I-Tyrannosaurus - lesi silo sibizwa ngokuthi ummeleli ogqame kakhulu womndeni we-tyrannosauroid. Ukusuka ebusweni beplanethi yethu, wanyamalala ngokushesha ukwedlula amanye ama-dinosaurs amaningi, esehlale iminyaka eyizigidi ezimbalwa ekupheleni kwesikhathi seCretaceous.
Incazelo ye-tyrannosaurus
Igama elijwayelekile elithi Tyrannosaurus libuyela ezimpandeni zesiGreki τύραννος (umashiqela) + σαῦρος (isibankwa). I-Tyrannosaurus rex, eyayihlala e-USA nase-Canada, ingeka-oda wezibankwa futhi ukuphela kwohlobo lwe-Tyrannosaurus rex (kusuka ku-rex "king, king").
Ukubukeka
I-Tyrannosaurus rex ibhekwa njengesilwane esidla kakhulu kunazo zonke ngesikhathi somhlaba - yayicishe iphindwe kabili futhi inzima kunendlovu yase-Afrika.
Umzimba nezitho
Amathambo aphelele e-tyrannosaurus aqukethe amathambo angama-299, ama-58 awo akhona kugebhezi. Amathambo amaningi wamathambo ayengenalutho, okwaba nomthelela omncane emandleni abo, kepha kwehlisa isisindo, okuhlawulela ubukhulu obukhulu besilwane. Intamo, njengamanye amathrophu, yayimise okwama-S, kepha yayimfishane futhi ishubile ukuxhasa ikhanda elikhulu. Umgogodla wawuhlanganisa:
- Intamo eyi-10;
- isifuba seshumi nambili;
- ama-sacral amahlanu;
- Ama-vertebrae ayi-4 ayishumi nambili.
Kuyathakazelisa!I-Tyrannosaurus yayinomsila omkhulu ovulekile, owawusebenza njenge-balancer, okwakufanele ulinganise umzimba osindayo nekhanda elisindayo.
Izingalo zangaphambili, zihlome ngeminwe emibili, zazibonakala zingathuthukile futhi zazingezinhle ngosayizi emilenzeni yangemuva, zinamandla ngokungavamile futhi zinde. Imilenze yangemuva yaphela ngezinzwane ezintathu eziqinile, lapho kukhula khona uzipho oluqinile olugobile.
Ukhakhayi namazinyo
Imitha elilodwa nohhafu, noma kunalokho u-1.53 m - lona ubude begebhezi eliphelele kakhulu le-Tyrannosaurus, eliwela ezandleni ze-paleontologists. Uhlaka lwamathambo luyamangaza hhayi ngosayizi kangako kunokwakheka (okuhlukile kwamanye amathrophu) - lukhulisiwe ngemuva, kepha lincishisiwe ngaphambili. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukubuka kwesibankwa bekungaqondiswanga eceleni, kepha phambili, okukhombisa umbono waso omuhle we-binocular.
Umuzwa othuthukile wokuhogela ukhonjiswa ngesinye isici - izigaxa ezinkulu zekhala ezincanyana, ezicishe zikhumbuze ukwakheka kwekhala kwabahlinzeki bezimpaphe banamuhla, isibonelo, amanqe.
Ukubanjwa kwe-Tyrannosaurus, ngenxa yokugoba okumise okwe-U komhlathi ongaphezulu, kwakuthambeka ukwedlula ukulunywa kwama-dinosaurs adla inyama (ane-bend efana ne-V), okungeyona ingxenye yomndeni we-tyrannosaurid. Ukuma kwe-U kwenyuse ingcindezi yamazinyo angaphambili futhi kwavunyelwa ukuthi kudabule izingcezu zenyama eqinile ngamathambo esidumbu.
Amazinyo we-raptor ayenokucushwa okungafani nemisebenzi ehlukile, okuyi-zoology ejwayele ukubizwa nge-heterodontism. Amazinyo akhula emhlathini ongenhla ayephakeme kakhulu kunamazinyo aphansi, ngaphandle kwalawo atholakala engxenyeni engemuva.
Iqiniso!Kuze kube manje, izinyo elikhulu kunawo wonke leTyrannosaurus libhekwa njengelinye elitholakele, ubude balo kusukela ezimpandeni (okubandakanya) ukuya kuthiphu kungamasentimitha ayi-12 (30.5 cm).
Amazinyo angaphambili omhlathi ongaphezulu:
- kufana nezinkemba;
- uhlanganiswe ngokuqinile;
- igobe ngaphakathi;
- yayinemiqansa yokuqinisa.
Ngenxa yalezi zici, amazinyo abanjwa aqina futhi akuvamile ukuthi aphuke lapho iTyrannosaurus rex idwengula inyamazane yayo. Amanye amazinyo, afana nesimo sobhanana, ayenamandla amakhulu futhi amakhulu kakhulu. Futhi babenemifantu yokuqinisa, kepha behlukile kunaleyo efana ne-chisel ekuhlelweni okubanzi.
Izindebe
I-hypothesis mayelana nezindebe zama-dinosaurs ezidlayo yashiwo nguRobert Reisch. Uphakamise ukuthi amazinyo ezilwane amboze izindebe, anciphise futhi avikele eyokuqala ekubhujisweni. Ngokusho kukaReish, i-tyrannosaurus yayihlala emhlabeni futhi yayingakwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kwezindebe, ngokungafani nezingwenya ezazihlala emanzini.
Umbono kaReisch waphonswa inselelo ngabalingani bakhe baseMelika abaholwa nguThomas Carr, owashicilela incazelo yeDaspletosaurus horneri (uhlobo olusha lwe-tyrannosaurid). Abaphenyi bagcizelele ukuthi izindebe azilingani nakancane nesifonyo sakhe, zimbozwe ngezikali eziyizicaba kuze kufike lapho kufakwa khona amazinyo.
Okubalulekile! I-Daspletosaurus yenza ngaphandle kwezindebe, esikhundleni sazo okwakutholakala kuzo izikali ezinkulu ezinama-receptors abucayi, njengezingwenya zanamuhla. Amazinyo kaDaspletosaurus awadingi izindebe, njengamazinyo amanye ama-theropods, kufaka phakathi iTyrannosaurus.
Ama-paleogeneticists aqinisekile ukuthi ukutholakala kwezindebe kungalimaza iTyrannosaurus ngaphezu kwe-Daspletosaurus - kungaba yindawo esengozini eyengeziwe lapho ulwa nezimbangi.
Izimpaphe
Izicubu ezithambile ze-Tyrannosaurus rex, ezingamelwa kahle yizinsalela, zifundwa ngokunganele ngokwanele (uma ziqhathaniswa namathambo azo). Ngalesi sizathu, ososayensi basangabaza ukuthi wayenazo izimpaphe, futhi uma kunjalo, zaziminyene kangakanani nokuthi yiziphi izingxenye zomzimba.
Ezinye izazi ze-paleogeneticists zafika esiphethweni sokuthi lesi sibankwa sobushiqela sasimbozwe izimpaphe ezinjengezintambo, ngokufana nezinwele. Le ntambo yezinwele kungenzeka kakhulu ezilwaneni ezisencane / ezincane, kepha yawa njengoba ikhula. Abanye ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi izimpaphe zeTyrannosaurus rex zaziyingxenye, nezimagqabhagqabha zezimpaphe ezifakwe phakathi kwama-scaly patches. Ngokwenguqulo eyodwa, izimpaphe zazingabonakala ngemuva.
Ubukhulu be-tyrannosaurus
I-Tyrannosaurus rex yaziwa njengenye yamatropods amakhulu kunawo wonke futhi yizinhlobo ezinkulu kunazo zonke emndenini we-tyrannosaurid. Izinsalela zokuqala ezitholakele (1905) ziphakamisa ukuthi i-tyrannosaurus yakhula yafika ku-8-11 m, yeqa i-megalosaurus ne-allosaurus, ubude bayo obungeqi kumamitha ayi-9. Kuliqiniso, phakathi kwe-tyrannosauroids kwakukhona ama-dinosaurs ngezinga elikhulu kuneTyrannosaurus rex - njengeGigantosaurus neSpinosaurus.
Iqiniso! Ngo-1990, kwavela amathambo we-Tyrannosaurus rex, ngemuva kokwakhiwa kabusha athola igama elithi Sue, anemingcele ehlaba umxhwele kakhulu: ukuphakama kwamamitha amane kuya okhalweni ngobude obungu-12.3 m nobunzima obungamathani angaba ngu-9.5. okungukuthi (ukwahlulela ngosayizi wabo) nakho kungaba ngeyama-tyrannosaurs, amakhulu kunoSue.
Ngakho-ke, ngo-2006, i-University of Montana yamemezela ukutholakala kogebhezi oluqhakazile kakhulu lwe-Tyrannosaurus rex olwalutholakala ngawo-1960. Ngemuva kokubuyiselwa kogebhezi olubhujisiwe, ososayensi bathi lide kunokhakhayi lukaSue ngaphezu kwedesimitha (1.53 uma kuqhathaniswa no-1.41 m), kanti ukuvulwa kwemihlathi okuphezulu kwaba yi-1.5 m.
Kuchazwa eminye imivubukulo embalwa (ithambo lonyawo nengxenye yangaphakathi yomhlathi ongaphezulu), okungathi, ngokwezibalo, kungaba ngeyama-tyrannosaurs amabili, angu-14.5 no-15.3 m ubude, ngayinye enesisindo okungenani samathani ayi-14. Olunye ucwaningo olwenziwe nguPhil Curry lukhombisile ukuthi ukubalwa kobude besibankwa akunakwenziwa kususelwa kubukhulu bamathambo ahlakazekile, ngoba umuntu ngamunye unezilinganiso ezilinganayo.
Indlela yokuphila, isimilo
I-tyrannosaurus yayihamba nomzimba wayo ifana nomhlabathi, kodwa iphakamisa kancane umsila wayo ukulinganisa ikhanda layo elisindayo. Yize imisipha yethuthukile yemilenze, isibankwa esinonya sasingakwazi ukugijima ngejubane elingaphezu kwama-29 km / h. Leli jubane latholakala ngokufaniswa kwekhompyutha kokusebenza kwe-Tyrannosaurus rex, okwenziwa ngo-2007.
Ukugijima ngokushesha kwasongela umhlaseli ngokuwa okuhambisana nokulimala okubonakalayo futhi kwesinye isikhathi nokufa. Ngisho nasekuphishekeleni inyamazane, i-tyrannosaurus yaqaphela ukuqaphela okunengqondo, ihamba phakathi kwama-hummock nezimbobo ukuze ingawi phansi kusukela ekuphakameni kokukhula kwayo okukhulu. Lapho isiphansi, i-tyrannosaurus (engalimele kakhulu) yazama ukusukuma, incike emilenzeni yayo yangaphambili. Okungenani, lena yiyona ndima uPaul Newman ayinikeze izingalo zangaphambili zesibankwa.
Kuyathakazelisa! UTyrannosaurus wayeyisilwane esibucayi ngokwedlulele: kulokhu wasizwa umuzwa onephunga elibi kakhulu kunenja (wayengalizwa iphunga legazi eliqhele ngamakhilomitha ambalwa).
Ama-pads asezidladleni, ayethola ukudlidlizela komhlaba futhi awadlulisele phezulu emathanjeni aye endlebeni yangaphakathi, nawo asiza ukuhlala eqaphile njalo. I-Tyrannosaurus yayinendawo ngayinye, imaka imingcele, futhi ayizange yeqe ngale kwayo.
I-Tyrannosaurus, njengama-dinosaurs amaningi, yathathwa njengesilwane esinegazi elibandayo isikhathi eside, futhi le mbono yashiywa kuphela ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1960 ngenxa kaJohn Ostrom noRobert Becker. Ama-paleontologists athi i-Tyrannosaurus rex yayisebenza futhi inegazi elifudumele.
Lo mbono uqinisekiswa, ikakhulukazi, ngamazinga okukhula kwawo ngokushesha, okuqhathaniswa nokukhula kokuguquguquka kwezilwane ezincelisayo / izinyoni. Ijika lokukhula lama-tyrannosaurs limise okwe-S, lapho ukwanda okusheshayo kwesisindo kwaphawulwa cishe eminyakeni eyi-14 ubudala (lo nyaka uhambelana nesisindo samathani ayi-1.8). Ngesikhathi sesigaba sokukhula esisheshayo, isibankwa sangeza ama-600 kg minyaka yonke iminyaka emi-4, sinciphisa isisindo somzimba lapho sifinyelela eminyakeni eyi-18.
Ezinye izazi ze-paleontologists zisangabaza ukuthi i-tyrannosaurus yayinegazi elifudumele ngokuphelele, ingaphiki ikhono layo lokugcina izinga lokushisa komzimba lihlala njalo. Ososayensi bathi le thermoregulation ingenye yezinhlobo ze-mesothermia ekhonjiswe izimfudu zasolwandle ezibuyisa isikhumba.
Isikhathi sokuphila
Ngokombono wesazi sezinto zakudala uGregory S. Paul, ama-tyrannosaurs anda ngokushesha futhi asheshe afa ngoba impilo yawo yayigcwele izingozi. Ukulinganisa isikhathi sempilo yama-tyrannosaurs nezinga lokukhula kwawo ngasikhathi sinye, abacwaningi bahlola izinsalela zabantu abaningana. Isifanekiso esincane, esiqanjwe ngegama jordani theropod (enesisindo esilinganiselwa ku-30 kg). Ukuhlaziywa kwamathambo akhe kubonise ukuthi ngesikhathi sokufa, iTyrannosaurus rex yayineminyaka engaphezu kwengu-2 ubudala.
Iqiniso!Ukutholwa okukhulu kunakho konke, okwethiwa ngegama elithi Sue, isisindo saso sasicishe sifinyelele kumathani ayi-9.5, futhi oneminyaka yobudala sasineminyaka engama-28 ubudala, sasibukeka njengesidlakela sangempela uma kuqhathaniswa nomlando waso. Lesi sikhathi sithathwa njengesiphezulu kakhulu kwezinhlobo ze-Tyrannosaurus rex.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
Ukubhekana nomehluko phakathi kobulili, i-paleogenetics yadonsela ukunakekela ezinhlotsheni zomzimba (morphs), okuqokomisa ezimbili ezivamile kuzo zonke izinhlobo ze-theropod.
Izinhlobo zomzimba zetyrannosaurs:
- ukuqina - ubukhulu, imisipha ethuthukile, amathambo aqinile;
- amathambo we-gracile - mncane, mncane, imisipha engabonakali kangako.
Umehluko ohlukile wokuziphatha phakathi kwezinhlobo osebenze njengesisekelo sokwehlukaniswa kwama-tyrannosaurs ngokocansi. Abesifazane bahlukaniswa njengabanamandla, kucatshangelwa ukuthi isifuba sezilwane ezinamandla sikhulisiwe, okungukuthi, kungenzeka ukuthi babeka amaqanda. Kwakukholelwa ukuthi esinye sezici eziyinhloko ze-morphological yezibankwa ezinamandla ukulahleka / ukunciphisa i-chevron ye-vertebra yokuqala ye-caudal (lokhu kwakuhlotshaniswa nokukhululwa kwamaqanda emseleni wokuzala).
Eminyakeni yamuva, iziphetho mayelana ne-dimorphism yezocansi yeTyrannosaurus rex, ezazisuselwa ekwakhiweni kwama-chevrons we-vertebrae, ziye zamukelwa njengezinamaphutha. Izazi zebhayoloji zinake ukuthi umehluko kubulili, ikakhulukazi ezingwenya, awukuthinti ukuncipha kwe-chevron (ucwaningo lwango-2005). Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-chevron egcwele yabonakala ku-vertebra yokuqala ye-caudal, eyayingeyomuntu oqinile ngokuqamba igama obizwa nge-Sue, okusho ukuthi lesi sici siyisici sazo zombili izinhlobo zomzimba.
Okubalulekile!Ama-paleontologists anqume ukuthi umehluko we-anatomy ubangelwe indawo yokuhlala yomuntu othile, ngoba izinsalela zitholakale zisuka eSaskatchewan ziya eNew Mexico, noma ukuguqulwa kweminyaka (ama-tyrannosaurs amadala kungenzeka ukuthi aqinile).
Sebefinyelele ekugcineni ekugcineni ukuhlonza abesilisa / abesifazane bezinhlobo zeTyrannosaurus rex, ososayensi abanamazinga aphezulu okuthola bathola ubulili besifuba esisodwa esibizwa nge-B-rex. Lezi zinsalela zaziqukethe izingcezu ezithambile eziye zahlonzwa njengezilingana nezicubu zomzimba (ezinikeza i-calcium ukwakheka kwegobolondo) ezinyonini zanamuhla.
Izicubu zeMedullary zivame ukuba khona emathanjeni abesifazane, kepha ezimweni ezingavamile, futhi zakha kwabesilisa uma zijojowe nge-estrogens (ama-hormone okuzala abesifazane). Yingakho i-B-Rex yahlonishwa ngokungenamthetho njengowesifazane owafa ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa.
Umlando wokutholwa
Izinsalela zokuqala ze-Tyrannosaurus rex zitholwe ukuhambela kweNatural History Museum (USA), eholwa nguBarnum Brown. Kwenzeka ngo-1900 eWyoming, kwathi eminyakeni embalwa kamuva eMontana, kwatholakala amathambo amasha ayingxenye, okwathatha iminyaka emithathu ukuwacubungula. Ngo-1905, okutholakele kwanikezwa amagama ahlukile ahlukile. Owokuqala yiDynamosaurus imperiosus kanti owesibili nguTyrannosaurus rex. Kuliqiniso, ngonyaka olandelayo, izinsalela ezivela eWyoming nazo zabelwa uhlobo lweTyrannosaurus rex.
Iqiniso!Ebusika bango-1906, i-New York Times yazisa abafundi ngokutholwa kweTyrannosaurus rex yokuqala, amathambo ayo ayingxenye (okuhlanganisa namathambo amakhulu emilenze yangemuva nokhalo) ahlala ehholo le-American Museum of Natural History. Amathambo enyoni enkulu abekwa phakathi kwemikhawulo yalesi sibankwa ukuze abonakale kahle.
Ukhakhayi lokuqala oluphelele lwe-Tyrannosaurus rex lwasuswa ngo-1908 kuphela, futhi amathambo alo aphelele abekwa ngo-1915, wonke eseMnyuziyamu ofanayo Wezomlando Wezemvelo. Izazi ze-paleontologists zenze iphutha ngokuhlomisa lesi silo ngezidladla zangaphambili ezintathu zeminwe ye-Allosaurus, kodwa sayilungisa ngemuva kokuvela komuntu ngamunye UWankel rex... Lesi sibonelo se-1/2 skeleton specimen (esinokhakhayi nemilenze engaphambili) simbiwe esidlekeni seHell Creek ngo-1990. Lo mfanekiso, oteketiswa ngokuthi uWankel Rex, ushone eneminyaka engaba ngu-18 ubudala, kwathi eviyo wasinda cishe amathani ayi-6.3 ngobude obungu-11.6 m. Lezi kwakungezinye zezinsalela ezimbalwa zedinosaur lapho kwatholakala khona ama-molecule egazi.
Leli hlobo, kanye naseHell Creek Formation (South Dakota), akutholakalanga kuphela ubukhulu obukhulu kakhulu, kodwa futhi namathambo aphelele kunawo wonke (73%) weTyrannosaurus rex, aqanjwe ngegama lesazi sezinto zakudala uSue Hendrickson. Ngo-1997 amathambo Ukumangalela, ubude bayo obungu-12.3 m nogebhezi luka-1.4 m, lwathengiswa ngama- $ 7.6 million endalini. Amathambo atholwe yiFilda Museum of Natural History, eyivulele umphakathi ngo-2000 ngemuva kokuhlanzwa nokubuyiselwa okwathatha iminyaka emi-2.
Ukhakhayi UMORI 008, eyatholwa nguW. McManis ngaphambi kukaSue, okungukuthi ngo-1967, kodwa ekugcineni yabuyiselwa kuphela ngo-2006, idume ngosayizi wayo (1.53 m). ISampula MOR 008 (izingcezu zogebhezi namathambo ahlakazekile omuntu omdala uTyrannosaurus) kukhonjiswa eMuseum of the Rockies, Montana.
Ngo-1980, bathola indoda okuthiwa yindoda emnyama ebukekayo (Unobuhle Omnyama), Izinsalela zawo ezenziwa mnyama ngamthelela wamaminerali. Izinsalela zepangolin zatholwa nguJeff Baker, owabona ithambo elikhulu osebeni lomfula ngenkathi edoba. Ngemuva konyaka, kwaqedwa ukumbiwa, kwathi uBlack Beauty wathuthela eRoyal Tyrrell Museum (Canada).
Enye i-tyrannosaurus, okuthiwa UStan ukuhlonipha i-amateur ye-paleontology uStan Sakrison, watholakala eNingizimu Dakota entwasahlobo ka-1987, kepha akazange ayithinte, wenza iphutha ngezinsalela zeTriceratops. Amathambo asuswe kuphela ngo-1992, aveza izifo eziningi kuwo:
- izimbambo eziphukile;
- i-vertebrae yomlomo wesibeletho (ngemuva kokuphuka);
- izimbobo ngemuva kogebhezi kusuka emazinyweni e-tyrannosaurus.
Z-REX Ingabe amathambo ezinsalela atholakala ngo-1987 nguMichael Zimmershid eSouth Dakota. Esizeni esifanayo, noma kunjalo, vele ngo-1992, kwatholakala ugebhezi olulondolozwe ngokuphelele, olwembiwa ngu-Alan noRobert Dietrich.
Kusala ngaphansi kwegama Okuhle, eyathathwa ngo-1998 isuka esihogweni i-Hell Creek, iyaziwa ngokuba khona kwama-clavicles amile okwe-clavicle, njengoba imfoloko ibizwa ngokuthi ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinyoni nama-dinosaurs. Izinsalela zeT.
Olunye lwamakhakhayi e-Tyrannosaurus rex aphelele kunawo wonke ake atholwa ngaphezulu yi-skull (i-94% iqinile) engeye-specimen Rees rex... Lamathambo ayesendaweni yokugeza ejulile yethambeka lotshani, naseHell Creek Geologic Formation (enyakatho-mpumalanga yeMontana).
Indawo yokuhlala
Izinsalela zitholakale ezindaweni zaseMaastrichtian, ziveza ukuthi uTyrannosaurus rex wayehlala esikhathini seLate Cretaceous esisuka eCanada siye e-United States (kufaka nezindawo zaseTexas naseNew Mexico). Izibonelo zokufuna ukwazi zalesi sibankwa esinobudlova zitholakale enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-United States eHell Creek Formation - ngesikhathi seMaastrichtian kwakukhona ama-subtropics, nokushisa kwawo nomswakama ngokweqile, lapho ama-conifers (araucaria kanye ne-metasequoia) afakwa khona nezitshalo eziqhakazayo.
Okubalulekile! Ukwahlulela ngokuhlukaniswa kwezinsalela, i-tyrannosaurus yayihlala kuma-biotopes ahlukahlukene - amathafa awomile futhi awomile, amaxhaphozi, kanye nomhlaba okude nolwandle.
Ama-Tyrannosaurs ahlala nama-dinosaurs adla kakhulu futhi adlayo, afana ne:
- ama-triceratops;
- iplatypus edmontosaurus;
- i-torosaurus;
- i-ankylosaurus;
- I-Tescelosaurus;
- pachycephalosaurus;
- i-ornithomimus ne-troodon.
Enye idiphozi edumile yamathambo e-Tyrannosaurus rex ukwakheka komhlaba e-Wyoming, ezigidini zeminyaka eyedlule, ezazifana nesimo semvelo njengeGulf Coast yanamuhla. Izilwane zokwakheka ziphinda ziphindaphinde izilwane ze-Hell Creek, ngaphandle kokuthi esikhundleni se-ornithomim, i-strutiomim ihlala lapha, futhi kwanezelwa ngisho ne-leptoceratops (omele ama-ceratopsia aphakathi nendawo).
Emikhakheni eseningizimu yobubanzi bayo, iTyrannosaurus rex yabelana izindawo ngeQuetzalcoatl (i-pterosaur enkulu), i-Alamosaurus, i-Edmontosaurus, iTorosaurus nenye ye-ankylosaurus ebizwa ngeGlyptodontopelta. Eningizimu yebanga, kwakulawula amathafa athe thuthu, avele lapha ngemuva kokunyamalala kwe-Western Inland Sea.
Ukudla kwe-Tyrannosaurus rex
I-Tyrannosaurus rex idlula ama-dinosaurs amaningi adla kakhulu esimisweni sayo semvelo ngakho-ke yaziwa njengesidalwa esiphakeme. I-tyrannosaurus ngayinye yayincamela ukuhlala nokuzingela yodwa, ngokuqinile esizeni sayo, okwakungamakhilomitha-skwele angaphezu kwekhulu.
Ngezikhathi ezithile, izibankwa ezinobushiqela zazulazula zangena endaweni eseduze futhi zaqala ukuvikela amalungelo azo kuyo ngokulwa okunodlame, okuvame ukuholela ekufeni komunye walaba balwi. Ngalo mphumela, owinile akazange ayidelele inyama yomuntu ozalwe kabusha, kepha wayevame ukulandela amanye ama-dinosaurs - ama-ceratopsia (ama-torosaurs nama-triceratops), ama-hadrosaurs (kufaka phakathi ama-Anatotitania) kanye nama-sauropods.
Ukunakwa!Ingxoxo ethathe isikhathi eside ngokuthi ngabe iTyrannosaurus iyisidlakela seqiniso noma isikhohlisi iholele esiphethweni sokugcina - iTyrannosaurus rex ibiyisidlakela esinethuba (esizingelwa futhi sidla inyama).
Umzingeli
Izimpikiswano ezilandelayo zisekela lo mqondo:
- izisekelo zamehlo zitholakala ukuze amehlo angaqondiswa ohlangothini, kodwa phambili. Umbono onjalo we-binocular (ngaphandle kokungajwayelekile) uyabonakala ezilwaneni ezidliwayo eziphoqeleka ukuthi zihlole ngokunembile ibanga lesisulu;
- Amazinyo eTyrannosaurus asele kwamanye ama-dinosaurs futhi abamele nezinhlobo zawo (ngokwesibonelo, kuyaziwa ukulunywa okuphulukisiwe ku-nape yeTriceratops);
- izibankwakazi ezinkulu ezidla utshani ezaziphila ngasikhathi sinye njengama-tyrannosaurs zazinezihlangu / amapuleti okuvikela emhlane wazo. Lokhu ngokungaqondile kukhombisa usongo lokuhlaselwa yizilwane ezinkulu ezifana neTyrannosaurus rex.
Izazi ze-paleontologists zinesiqiniseko sokuthi lesi sibankwa sihlasele into ehlosiwe sisuka lapho siqamekele khona, sayidlula nge-dash eyodwa enamandla. Ngenxa yobuningi bayo obukhulu nesivinini esiphansi, bekungenakwenzeka ukuthi ubekwazi ukuphishekela isikhathi eside.
UTyrannosaurus rex ukhethe iningi lezilwane ezibuthakathaka - ezigulayo, esezikhulile noma ezisencane kakhulu. Cishe, wayesaba abantu abadala, ngoba izibankwakazi ezidla utshani (ankylosaurus noma triceratops) zazizimela. Ososayensi bayavuma ukuthi i-tyrannosaurus, isebenzisa ubukhulu namandla ayo, yathatha inyamazane yezilwane ezincane ezidla ezinye.
Umkhwabanisi
Le nguqulo isuselwa kwamanye amaqiniso:
- iphunga eliphakeme le-Tyrannosaurus rex, elinikezwe izinhlobonhlobo zama-olfactory receptors, njengabaqaphi;
- amazinyo aqinile futhi made (20-30 cm), aklanyelwe ukubulala inyamazane njengokuchoboza amathambo nokukhipha okuqukethwe kuwo, kufaka phakathi umnkantsha;
- ijubane eliphansi lokuhamba kwesigcilikisha: ayigijimanga kangako ngokuhamba, okwenze ukufuna izilwane ezinamandla okuhamba kalula kungasho lutho. Kwakulula ukuthola iCarrion.
Bavikela inkolelo yokuthi isidumbu sivelele ekudleni, izazi ze-paleontologists ezivela eChina zahlola i-humerus ye-saurolophus, eyadliwa ngummeli womndeni we-tyrannosaurid. Ngemuva kokuhlola ukulimala kwezicubu zethambo, ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi zidalwe ngesikhathi isidumbu siqala ukubola.
Luma amandla
Kwakungenxa yakhe ukuthi i-tyrannosaurus yaphahlaza kalula amathambo ezilwane ezinkulu futhi yadwengula izidumbu zazo, yafika kosawoti bamaminerali, kanye nomnkantsha wamathambo, owahlala ungafinyeleleki kuma-dinosaurs amancane adlayo.
Kuyathakazelisa! Amandla okuluma kaTyrannosaurus rex ayephakeme kakhulu kunezidliwayo ezingasekho neziphilayo. Lesi siphetho senziwa ngemuva kochungechunge lwezivivinyo ezikhethekile ngonyaka ka-2012 nguPeter Falkingham noCarl Bates.
Ama-paleontologists ahlola ukushicilelwa kwamazinyo emathanjeni eTriceratops futhi enza ukubala okukhombisa ukuthi amazinyo angemuva we-tyrannosaurus omdala avale ngamandla angama-kilonwtons angama-35-37. Lokhu kuphindwe izikhathi eziyi-15 kunamandla amakhulu okuluma amabhubesi ase-Afrika, aphindwe kasikhombisa kunamandla okuluma we-Allosaurus futhi aphindwe izikhathi ezi-3.5 kunamandla okuluma ophethe amarekhodi - ingwenya enosawoti wase-Australia.
Ukuzala nenzalo
U-Osborne, ecabanga ngendima yamaphiko angaphambili athuthukile, waphakamisa ngo-1906 ukuthi zazisetshenziswa ama-tyrannosaurs ekuhlanganiseni.
Cishe ikhulu leminyaka kamuva, ngo-2004, iJurassic Museum yase-Asturias (eSpain) yafaka kwelinye lamahholo ayo amathambo ama-tyrannosaurus abanjwa ngesikhathi sokuya ocansini. Ukuze kucace ngokwengeziwe, ukwakheka kwanezelwa ngesithombe esinemibala kulo lonke udonga, lapho izibankwa zidwetshwa ngendlela yemvelo.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ukwahlulela isithombe somnyuziyamu, ama-tyrannosaurs ahlangana ngenkathi emi: insikazi yaphakamisa umsila wayo yatshekisa ikhanda layo phansi, owesilisa wayenendawo ecishe ime ngemuva kwakhe.
Njengoba abesifazane babemakhulu futhi benolaka kakhulu kunabesilisa, laba bathatha umzamo omkhulu wokunqoba owokuqala. Omakoti, yize bababiza abakhongi ngomsindo wokuduma, bebengajahile ukulingisa nabo, belindele ukunikela ngokukhululekile kokudla okwenziwe ngezidumbu ezinesisindo.
Ukuya ocansini kufushane, ngemuva kwalokho umnumzane washiya umlingani ovundisiwe, wayofuna ezinye izintokazi nezinhlinzeko. Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva, insikazi yakha isidleke khona kanye ebusweni (okwakuyingozi enkulu kakhulu), izalela amaqanda ayi-10-15 lapho. Ukuvimbela inzalo ukuthi ingadliwa abazingeli bamaqanda, ngokwesibonelo, ama-dromaeosaurs, umama akazange ashiye isidleke izinyanga ezimbili, evikela ibamba.
Izazi ze-paleontologists ziphakamisa ukuthi ngisho nasezikhathini ezihamba phambili zama-tyrannosaurs, azikho ngaphezu kwezinsana ezi-3-4 ezisanda kuzalwa ezizalwe kuyo yonke inzalo. Futhi esikhathini esedlule seCretaceous, ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwama-tyrannosaurs kwaqala ukwehla futhi kwaphela ngokuphelele. Isizathu sokuqothulwa kweTyrannosaurus rex kukholakala ukuthi sanda umsebenzi wentaba-mlilo, ngenxa yalokho umkhathi wagcwala amagesi abe nomthelela omubi emibungwini.
Izitha zemvelo
Ochwepheshe bayaqiniseka ukuthi yi-tyrannosaurus ephethe isihloko sompetha womhlaba ophelele ekulweni okukhulu, kokubili phakathi kokuqothulwa naphakathi kwezilwane ezidlayo zanamuhla. Ama-dinosaurs amakhulu kuphela angalethwa ekamu lezitha zakhe zokucabanga (esusa eceleni izilwane ezincane ezazizulazula ngaleso sikhathi ezindaweni ezishisayo):
- ama-sauropods (brachiosaurus, diplodocus, bruhatkayosaurus);
- ama-ceratopsia (iTriceratops neTorosaurus);
- amathrophu (iMapusaurus, Carcharodontosaurus, Tyrannotitan);
- amathrophu (Spinosaurus, Gigantosaurus, kanye neTherizinosaurus);
- i-stegosaurus ne-ankylosaurus;
- umhlambi wama-dromaeosaurids.
Okubalulekile!Ngemuva kokubheka ukwakheka kwemihlathi, ukwakheka kwamazinyo, nezinye izindlela zokuhlasela / zokuzivikela (imisila, uzipho, izihlangu ze-dorsal), izazi ze-paleontologists zafika esiphethweni sokuthi yi-Ankylosaurus neGigantosaurus kuphela eyayinokuphikisana okukhulu neTyrannosaurus.
I-Ankylosaurus
Lesi silwane esihlomile esilingana nendlovu yase-Afrika, yize singabanga yingozi kuTyrannosaurus rex, sasiyimbangi engakhululekile kuye. Isikhali sayo sasifaka izikhali eziqinile, isikebhe esiyisicaba kanye nomsila odume ngomsila, lapho i-ankylosaurus ingalimaza kanzima (hhayi ukubulala, kepha ukuqeda impi), ngokwesibonelo, ukwephula umlenze we-tyrannosaur.
Iqiniso! Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imace yesigamu semitha yayingenawo amandla akhuphukile, yingakho yaphuka ngemuva kokushaywa okunamandla. Leli qiniso liqinisekiswa okutholakele - imace ye-ankylosaurus ephukile ezindaweni ezimbili.
Kepha i-tyrannosaurus, ngokungafani namanye ama-dinosaurs adlayo, yayikwazi ukubhekana kahle ne-ankylosaurus. Isibankwa esinobushiqela besisebenzisa imihlathi yaso enamandla, silume ngokuthula futhi sihlafuna igobolondo lezikhali.
IGigantosaurus
Le colossus, elingana ngosayizi neTyrannosaurus, ithathwa njengembangi yayo enenkani kakhulu. Ngobude obucishe bulingane (12.5 m), iGigantosaurus yayingaphansi kuka T. rex ngesisindo, njengoba yayinesisindo esingamathani ayi-6-7. Ngisho nangobude obufanayo bomzimba, iTyrannosaurus rex ibingumyalo wobukhulu obunzima, obubonakala ekwakhiweni kwamathambo ayo: ama-femur femer kanye nama-vertebrae, kanye ne-pelvis ejulile, lapho bekunamathiselwe khona imisipha eminingi.
Imisipha ekhuliswe kahle yemilenze ifakazela ukuzinza okukhulu kwe-tyrannosaurus, amandla akhuphukile ama-jerks ayo nama-jerks. T. rex unentamo nomhlathi onamandla amakhulu, une-nape ebanzi (enwetshelwa kuyo imisipha emikhulu) nogebhezi oluphakeme, olubamba imithwalo yokwethuka kwangaphandle ngenxa ye-kineticism.
Ngokusho kwezazi ze-paleontologists, impi phakathi kukaTyrannosaurus noGigantosaurus yathatha isikhathi esifushane. Kwaqala ngokulunywa kabili fang to fang (emakhaleni nasemhlathini) futhi kulapho kwaphela khona, njengoba uT. Rex eziluma ngaphandle komzamo ... umhlathi ongezansi womphikisi wakhe.
Kuyathakazelisa! Amazinyo weGigantosaurus, afana namabhande, aguqulelwe ngokuphawulekayo ukuzingela, kepha hhayi ukulwa - ahamba, aphula, phezu kwamathambo esitha, ngenkathi owokugcina egaya ugebhezi lwesitha ngamazinyo akhe achoboza amathambo.
I-Tyrannosaurus yeqe iGigantosaurus ngazo zonke izindlela: ivolumu yemisipha, ukuqina kwamathambo, isisindo nomthethosisekelo. Ngisho nesifuba esiyindilinga sesibankwa esinobushiqela sasinikeza inzuzo lapho silwa namathrophu adlayo, futhi ukulunywa kwawo (noma ngabe iyiphi ingxenye yomzimba) kwakungeyona into ebulalayo kuT. Rex.
IGigantosaurus yahlala icishe ingenakuzisiza phambi kweTyrannosaurus enolwazi, enonya futhi eqinile. Ngemuva kokubulala i-gigantosaurus ngemizuzwana embalwa, isibankwa esinobushiqela, ngokusobala, sahlukumeza isidumbu saso isikhashana, sasidwengula futhi saphola kancane kancane ngemuva kwempi.
