Inyoni yakwaKiwi unelukuluku kakhulu: akakwazi ukundiza, unezimpaphe ezikhululekile, ezifana nezinwele, imilenze eqinile futhi akanamsila. Le nyoni inezici eziningi ezingajwayelekile futhi ezimangalisayo ezakhiwa ngenxa yokuhlukaniswa kweNew Zealand kanye nokungabikho kwezilwane ezincelisayo endaweni yayo. AmaKiwis kukholakala ukuthi aguqukele ekutheni athathe indawo yokuhlala kanye nendlela yokuphila obekungeke kwenzeke kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba ngenxa yobukhona bezilwane ezincelisayo.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Inyoni yakwaKiwi
I-Kiwi iyinyoni engakwazi ukundiza etholakala kuhlobo lwe-Apteryx kanye nomndeni i-Apterygidae. Usayizi wayo ucishe ufane nenkukhu yasekhaya. Igama lohlobo lwe-Apteryx livela esiGrekini sasendulo "ngaphandle kwephiko". Lokhu kuphila okuncane kakhulu eMhlabeni.
Ukuqhathaniswa kokulandelana kwe-DNA kuholele esiphethweni esingalindelekile sokuthi ama-kiwis ahlobene kakhulu kakhulu nezinyoni zezindlovu zaseMalagasy ezingasekho kune-moa, ababehlala nazo eNew Zealand. Ngaphezu kwalokho, banokufana okuningi nama-emus nama-cassowaries.
Ividiyo: Kiwi Bird
Ucwaningo olushicilelwe ngo-2013 kuhlobo olwangasekho lwe-Proapteryx, olwaziwa ngezidumbu zaseMiocene, lukhombise ukuthi lwaluncane futhi mhlawumbe lwalunamandla okundiza, lusekela umbono wokuthi okhokho benyoni ye-kiwi bafinyelela eNew Zealand ngaphandle kwe-moa, okwathi ngesikhathi ukubonakala kwe-kiwi besekuvele kukhulu futhi kungenazimpiko. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi okhokho bama-kiwis anamuhla bagcina eNew Zealand besuka e-Australasia eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingama-30 edlule, noma mhlawumbe nangaphambi kwalokho.
Ezinye izazi zezilimi zithi leli gama kiwi lenyoni efudukayo iNumenius tahitiensis, elele eziqhingini zoLwandlekazi iPacific Ocean. Ngomlomo wayo omude, ogobile nomzimba onsundu, ifana ne-kiwi. Ngakho-ke, lapho amaPolynesia okuqala efika eNew Zealand, afaka igama elithi kiwi kule nyoni esanda kutholakala.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: I-Kiwi yaziwa njengophawu lweNew Zealand. Le nhlangano inamandla amakhulu kangangokuba igama elithi Kiwi lisetshenziswa emazweni omhlaba.
Iqanda le-kiwi lingenye enkulu ngobukhulu bomzimba (kufika ku-20% wesisindo sowesifazane). Leli yizinga eliphakeme kakhulu kunoma iziphi izinhlobo zezinyoni emhlabeni. Okunye ukujwayela okuhlukile kwe-kiwi, njengezimpaphe zazo ezinjengezinwele, imilenze emifushane neqinile, nokusetshenziswa kwamakhala ukuze kutholakale inyamazane ingakayiboni, kwasiza le nyoni ukuba idume umhlaba wonke.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Flightless Kiwi Bird
Ukujwayela kwabo kubanzi: njengawo wonke amanye ama-ratites (emu, rheis, kanye ne-cassowaries), amaphiko abo we-vestigial mancane ngokwedlulele ukuze angabonakali ngaphansi kwezimpaphe zawo ezinoboya, ezinoboya. Ngenkathi abantu abadala benamathambo anezibilini ezingenalutho, ama-kiwis anomnkantsha njengezilwane ezincelisayo ukunciphisa isisindo sokwenza indiza ibe nokwenzeka.
Ama-kiwis abesifazane ansundu athwala abeke iqanda elilodwa, elingaba nesisindo esifinyelela ku-450 g. Uqhwaku lude, luyathambeka futhi luyazwela uma luthintwa. I-kiwi ayinamsila, futhi isisu sibuthakathaka, i-caecum ivulekile futhi incane. AmaKiwis ancike kancane embonweni ukuze asinde futhi athole ukudla. Amehlo e-Kiwi mancane kakhulu maqondana nesisindo somzimba, okuholela emkhakheni wokubuka omncane kakhulu. Zenzelwe impilo yasebusuku, kepha zithembele kakhulu kwezinye izinzwa (ukuzwa, iphunga kanye nesistimu yesomososory).
Ucwaningo lukhombisile ukuthi ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yemfuyo yaseNew Zealand ineso elilodwa noma womabili. Esivivinyweni esifanayo, kwabonwa amasampula amathathu athile akhombisa ukungaboni ngokuphelele. Ososayensi bathole ukuthi basesimweni esihle ngokomzimba. Ucwaningo lwango-2018 luthole ukuthi izihlobo eziseduze ze-kiwi, izinyoni zezindlovu ezingasekho, nazo zabelana ngalesi sici yize sikhulu nje. Izinga lokushisa likaKiwi lingu-38 ° C, elingaphansi kunezinye izinyoni, futhi lisondele ezincelisayo.
Ihlala kuphi inyoni ye-kiwi?
Isithombe: Kiwi bird chick
I-Kiwi ivame kakhulu eNew Zealand. Bahlala emahlathini omanzi ahlala eluhlaza. Izinzwane ezinwetshiwe zisiza inyoni ukuba ingangeni ezindaweni ezingamaxhaphozi. Ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi, kunezinyoni ezingama-4-5 nge-1 km².
Izinhlobo ze-Kiwi zisatshalaliswa ngokulandelayo:
- I-kiwi enkulu empunga (A. haastii noma i-Roroa) yizinhlobo ezinkulu kunazo zonke, cishe zingama-45 cm ukuphakama futhi inesisindo esingaba ngu-3.3 kg (abesilisa cishe ngo-2.4 kg). Inezimpaphe ezinsundu ngokubomvu ezinemigqa elula. Insikazi izalela iqanda elilodwa vo, bese lifukanyelwa bobabili abazali. Izindawo ezihlala ezindaweni ezisezintabeni ezisenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeNelson, zingatholakala nasogwini olusenyakatho-ntshonalanga nase-Alps eseningizimu yeNew Zealand;
- I-kiwi encane enamachashazi (A. owenii) Lezi zinyoni azikwazi ukumelana nezilwane ezidliwayo izingulube, ama-ermine namakati angenisiwe, okuholele ekuqothulweni kwazo ezweni elikhulu. Bebehlala esiqhingini saseKapiti iminyaka engu-1350. Kulethwa kwezinye iziqhingi ngaphandle kwezilwane ezizingelayo. Inyoni elalelayo iphakeme ngama-25 cm;
- I-Rowe noma i-Okarito kiwi brown (A. rowi), eyaqala ukukhonjwa njengohlobo olusha ngo-1994. Ukusabalalisa kukhawulelwe endaweni encane ogwini olusentshonalanga yeSouth Island yaseNew Zealand. Inezimpaphe ezimpunga. Izinsikazi zizalela kuze kube amaqanda amathathu ngesizini ngayinye, ngalinye esidlekeni esihlukile. Owesilisa nowesifazane bayashintshana ndawonye;
- I-kiwi eseNingizimu, nsundu, noma ejwayelekile (A. australis) Yizinhlobo ezijwayelekile kakhulu. Usayizi wayo ucishe ufane nowe-kiwi enkulu enamabala. Ifana ne-kiwi ensundu, kepha inezimpaphe ezilula. Uhlala ogwini lweSouth Island. Inezinhlayiya eziningana;
- Izinhlobo ezi-brown brown (A. mantelli). Isakazeke ezingxenyeni ezimbili kwezintathu zesiQhingi saseNyakatho, njengoba kusele ama-35,000, iyi-kiwi ejwayelekile kunazo zonke. Abesifazane bangaba ngu-40 cm ubude futhi banesisindo esingaba ngu-2.8 kg, abesilisa 2.2 kg. Umbala onsundu we-kiwi esenyakatho ukhombisa ukuqina okuphawulekayo: ivumelana nezindawo eziningi zokuhlala. Izimpaphe zinemigqa ebomvu ngokunsundu futhi zihlabile. Insikazi ivamise ukubeka amaqanda amabili, afukanyelwa yiduna.
Idlani inyoni ye-kiwi?
Isithombe: Inyoni yaseKiwi eNew Zealand
AmaKiwi yizinyoni ezithanda omnivorous. Izisu zazo ziqukethe isihlabathi namatshe amancane asiza enqubeni yokugaya. Njengoba ama-kiwis ahlala ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene, kusuka emithambekeni yezintaba kuya emahlathini kaphayini angavamile, kunzima ukuchaza ukudla okujwayelekile kwe-kiwi.
Iningi lokudla kwabo akunamgogodla, nezibungu zomdabu ezikhula zifike kumamitha ayi-0.5 intandokazi. Ngenhlanhla, iNew Zealand icebile ngezibungu, kunezinhlobo eziyi-178 zomdabu nezingavamile ongakhetha kuzo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-kiwi iyadliwa:
- amajikijolo;
- imbewu ehlukahlukene;
- izibungu;
- amaqabunga ezitshalo: izinhlobo zifaka i-podocarp totara, i-hinau kanye ne-koprosma ehlukahlukene ne-chebe.
Ukudla kwe-kiwi kuhlobene kakhulu nokuzala kwabo. Izinyoni zidinga ukwakha izinqolobane ezinkulu zokudla okunempilo ukuze zidlule ngempumelelo inkathi yokuzalanisa. Ama-kiwis ansundu nawo adla amakhowe namaxoxo. Ziyaziwa ngokubamba nokudla izinhlanzi zasemanzini angenasawoti. Ekuthunjweni, i-kiwi eyodwa yabamba ama-eels / tuna echibini, yabakhubaza ngemivimbo embalwa bayidla.
I-Kiwi ingathola wonke amanzi adingwa ngumzimba ekudleni - izikelemu ezinomsoco zingamanzi angama-85%. Lokhu kulungiswa kusho ukuthi bangahlala ezindaweni ezomile njengeKapiti Island. Ukuba sebusuku kuyakusiza nokuthi uguqule njengoba kungashisi kakhulu noma kuphele amandla emzimbeni. Lapho inyoni ye-kiwi iphuza, icwilisa uqhwaku lwayo, iphonse ikhanda layo emuva bese igaya amanzi.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Night Kiwi Bird
AmaKiwis yizinyoni ezihamba ebusuku, njengezilwane eziningi zaseNew Zealand. Izimpawu zabo zomsindo zingena emoyeni wehlathi kusihlwa nasebusuku. Imikhuba kaKiwi yokuhamba ebusuku ingaba ngumphumela wezilwane, kufaka phakathi abantu, ukungena kule ndawo. Ezindaweni ezivikelekile lapho kungenazilwane ezizingelayo, ama-kiwis avame ukubonwa emini. Zithanda amahlathi asezingeni eliphansi nelishubile, kepha izimo zempilo ziphoqa izinyoni ukuthi zivumelane nezindawo zokuhlala ezahlukahlukene ezinjengezihlahlana ezingaphansi komhlaba, izikhotha nezintaba.
AmaKiwis anomqondo othuthuke kakhulu wokunuka, ongajwayelekile ezinyonini, futhi ukuphela kwezinyoni ezinamakhala ekugcineni komlomo omude. Ngenxa yokuthi amakhala abo ekugcineni kwemilomo yawo emide, ama-kiwis angathola izinambuzane nezikelemu ngaphansi komhlaba esebenzisa umuzwa wawo ojulile wokuhogela ngaphandle kokubona noma ukuzwa. Izinyoni zinendawo enkulu, enezinzipho ezicijile ezingadala ukulimala kumhlaseli. Ngokusho komcwaningi waseKiwi uDkt.John McLennan, i-kiwi eyodwa enamabala amahle esifundeni saseNyakatho-ntshonalanga okuthiwa uPete aziwa kakhulu ngokusebenzisa umgomo “wokushaya nokugijima. Igxuma onyaweni lwakho, isunduzele phezulu, bese igijimela emhlangeni. "
AmaKiwis anenkumbulo enhle kakhulu futhi angakhumbula izehlakalo ezingathandeki okungenani iminyaka emihlanu. Emini, izinyoni zicasha emgodini, emgodini noma ngaphansi kwezimpande. Imigodi ye-kiwi enkulu empunga yimizila enezindawo eziningi zokuphuma. Le nyoni inezindawo zokufihla ikhanda ezingama-50 esizeni sayo. UKiwi ungene emgodini emasontweni ambalwa kamuva, elinde ukuthi umnyango uzimbozwe ngotshani obukhule kakhulu nobulembu. Kwenzeka ukuthi ama-kiwis afihle isidleke ngokukhethekile, afihle ukungena kwawo ngamahlumela namaqabunga.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Kiwi bird chick
AbakwaKiwis abesilisa nabesifazane baphila impilo yabo yonke njengezithandani ezizodwa. Ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, kusuka ngoJuni kuya kuMashi, lezi zithandani zihlangana emgodini njalo ezinsukwini ezintathu. Lobu budlelwano bungahlala kuze kube yiminyaka engama-20. Zigqame kwezinye izinyoni ngoba zinezibhangqa ezisebenza ngamaqanda. (Ezinyonini eziningi naku-platypus, i-ovary efanele ayikhuli, ngakho-ke kuphela imisebenzi yangakwesobunxele.) Amaqanda e-Kiwi angaba nesisindo sekota eyodwa yesisindo sowesifazane. Imvamisa kuzalwa iqanda elilodwa kuphela ngenkathi ngayinye.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: I-kiwi ibeka elinye lamaqanda amakhulu kakhulu ngokulingana nobukhulu benyoni emhlabeni, ngakho-ke yize i-kiwi icishe ilingane nenkukhu ethosiwe, ingabeka amaqanda acishe aphindwe kasithupha kuneqanda lenkukhu.
Amaqanda abushelelezi futhi ayizindlovu noma amhlophe ngokuluhlaza okotshani. Eyesilisa ifukamela iqanda, ngaphandle kwe-kiwi enkulu enamachashaza, A. haastii, lapho kuchanyuselwa khona bobabili abazali bayabandakanyeka. Isikhathi sokufukamela sihlala cishe izinsuku ezingama-63-92. Ukukhiqizwa kweqanda elikhulu kubeka umthwalo obalulekile womzimba kowesifazane. Phakathi nezinsuku ezingamashumi amathathu ezidingekayo zokukhulisa iqanda elithuthuke ngokuphelele, insikazi kufanele idle inani eliphindwe kathathu lokudla kwayo okujwayelekile. Ezinsukwini ezimbili kuya kwezintathu ngaphambi kokuzalelwa kwamaqanda, kunendawo encane yesisu ngaphakathi kowesifazane futhi uphoqeleka ukuba azile.
Izitha zemvelo zenyoni ye-kiwi
Isithombe: Inyoni yakwaKiwi
INew Zealand yizwe lezinyoni, ngaphambi kokuba abantu bazinze endaweni yayo, zazingekho izidlo ezincelisayo eziqukethe igazi elifudumele. Manje kuyisongo esikhulu ekusindeni kwe-kiwi, njengoba izidalwa ezilethwe ngabantu zifaka isandla ekufeni kwamaqanda, amatshwele nabantu abadala.
Izimbangela ezinkulu zokwehla kwabantu yilezi:
- ama-ermines namakati, abangela ukulimala okukhulu kwamachwane amancane ezinyangeni ezintathu zokuqala zokuphila kwawo;
- izinja zizingela izinyoni ezindala futhi lokhu kubi kubantu be-kiwi, ngoba ngaphandle kwazo awekho amaqanda noma izinkukhu ezingagcina abantu;
- ama-ferrets abuye abulale ama-kiwis amadala;
- ama-opossum abulala zombili ama-kiwi nabantu abadala, abhubhise amaqanda futhi ebe izidleke ze-kiwi;
- izingulube zibhubhisa amaqanda futhi zingabulala nama-kiwis amadala.
Ezinye izinambuzane zezilwane ezinjenge-hedgehogs, amagundane, nama-weasel kungenzeka zingabulali ama-kiwis, kepha futhi kubangela nezinkinga. Okokuqala, bancintisana ngokudla okufanayo ne-kiwi. Okwesibili, bayizisulu zezilwane ezifanayo ezihlasela i-kiwi, zisiza ukugcina inani elikhulu lezilwane ezidlayo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izimpaphe ze-Kiwi zinephunga elithile, njengekhowe. Lokhu kubenza babe sengozini enkulu yezidalwa ezisemhlabeni eseziqhamuke eNew Zealand, ezingazithola kalula lezi zinyoni ngephunga.
Ezindaweni lapho izidlakudla ze-kiwi zilawulwa khona kakhulu, ama-kiwi hatching anyuka aya kuma-50-60%. Ukugcina izinga labantu, izinga lokusinda lenyoni elingu-20% liyadingeka, noma ngabe lidlula ini. Ngakho-ke, ukulawula kubaluleke kakhulu, ikakhulukazi lapho abanikazi bezinja belawula.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Inyoni ye-Kiwi emvelweni
Sekusele ama-kiwis angama-70,000 kuyo yonke iNew Zealand. Ngokwesilinganiso, ama-kiwis angama-27 abulawa yizilwane ezidlayo masonto onke. Lokhu kunciphisa inani lemfuyo ngama-kiwis angama-1400 njalo ngonyaka (noma ama-2%). Kuleli jubane, i-kiwi inganyamalala ngesikhathi sokuphila kwethu. Eminyakeni eyikhulu nje edlule, ama-kiwis ayebalwa ezigidini. Inja eyodwa elahlekile ingasusa lonke i-kiwi ezinsukwini ezimbalwa.
Cishe i-20% yabantu be-kiwi itholakala ezindaweni ezivikelwe. Ezindaweni lapho izidalwa zingaphansi kokulawulwa khona, amaphuphu angama-50-60% asinda. Lapho izindawo zingalawulwa, ama-kiwi angama-95% afa ngaphambi kweminyaka yawo yokuzala. Ukukhulisa inani labantu, kuphela amaphesenti angama-20 okusinda kwamachwane anele. Ubufakazi bempumelelo ngabantu baseCromandel, indawo elawulwa yizilwane lapho inani liphindaphindeka njalo eminyakeni eyishumi.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: Izingozi kubantu be-kiwi abancane zibandakanya ukulahleka kokwehluka kofuzo, ukuzalanisa, kanye nokuba sengozini kwemicimbi yendawo yemvelo efana nomlilo, izifo, noma ukwanda kwezilwane ezidla ezinye.
Ukunciphisa amathuba okuthola umlingani ekunciphiseni, inani elincane labantu lingaholela nokwehla kokusebenza kokuzala. Abantu baseMaori ngokwesiko bakholelwa ukuthi i-kiwi yayingaphansi kokuvikelwa unkulunkulu wehlathi. Phambilini izinyoni zazisetshenziselwa ukudla, nezimpaphe zazisetshenziselwa ukwenza izingubo zomkhosi. Manje, yize izimpaphe ze-kiwi zisasetshenziswa ngabantu bendawo, zivunwa ezinyonini ezifa ngokwemvelo, ezingozini zomgwaqo noma ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye. AmaKiwis awasazingelwa, kanti amanye amaMaori azibheka njengabaqaphi bezinyoni.
Ukuvikelwa kwezinyoni ze-Kiwi
Isithombe: Inyoni ye-Kiwi evela eBhuku eliBomvu
Kunezinhlobo ezinhlanu ezaziwayo zalesi silwane, ezine zazo njengamanje ezibalwe njengezisengozini, kanti esisodwa sazo sisengozini yokuqothulwa. Zonke izinhlobo zithinteke kabi ngenxa yokugawulwa kwamahlathi ngokomlando, kepha izindawo ezinkulu ezisele zehlathi lazo manje sezivikelwe kahle eziqiwini nasemapaki kazwelonke. Njengamanje, usongo olukhulu kakhulu ekusindeni kwabo yisidalwa esivela ezilwaneni ezincelisayo ezihlaselayo.
Izinhlobo ezintathu zibaliwe kwiRed Book yamazwe omhlaba futhi zisesimweni sokusengozini (esengozini), kanti uhlobo olusha lwe-kiwi elinsundu i-Rowe noma i-Okarito lisengozini yokuqothulwa. Ngo-2000, uMnyango Wezokongiwa Kwemvelo wasungula iziqiwi ezinhlanu ngokugxila ekwakheni izindlela zokuvikela nokwandisa izithelo ze-kiwi. I-kiwi ensundu yethulwe eHawk Bay phakathi kuka-2008 no-2011, okwagcina sekuholele ekukhulisweni kwamantshontsho abuye abuyiselwa ehlathini labo laseMaungatani.
I-Operation Nest Egg wuhlelo lokususa amaqanda e-kiwi namachwane endle nokuwafukamela noma ukuwakhulisela ekuthunjweni kuze kube yilapho amaphuphu emakhulu ngokwanele ukuzondla wona - imvamisa lapho enesisindo esingu-1200 gram. Ngemuva kwalokho Inyoni yakwaKiwi buyela endle. Amachwane anjalo anethuba elingu-65% lokusinda ebudaleni. Imizamo yokuvikela inyoni ye-kiwi ibe nempumelelo ethile eminyakeni yamuva nje, ngezinhlobo ezimbili zezilwane ezisuswe ohlwini olusengozini nolusengozini ngo-2017 yi-IUCN.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 04.06.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 20.09.2019 ngo-22: 41
