I-Black grouse iyinyoni ejwayelekile kusukela ebuntwaneni. Kunezaga, izisho nezinganekwane eziningi ngalo muntu ohlala kuleli hlathi onezimpaphe, okuthandwa kakhulu okuyi "The Fox and the Black Grouse." Lapho ukhonjiswa ukuthi uhlakaniphile, unengqondo futhi uvinjelwe, okugcina kumsindisile ezingxabanweni zempungushe. Izazi ze-ornithologists kuphela ezifunda le nyoni nabazingeli, phakathi kwazo i-black grouse ebithathwa njengegeyimu ebalulekile kusukela endulo, futhi ngubani, ngokuya ngemikhuba yale nyoni, abasungule izindlela eziningi ezihlakaniphile zokuzingela lobu buhle behlathi, bazi ngokufanayo ukuthi i-grouse emnyama empeleni iyini.
Incazelo ye-Black grouse
I-grouse iyinyoni enkulu yomndeni we-pheasant, esabalele futhi ehlala emahlathini, emahlathini asemahlathini futhi, ngokwengxenye, ama-steppes ase-Eurasia, kubandakanya neRussia. Ngokuyinhloko, i-black grouse ihola impilo yokuhlala, ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhetha ukuhlala emaphethelweni ehlathi, eduze kwehlathi nasezigodini zemifula.
Ukubukeka
I-Black grouse iyinyoni enkulu impela, ubukhulu bayo kuya ngobulili bungavela ku-40 kuye ku-58 cm, nesisindo - kusuka ku-0.7 kuye ku-1.4 kg, ngokulandelana... Ikhanda lalo lincane, linomlomo omfushane. Umzimba mkhulu kakhulu, kepha awukhulu kakhulu, intamo yinde ngokwanele, ijika elihle. Imilenze iqinile, iyabonakala, ngenxa yezinzwane ezizimboze phansi, zibukeka ziwugqinsi.
Kuyathakazelisa! Isici se-black grouse yizwi labo. Ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, abesilisa benza imisindo efanayo ngasikhathi sinye njengokugigitheka nokuhhahazela. Futhi abesifazane baphethe njengezinkukhu ezijwayelekile.
I-grouse emnyama inezinzwane ezine emlenzeni ngamunye, ezintathu zazo ziqondiswe phambili, kanti eyesine iyaphikisana nazo. Uzipho lunamandla anele. Izimpiko ziqinile, zimbozwe izimpaphe ezinde ngokwedlulele, okuyinto inyoni engakwazi ukuyenza ngaphandle kwezindiza.
Ukuziphatha, indlela yokuphila
I-Black grouse yizinyoni ezisebenza emphakathini ezikhetha ukuzigcina zinemihlambi emikhulu ngaso sonke isikhathi, ngaphandle kwesikhathi sokukhwelana, ngaphezu kwalokho, emhlambini kungaba nabantu abangafika ku-200-300. Esikhathini esiningi, imihlambi ye-grouse iyaxubana, imvamisa lapho kunabesilisa kuphela, kepha imihlambi enabesifazane kuphela engavamile kakhulu. Lezi zinyoni ziyashintsha, futhi ehlobo, lapho kushisa kakhulu emini, ziyasebenza ekuseni nakusihlwa ngaphambi kokushona kwelanga.
Emini bathanda ukuhlala ezihlahleni, phakathi kwamaqoqo amagatsha: lapho i-grouse emnyama igxila elangeni futhi lapho babalekela ezilwaneni ezidla umhlaba eziningi... Iningi lama-grouse amnyama ahlala phansi. Ngesikhathi samahora wokusebenza, bahamba emhlabathini isikhathi eside, bangachitha ubusuku lapho, ekuqongeleleni amahlathi aminyene noma exhaphozini ku-hummock. Yize, ikakhulukazi, izihlahla zikhethwa njengezindawo zokulala: kuthule futhi kuphephe lapho kunasemhlabathini.
Bakhuphuka ezihlahleni ngokugqamile, ukuze bakwazi ukubizwa ngokuthi yizinyoni zomhlaba kanye nezinyoni ezinezizathu ezilinganayo. Kubukeka kungakholeki, kepha i-grouse emnyama iyakwazi ukuhlala ngokuzethemba emagatsheni amancane kakhulu angakwazi ukuxhasa isisindo sawo. Lezi yizidalwa eziqaphile ezinokuzwa nokubona okuhle kakhulu, kanti abesifazane baziphatha ngokukhalipha kakhulu kunabesilisa futhi uma kwenzeka kuba yingozi baba ngabokuqala ukukhipha ama-alamu, emva kwalokho umhlambi wonke uyasuswa endaweni bese undizela kwenye indawo ephephile.
Kuyathakazelisa! IBlack grouse, yize isayizi wayo omkhulu, indiza ngokushesha okukhulu: ijubane layo lokundiza lingaba yi-100 km / h, futhi uma kwenzeka ingozi ikwazi ukundiza ibanga eliqhele ngamashumi amakhilomitha ambalwa.
Ebusika, lezi zinyoni zakha indawo yokukhosela ngaphansi kweqhwa, lapho zingakwazi ukuhlala khona cishe usuku lonke. Ukuze wenze lokhu, imvamisa lapho kuqala ukuhwalala, i-grouse emnyama evela egatsheni lesihlahla ingena phakathi eqhweni elijulile kodwa elixegayo futhi, ilikhotha eqhweni, iphinde ilicindezele ngomzimba wayo, lenze umhubhe kulo ufike ku-50 cm ukujula.
Lesi yindawo yokukhosela enokwethenjelwa ngokuphelele, ikakhulukazi njengoba i-grouse emnyama, isemigodini yayo, izwa kahle izinyathelo zesilwane esisondela kuye futhi, uma kunesidingo, iba nesikhathi sokushiya izindawo zazo zokuhlala futhi indize ngaphambi kokuba isondele ibanga eliyingozi.
Inkinga ebucayi kuphela engaqamekela i-grouse emnyama emhubheni yayo ukufudumala kwesikhashana nokwakhiwa koqweqwe lweqhwa eqhweni, okungewona umsebenzi olula ukuthi inyoni idabule. Ngokuqala kwentwasahlobo, imihlambi iyahlakazeka, kuthi abesilisa baqale ukubuthana emisinga, lapho, ngokulindela abesifazane, bagcwala imisebe yelanga lokuqala lasentwasahlobo.
Mangaki ama-grouse amnyama ahlala
Endle, isikhathi esiphakathi nendawo se-black grouse siyiminyaka eyi-11 kuye kwengu-13, ekuthunjweni lezi zinyoni zingaphila isikhathi eside.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
I-dimorphism yezocansi ku-grouse emnyama iyabizwa: abesifazane abancane nje kuphela kunabesilisa ngosayizi, kepha futhi bahluke kakhulu kubo ngombala wezimpaphe zabo. Izimpaphe zesilisa zinombala ocwebezelayo omnyama, zinombala ophuzi noma ophephuli ekhanda, entanyeni, emphinjeni nasesinqeni. Unamashiya abomvu ajule ngaphezu kwamehlo akhe. Ingemuva lesisu linombala onsundu, nezeluleko zezimpaphe ezihlotshisiwe. Isethembiso simhlophe, siqhathanisa. Kukhona nezindawo ezincane ezimhlophe ezibizwa nge- "mirrors" ezimpapheni zendiza ensundu emnyama. Izimpaphe zemisila ezeqile zigobeke ngokuqinile ezinhlangothini, ngenxa yokuthi isimo somsila sifana nehabhu. Umbala wazo umnyama kakhulu ngombala onsomi eziqongweni.
Kuyathakazelisa! Umbala wezinyoni ezincane, kungakhathalekile ubulili babo, uyefana: bobabili abesilisa nabesifazane besebancane banenqwaba yezinhlobonhlobo, equkethe imivimbo emnyama nsundu, nsundu ngokuphuzi nomhlophe namabala ashintshanayo.
Owesifazane we-grouse omnyama unemibala enesizotha kakhulu: ubomvu ngokunsundu ngemivimbo eguqukayo empunga, ephuzi kanye nonsundu. Ubuye abe nezibuko ezimpikweni zokundiza, noma kunjalo, uma kuqhathaniswa nesizinda esibomvu ngokukhanyayo, zibukeka ziphikisana kakhulu kunaleso sowesilisa. Owesifazane unenothi elincane emsileni, futhi, njengowesilisa, umsebenzi wakhe opendiwe umhlophe.
Izinhlobo ze-grouse emnyama
Njengamanje, kunezinhlobo ezimbili zama-grouse amnyama ahlala eYurophu: lena yi-grouse emnyama, ebizwa nangokuthi i-field grouse, kanye ne-grouse emnyama yaseCaucasus. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ososayensi bahlukanisa izinhlobo ezincane eziyisikhombisa noma eziyisishiyagalombili ze-grouse emnyama ehlala ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene zendawo yayo. Ngaphandle, lezi zinhlobo ezimbili ziyefana kakhulu, ngaphandle kokuthi i-grouse emnyama yaseCaucasia incane: ubukhulu bayo abudluli u-50-55 cm, futhi isisindo sayo singu-1.1 kg.
Umehluko kumbala wezimpaphe nawo uyabonakala: ku-grouse emnyama yaseCaucasus ibuthuntu, icishe ingabi nokukhanya, ingasaphathwa eyombala we-sheen, futhi azikho "izibuko" emaphikweni... Umsila walezi zinhlobo uhlukile ngesimo: ubumbeke njenge-lyre, kepha ngasikhathi sinye uboshelwe imfoloko. Izimpaphe zomsila zinciphile, kepha ngasikhathi sinye zinde kunezo ze-grouse emnyama. Abesifazane be-grouse emnyama yaseCaucasus banemibala ngombala we-motley, obomvu ngokubomvu, ohlotshiswe ngemigqa emnyama.
Lezi zinhlobo zihlala eCaucasus eRussia naseTurkey. Futhi kutholakala e-Azerbaijan, Armenia naseGeorgia. Izindawo ezihlala kuzo ezizithandayo izihlahlana ze-rhododendron nama-rose hips, futhi le nyoni ibuye ihlale ezigodini ezincane, ikakhulukazi ezimumethe i-birch ne-juniper. I-grouse emnyama yaseCaucasia idla izitshalo ezinama-herbaceous, amajikijolo, izinambuzane. Ebusika, badla ama-birch buds namakhathuni, imbewu namajikijolo.
Indawo yokuhlala
IBlack grouse ihlala emahlathini, emahlathini nasemathafeni ase-Eurasia, kusukela e-Alps naseBritish Isles emngceleni osentshonalanga wobubanzi bayo futhi kugcina ngesifunda i-Ussuri ne-Peninsula yaseKorea empumalanga.
Ngasikhathi sinye, imingcele yebanga inemibandela, ngoba incike kakhulu enanini lezinyoni nasekuguqukeni kwamasiko kuma-landscapes. Futhi kwezinye izindawo lapho i-grouse emnyama yayisakazeke khona phambilini, seyanyamalala ngokuphelele manje ngenxa yomsebenzi wezomnotho womuntu, njengoba, ngokwesibonelo, kwenzeka e-Eastern Sudetenland.
Endaweni yaseRussia, le nyoni ihlala enhlonhlweni iKola Peninsula kanye nesifunda i-Arkhangelsk enyakatho kuya ezifundeni zaseKursk, eVoronezh, eVolgograd kanye nasezintabeni zase-Altai eningizimu. I-grouse emnyama ikhetha ukuhlala ezihlahleni, ama-copses amancane kanye namahlathi, lapho kunamajikijolo amaningi. Kutholakala nasezigodini zemifula, eceleni kwemingcele yamaxhaphozi, amadlelo ezikhukhula noma umhlaba wezolimo. Bazama ukungazinzile emahlathini aminyene, kepha bangakhetha ukugawulwa okubanzi noma indawo lapho umlilo wehlathi wake wenzeka khona futhi izihlahla zazingakabi naso isikhathi sokukhula.
Kuyathakazelisa! Lezi zinyoni zithanda ukuhlala emahlathini ama-birch futhi zizikhetha kuzo zonke ezinye izindawo. Kepha eNtshonalanga Yurophu, sekuyisikhathi eside kukhethwe ama-grouse amnyama njengezindawo zokuhlala zezindawo ezingama-heather, nase-Ukraine naseKazakhstan - amahlathi aminyene esihlahlana.
Ukudla okumnyama kwe-grouse
I-Black grouse iyinyoni edla imifino, okungenani abantu abadala bakhetha ukudla ukudla kwemifino. Phakathi nezinyanga ezifudumele, zidla ama-blueberries, ama-blueberries, ama-cranberries noma ama-lingonberries nezitshalo ezinama-herbaceous njenge-clover noma i-hawk. Ziphinde zondle emasimini lapho kutshalwa khona izilimo zokusanhlamvu, futhi zithanda kakhulu izinhlamvu zikakolweni namabele.
Ebusika, i-grouse emnyama ehlala emahlathini e-birch idla amahlumela ama-birch, efihlekile noma e-catkins. Futhi izinyoni ezihlala ezindaweni lapho i-birch ingakhuli khona kufanele zaneliswe nokunye ukudla: i-spruce nezinaliti zomjunipha, amahlumela e-larch, izigaxa zikaphayini ezincane, kanye ne-alder noma i-willow buds.
Izilwane ezisencane zalezi zinyoni zidla ngokuyinhloko izinambuzane, kodwa kamuva, lapho zikhula, ziyashintsha zitshale ukudla.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Kusukela ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, abesilisa be-grouse emnyama bebelokhu bebuthana kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi yimisinga, lapho bekhetha khona izimfunda, emaphethelweni amaxhaphozi noma ama-glades asehlathini athule. Ku-glade eyodwa enjalo, kungafika abesilisa abangaba yishumi nambili, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ngaphezulu. Inani eliphakeme lokukhwelana nge-grouse emnyama lisengxenyeni yesibili ka-Ephreli - ekuqaleni kukaMeyi. Ngalesi sikhathi, ngamunye owesilisa uzama ukuhlala esizeni esizeni samanje esiseduze nendawo yokuhlanza, kepha amasayithi amahle kakhulu, vele, aya kokuqine kunabo bonke.
Abesilisa bazivikela ngokucophelela lezi zindawo ekuhlaselweni izimbangi, ezinye zazo zingaze zilale ubusuku khona lapho, phansi, ngokwesaba ukuthi ngenkathi izobuya ebusuku, enye i-grouse emnyama ingahlala kule ndawo. Cishe ihora ngaphambi kokuntwela kokusa, abesilisa babuthana njengamanje bese baqala ukukhipha imisindo bese bebubula imisindo ukuze badonse ukunakwa kwabesifazane, okuthi, lapho befika ngemuva kwesikhashana, baqale bahlale eduze konqenqema lwamanje, bese bendizela maphakathi nendawo yokuhlanza, lapho bekhetha abalingani babo.
Isikhathi samanje se-grouse emnyama umbono othakazelisa kakhulu. Amanye amaduna ahumuzela okuthile, agobisa izintamo zawo phansi futhi asakaza imisila yawo ngemisila emhlophe ecwebezelayo. Abanye ngalesi sikhathi bagxume bashaye amaphiko abo ngokuzwakalayo. Owesithathu wabo, engahlukanisi insikazi ethengisa noma indawo, ahlangana nge-duel, agxume futhi agijimisane. Noma kunjalo, yize kuliwa njalo phakathi kwabesilisa, i-black grouse ayibangeli monakalo omkhulu komunye nomunye.
Ngemuva kokukhwelana, abesilisa be-grouse emnyama abahlanganyeli ekudalweni kwenzalo yabo yesikhathi esizayo: owesifazane uzakhela isidleke uqobo, yena uqobo ufukamela amaqanda angama-5-13 alula ngokufakwa okumnyama nonsundu. Ukuqanduselwa kuqala phakathi no-Meyi, kanti isidleke uqobo lwaso siyimbobo encane emhlabathini, egcwele izimpaphe, amaqabunga, amagatsha amancane kanye notshani obomile bonyaka odlule.
Insikazi ifukamela inzalo yayo izinsuku ezingama-24-25. AmaGrouse amawundlu azalwa embozwe ngokuphelele phansi futhi ngemuva kwamahora ambalwa angalandela unina. Izinsuku eziyi-10 zokuqala zempilo yazo ziyingozi kakhulu: phela amachwane awazi ukuthi angaphapha kanjani ngakho-ke phansi angaba yizisulu ezilula zabahlaseli.
Kuyathakazelisa! Insikazi sonke lesi sikhathi iseduze kwenzalo yayo kanti uma kwenzeka kuvela isidlakela eduze, izama ukuyikhohlisa, yenze sengathi ilimele. Upheqa indawo ngendawo sengathi akakwazi ukusuka futhi ushaya ngamandla amaphiko akhe, akhokhe kakhulu ngesikhathi esifanayo. Lokhu kukhotha kuwuphawu lokuthi amatshwele acashe futhi acashe kuze kubuye unina.
Lapho i-grouse iba nezinsuku eziyi-10 ubudala, bayakwazi ukufiphiza, futhi ngemuva kwenyanga baqala ukundiza... NgoSepthemba, abesilisa abasebancane, asebevele bancibilika baba izimpaphe ezimnyama, bahlukana nemindeni yabo futhi bahlala ngokwehlukana, kepha abesifazane abasebasha basazama ukuhlala eduze konina. Kuphela ebusika lapho abesilisa nabesifazane beqala ukubuthana ngemihlambi exubile.
Njengomthetho, lapho benonyaka owodwa, abesilisa abasabambi iqhaza ekuzaleni, yize sebevele bafinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi: abavunyelwe nje ukwenza lokhu nge-grouse emnyama endala, bejaha abancane kusukela manje, ukuze okusele nje ukugoqana emaphethelweni okususwa nokubuka, ukuthi izihlobo zabo ezindala nezinamandla zenza kanjani. Abesilisa abaneminyaka engama-2-3 ubudala sebevele bazithathele isiza emaphethelweni wamanje futhi bangabamba iqhaza ekuzaleni, uma-ke bekhethwa njengabalingani ngomunye wabesifazane.
Izitha zemvelo
Endaweni yayo yemvelo, i-grouse emnyama inezitha eziningi, phakathi kwazo kungabizwa izimpungushe, ama-martens, izingulube zasendle kanye nama-goshawks. Kumatshwele we-grouse emnyama, amanye ama-mustelids, kufaka phakathi amasabisi, nawo ayingozi.
Kuyathakazelisa! Izitha zemvelo, noma ngabe lezi zinyoni ziningi zazo, azithinti kakhulu inani lama-grouse amnyama: imisebenzi yabantu yezomnotho nezimo zezulu kubaluleke kakhulu ekwehliseni inani labantu.
Kwenzeka ukuthi ezinyangeni zasehlobo ezinemvula ngenxa ye-hypothermia, kuze kufike ku-40% wamazinyane we-black grouse abulawa, uma kuqhathaniswa nenani lamaphuphu abulawa ngamazinyo nezinzipho zezilwane ezizingelayo alilikhulu kangako.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Njengamanje, inani lama-black grouse likhulu impela, futhi indawo lapho kuhlala khona lezi zinyoni ibanzi. Yizo lezi zimo ezenze ukuthi kube lula ukwabela isikhundla "Sokukhathazeka Okuncane" kulezi zinhlobo. Ngokuqondene ne-grouse emnyama yaseCaucasus, njengendawo yokuhlala, yahlukaniswa njengezinhlobo "Eziseduze nesimo esengozini". Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingozi enkulu kakhulu kuye ukuklaba izinkomo nokuzingela ngokungemthetho. Imfuyo ichoboza izidleke namachwane, kepha izinja ezelusayo ziyingozi ikakhulukazi kuma-grouse amnyama, angaphuthelwa yithuba lokuzizingela.
Kuyathakazelisa! Njengamanje, i-grouse emnyama yaseCaucasus ivikelekile endaweni yezindawo eziningi zokugcina ezinkulu, phakathi kwazo ezingabizwa ngokuthi yiCaucasus neTeberdinsky.
I-Grouse yisakhamuzi esivamile sezindawo ze-birch namahlathi ase-Eurasia. Umehluko phakathi kwabesilisa, opendwe ngokumnyama "ngezibuko" ezimhlophe kanye nomngcwabo nabesifazane ngezimpaphe zabo zesifazane ezinesizotha, ezibomvu ngokunsundu, kuhlaba umxhwele kangangokuba kunzima ukukholelwa ukuthi bayizinyoni zohlobo olufanayo. Lezi zinyoni kade zaheha ukunaka kwabantu ngokuziphatha kwazo futhi, ikakhulukazi, ngokukhwelana kwazo.
Abantu ababonile ukuthi i-black grouse ikhahlela kanjani entwasahlobo entathakusa bathi lokhu kungumbono ongenakulibaleka futhi omuhle. Akusizi ngalutho ukuthi isithombe salezi zinyoni sithole ukubonakaliswa okubanzi kubuciko bendabuko: isibonelo, emidansweni yase-alpine, kusetshenziselwa ukunyakaza okufana nokugxuma nokukhothama, isici se-black grouse egijima.
