuvumela ukunqunywa kwezinwele okuvamile ukuthi kunamathisele ezindaweni ezifana nezindonga zamatshe, oshimula, nezinye izindawo eziqondile ezinye izinyoni ezingakwazi ukufinyelela kuzo. Abesilisa nabesifazane babukeka ngokufanayo.
Ividiyo: Strizh
Abantu ababonisi zinguquko zonyaka noma zezwe. Kodwa-ke, amaphuphu amancane angahlukaniswa kubantu abadala ngokuhluka okuncane kokugcwala kombala nokufana, njengoba izingane zivame ukuba mnyama kakhulu ngombala, kanye nezimpaphe ezimhlophe ezinamaphiko ebunzini nendawo emhlophe ngaphansi komlomo. Lokhu kwehluka kubonakala kahle eduze. Banomsila omfushane, owemfoloko namaphiko amade kakhulu alengayo afana nenyanga eyikreshi.
Ama-swifts akhipha ukukhala okukhulu ngamathoni amabili ahlukene, aphakeme kakhulu avela kwabesifazane. Zivame ukwakha "amaqembu amemezayo" kusihlwa ehlobo, lapho abantu abayi-10-20 bebuthana bebaleka bezungeza izindawo zabo zokwakha izidleke. Amaqembu amakhulu akhalayo akha ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ekupheleni kwenkathi yokuzalanisa. Inhloso yala maqembu ayikacaci.
Uhlala kuphi onejubane?
Isithombe: Inyoni esheshayo
Ama-swifts atholakala kuwo wonke amazwekazi ngaphandle kwase-Antarctica, kepha hhayi enyakatho ekude, ezingwadule ezinkulu noma eziqhingini zasolwandle. I-swift ejwayelekile (i-Apus apus) itholakala cishe kuzo zonke izifunda kusuka eNtshonalanga Yurophu kuya eMpumalanga ye-Asia nasenyakatho yeScandinavia naseSiberia kuya eNyakatho Afrika, eHimalaya nasenkabeni yeChina. Zihlala kulo lonke lolu hlu ngesikhathi sokuzala, bese zifuduka phakathi nezinyanga zasebusika eningizimu ye-Afrika, zisuka eZaire naseTanzania eningizimu ziye eZimbabwe naseMozambique. Ububanzi behlobo lokusatshalaliswa busuka ePortugal nase-Ireland entshonalanga buya eChina naseSiberia empumalanga.
Zizalela emazweni anjenge:
- EPortugal;
- Spain;
- I-Ireland;
- INgilandi;
- EMorocco;
- I-Algeria;
- Israyeli;
- ELebhanon;
- IBelgium;
- IGeorgia;
- ISiriya;
- Igalikuni;
- IRussia;
- ENorway;
- I-Armenia;
- IFinland;
- Ukraine;
- IFrance;
- IJalimane namanye amazwe aseYurophu.
Ama-Swifts ajwayelekile awazaleli e-Indian Subcontinent. Iningi lendawo yokuhlala izidleke itholakala ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esipholile lapho kunezihlahla ezifanelekile zokwakha izidleke nezindawo eziningi ezivulekile zokuqoqa ukudla. Kodwa-ke, indawo yokuhlala yama-swifts iba tropical izinyanga ezimbalwa ngemuva kokufudukela e-Afrika. Lezi zinyoni zithanda izindawo ezinezihlahla noma amabhilidi anezikhala ezivulekile, njengoba zinamandla okusebenzisa izindawo eziqondile ezifana nezindonga zamatshe namapayipi ngenxa yokuzijwayeza kwawo okwehlukile.
Yini esheshayo edlayo?
Isithombe: Strizh
Ama-swifts ajwayelekile yizinyoni ezidla izinambuzane futhi adla kuphela izinambuzane ezisemoyeni kanye nezicabucabu, abazibamba ngemilomo yabo lapho indiza. Izinambuzane zihlangana ndawonye emphinjeni zisebenzisa umkhiqizo wendlala yamathe ukwakha ibhola lokudla noma i-bolus. Ama-swifts adonswa emihlambini yezinambuzane, njengoba zisiza ukuqoqa ngokushesha ukudla okwanele. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi kune-average yezinambuzane ezingama-300 nge-bolus ngayinye. Lezi zinombolo zingahluka ngokuya ngobuningi nosayizi wesilwane.
Izinambuzane ezisetshenziswa kakhulu:
- i-aphid;
- iminyovu;
- izinyosi;
- izintuthwane;
- amabhungane;
- izicabucabu;
- izimpukane.
Izinyoni zindiza ngemilomo evulekile, zibamba inyamazane zisebenzisa izindlela ezisheshayo noma zindiza nje ngokushesha. Enye yezinhlobo zama-swifts ingafinyelela ngejubane lama-320 km / h. Zivame ukundiza eduze kwamanzi ukuze zibambe izinambuzane ezindiza lapho. Baqoqa ukudla kwamachwane asanda kuchanyuselwa, abantu abadala babeka amabhungane esikhwameni somphimbo. Ngemuva kokuba isikhwama sesigcwele, onejubane ubuyela esidlekeni afunze amaphuphu. Ama-swifts asezidlekeni amancane ayakwazi ukusinda izinsuku ezimbalwa ngaphandle kokudla, ehlisa izinga lokushisa lomzimba wawo kanye nesilinganiso semethabolic.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngaphandle kwenkathi yokwakha isidleke, ama-swifts achitha iningi lempilo yawo esemoyeni, aphila ngamandla avela ezinambuzaneni ezibanjwe endizeni. Bayaphuza, badle, balale ephikweni.
Abanye abantu bahamba izinyanga eziyi-10 bengafikanga. Ayikho enye inyoni echitha isikhathi sayo esiningi kangaka indiza. Ijubane labo lokuhamba livundlile kakhulu lingu-111.6 km / h. Empilweni yabo yonke, bangahlanganisa izigidi zamakhilomitha.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Black Swift
Ama-swifts ayizinhlobo zezinyoni ezihlangana kakhulu. Zivame ukwakha izidleke, zihlale, zifuduke, futhi zizingele ngamaqembu unyaka wonke. Ngokwengeziwe, lezi zinyoni zehlukile emandleni azo okuhlala phezulu isikhathi eside. Imvamisa bachitha usuku lonke ephikweni, behla kuphela ukondla amaphuphu amancane noma ukulala. Ama-Swifts ajwayelekile alinganiselwa ukundiza okungenani ama-560 km ngosuku ngosuku lokufukamela, okufakazela ukukhuthazela namandla awo, kanye namakhono abo angakholakali asemoyeni.
Ama-swifts nawo angakhwelana futhi aklabe lapho esemoyeni. Izinyoni zikhetha ukundiza endaweni yomoya ephansi ngesikhathi sezulu esibi (amakhaza, umoya kanye / noma umswakama omkhulu), bese ziya endaweni ephakeme yomoya lapho isimo sezulu sivumelana nomsebenzi wasemoyeni omude.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngo-Agasti nangoSepthemba, amajubane ashiya iYurophu futhi aqala uhambo oluya e-Afrika. Izinzipho ezicijile ziwusizo olukhulu phakathi nale ndiza. Yize amaphuphu echanyuselwa ngaphambi kokuba ukufuduka kuqale, okwashiwo kubonisa ukuthi izingane eziningi aziphili kulolu hambo olude.
Ama-swifts angakha izidleke emigodini yangaphambili yomuthi wokhuni etholakala emahlathini, ngokwesibonelo, izinyoni ezingaba ngu-600 ezifukamela eBelovezhskaya Pushcha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-swifts ajwayele ukuhlala esidlekeni ezindaweni zokufakelwa. Bakha izidleke zabo ngezinto ezisemoyeni ezithwelwe ukundiza futhi zihlanganiswe namathe abo, ezenzweni zamabhilidi, ezikhaleni ezingaphansi kwamafasitela nangaphansi kwama-aves, nangaphakathi kwamagables.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Chick Swift
Ama-swifts aqala ukuzala esukela eminyakeni emibili bese enza ngazimbili ezingakhwelana iminyaka bese zibuyela esidlekeni esisodwa futhi zikhwelana unyaka nonyaka. Iminyaka yokuzalanisa kokuqala ingahluka ngokuya ngokutholakala kwezindawo zokwakha izidleke. Isidleke siqukethe utshani, amaqabunga, utshani, utshani kanye namacembe ezimbali. Amakholoni asheshayo ahlanganisa izidleke ezingama-30 kuye kwezingu-40, ezibonisa ubungani bezinyoni.
Ama-Swifts ajwayelekile azala kusukela ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli kuya ekuqaleni kukaMeyi naphakathi no-Septhemba lapho abantu abasha beqinisa. Esinye sezici ezihluke kakhulu kule nyoni yikhono layo lokukhwela lapho lindiza, yize nazo zingakhwelana esidlekeni. Ukukhwelana kwenzeka njalo ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemuva kokuba isimo sezulu silungile. Ngemuva kokuhlangana ngempumelelo, insikazi izalela iqanda elilodwa kuya kwamane amhlophe, kepha ubukhulu bokubamba okuvame kakhulu amaqanda amabili. Ukufukamela kuthatha izinsuku eziyi-19-20. Bobabili abazali bayabandakanyeka ekufukameleni. Ngemuva kokuchamisela, kungathatha ezinye izinsuku ezingama-27 kuye kwezingama-45 ngaphambi kokuba ukuqubuka kuvele.
Phakathi nesonto lokuqala ngemuva kokuchanyuselwa, ibamba liyashiswa usuku lonke. Ngesonto lesibili, abazali bashisa amaphuphu cishe isigamu sosuku. Isikhathi esisele, abavamisile ukushisa ukwakhiwa emini, kepha cishe njalo bakumboza ebusuku. Bobabili abazali babambe iqhaza ngokulinganayo kuzo zonke izici zokukhulisa amatshwele.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Uma kwenzeka ukuthi isimo sezulu esibi siqhubeke isikhathi eside noma imithombo yokudla iba yindlala, amachwane achanyuselwa anamandla okuba yi-semi-torpid, njengokungathi acwile ebusika, ngaleyo ndlela anciphise isidingo samandla emzimbeni wawo okhula ngokushesha. Lokhu kubasiza ukuthi baphile ngokudla okuncane izinsuku eziyi-10-15.
Amachwane anikezwa amabhola ezinambuzane aqoqwe ngabazali bawo ngesikhathi sendiza futhi abanjwa ndawonye ngendlala yamathe ukuze akhe ukudla okunamandla. Amachwane amancane abelana ngebholus yokudla, kepha uma ekhula, angazigwinya ukudla okuphelele yedwa.
Izitha zemvelo zabaswishi
Isithombe: Shesha esibhakabhakeni
Ama-swifts amnyama amadala anezitha ezimbalwa zemvelo ngenxa yejubane lawo lendiza eleqile. Kunamacala ambalwa abhaliwe okuhlaselwa kwalezi zinyoni. Isidleke samasu sisiza ama-swifts avimbele izilwane ezidla umhlaba ukuthi zihlasele. Ukubeka izidleke emiseleni kunikeza ukumbozwa okuphezulu, futhi uma kuhlanganiswa nesikhumba esimnyama nezimpaphe eziphansi ezimboza amatshwele ngaphezulu, kunikeza ukuvikelwa ekuhlaselweni emoyeni. Kwezinye izimo, izidleke ezibonakala kalula ziye zacekelwa phansi ngabantu.
Ukuguquguquka okuhlukile, okunamakhulu eminyaka kuvikelekile kuvumela izinyoni ukuthi zigweme iningi lezidalwa zazo zemvelo, kufaka phakathi:
- umdlalo wokuzilibazisa (Falco Subbuteo);
- uklebe (i-Accipiter);
- i-buzzard ejwayelekile (Buteo buteo).
Ukukhetha izindawo zokwakha izidleke ezindaweni eziqondile ezifana nezindonga zamatshe noshimula nakho kwenza kube nzima ukuzingela ama-Common Swifts ngenxa yobunzima bokufinyelela endaweni yesidleke. Umbala olula usiza nokugwema izilwane ezidla ezinye, ngoba kunzima ukuzibona uma zingekho emoyeni. Iningi lokuhlaselwa kwama-swifts kuhlotshaniswa namaqanda abo, aqoqwe ngabantu ngaphambi kwekhulu lama-21.
IBlack Swift isengozini enkulu yokufa ngenxa yezimo ezinzima zemvelo. Ukubeka izidleke ngokujwayelekile ezindaweni ezinomswakama kubanga ingozi yamantshontsho. Uma ingane iwa esidlekeni ngaphambi kwesikhathi noma indiza ngaphambi kokuba ikwazi ukumelana nokundiza okude, noma ingagezwa ngamanzi noma izimpaphe zazo zikalwe umswakama. Izidleke zingalahleka ngenxa yezikhukhula.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Inyoni esheshayo
Ukuqapha abantu abanejubane kuphazanyiswa ubunzima bokuthola izidleke abahlala kuzo, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ngamabanga amakhulu ukusuka esidlekeni lapho bangazalela khona, futhi kaningi ngukuqhamuka okukhulu kwabantu abangazalanisi eduze kwamakholoni okuzalanisa phakathi ehlobo. Ngoba ama-swifts imvamisa angaqali ukuzalela aze abe neminyaka okungenani emibili ubudala, inani labantu abangazalisi lingaba likhulu.
Ezinye izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke zinakekela ukwenza lula ukuhlinzekwa kwezindawo zokwakha izidleke zamaswifting, njengoba inani lamasayithi afanelekile lincipha njalo. Babuye baqoqe imininingwane yabantu ukuzama ukucacisa isimo sokuzalela kohlobo ngalunye.
Lezi zinhlobo zinebanga elikhulu ngokwedlulele futhi, ngakho-ke, azisondeli kumanani womkhawulo wezinhlobo ezisengozini ngokwebanga lobubanzi. Inani labantu likhulu ngokwedlulele ngakho-ke alisondeli emikhawulweni yezindlela zosayizi wabantu abasengozini. Ngenxa yalezi zizathu, lolu hlobo lukalwa njengezilwane ezisengozini encane kakhulu.
Yize ama-swift enyamalele kwezinye izindawo, asengabonakala ngamanani amakhulu emadolobheni nakwezinye izindawo eziningi. Njengoba bengakhathazekile ngokuba khona kwabantu, kungalindelwa ukuthi abashintshayo bangabi sengozini nganoma yisiphi isikhathi maduzane. Kodwa-ke, izinhlobo eziyishumi nambili azinayo imininingwane eyanele yokuhlukanisa.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 05.06.2019
Usuku lokuvuselela: 22.09.2019 ngo-23: 00
