"King of all fish" - lesi sihloko sanikwa ituna ngo-1922 ngu-Ernest Hemingway, owahlatshwa umxhwele yi-torpedo ephilayo ekhazimulayo enqamula amagagasi olwandle asogwini lwaseSpain.
Incazelo ye-tuna
Ichthyologists ibona i-tuna njengenye yezakhamuzi zasolwandle eziphelele kakhulu... Lezi zinhlanzi zasolwandle, ogama lazo libuyela esiGrekini sasendulo. impande "thynō" (ukuphonsa), basemndenini weScombridae futhi bakha imikhakha emihlanu enezinhlobo eziyi-15. Iningi lezinhlobo azinaso isinye sokubhukuda. I-tuna yehluke kakhulu ngosayizi (ubude nesisindo) - ngakho-ke i-mackerel tuna ikhula ize ibe isigamu semitha futhi isisindo esingu-1.8 kg, kuyilapho i-tuna ye-bluefin izuza ifike ku-300-500 kg ngobude obungu-2 kuye ku-4.6 m.
Uhlobo lwe-tuna encane lubandakanya:
- skipjack, aka ezimthende tuna;
- i-tuna eseningizimu;
- i-tuna enamabala;
- i-mackerel tuna;
- I-tuna yase-Atlantic.
Uhlobo lwe-tuna langempela lumelelwa yizinhlobo ezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu, njenge:
- i-longfin tuna;
- i-tuna enamehlo amakhulu;
- i-yellowfin tuna;
- okujwayelekile (okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka / okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okukhanyayo).
Lezi zinsuku zijabulisa abadobi ngezinhlobo ezinhle kakhulu zosayizi: kuyaziwa, ngokwesibonelo, ukuthi ngo-1979, ngaseCanada, i-bluefin tuna yabanjwa, yelula cishe ama-680 kg.
Ukubukeka
I-tuna yisidalwa esinamandla ngendlela emangalisayo esinikezwe imvelo nge-anatomy ephelele kanye nezinguquko eziguqukayo zebhayoloji.... Onke ama-tunas anomzimba omude, omile okokuphotha osiza ukuthola isivinini esithandekayo futhi ahlanganise amabanga amade. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakheka okuhle kwempiko yomgogodla, efana nensimbi, kufanele kubongwe ijubane nobude bokubhukuda.
Ezinye izinzuzo zohlobo lweThunnus zifaka:
- i-caudal fin eqinile ngokungajwayelekile;
- izinga lokushintshaniswa kwegesi lenyukile;
- i-biochemistry / physiology emangalisayo yenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi;
- amazinga aphezulu e-hemoglobin;
- imiphunga ebanzi ehlunga amanzi ukuze i-tuna ithole u-50% womoya-mpilo wayo (kwezinye izinhlanzi - 25-33%);
- uhlelo oluyisibonelo lwe-thermoregulatory oluletha ukushisa emehlweni, ebuchosheni, emisipheni nasesiswini.
Ngenxa yesimo sakamuva, umzimba we-tuna uhlala ufudumele (ngo-9-14 ° C) wemvelo, kanti izinga lokushisa kwezinhlanzi eziningi liqondana nokushisa kwamanzi. Incazelo ilula - balahlekelwa ukushisa okuvela ekusebenzeni kwemisipha, ngoba igazi liqhubeka ligeleza ngama-capillaries e-gill: lapha akugcini nje ngokucebiswa nge-oxygen, kodwa futhi kupholile kuze kufike ekushiseni kwamanzi.
Okubalulekile! Isithasiselo sokushisa esengeziwe (esiphikisayo) esiphakathi kwezigilo nezinye izicubu ezikwaziyo ukwandisa izinga lokushisa komzimba. Zonke i-tuna zinalolu shintsho lwemvelo lokushisa.
Ngenxa yakhe, i-tuna ye-bluefin igcina izinga lokushisa lomzimba wayo cishe ku + 27 + 28 ° С ngisho nasekujuleni kwekhilomitha, lapho amanzi engafudumali ngaphezu kuka- +5 ° С. Igazi elifudumele libhekele umsebenzi omkhulu wemisipha onikeza i-tuna isivinini esihle kakhulu. Isishintshisi esakhelwe ngaphakathi sokushisa se-tuna yinethiwekhi yemithambo engaphansi enikezela igazi emisipheni eseceleni, lapho indima enkulu inikezwa imisipha ebomvu (imicu yemisipha yesakhiwo esikhethekile esiseduze nekholomu lomgogodla).
Imithambo enisela imisipha ebomvu ebomvu ngegazi isongwe ibe yiphethini eyinkimbinkimbi yemithambo ehlanganisiwe nemithambo yegazi, lapho igazi ligijimela khona. Igazi le-venous le-tuna (elifudunyezwe ngumsebenzi wemisipha futhi likhishwe yi-ventricle yenhliziyo) lidlulisela ukushisa kwalo hhayi emanzini, kepha egazini (lokuphikisa) elihlanjululwe yimigodi. Futhi imisipha yenhlanzi igezwa ukugeleza kwegazi okuvele kufudumele.
Owokuqala ukuqaphela nokuchaza lesi sici se-morphological sohlobo lweThunnus kwakungumcwaningi waseJapan uK. Kissinuye. Ubuye futhi wahlongoza ukwabela wonke ama-tunas eqenjini elizimele, kepha, ngeshwa, akakutholanga ukwesekwa kozakwabo.
Ukuziphatha nendlela yokuphila
I-tuna ibhekwa njengezilwane zomphakathi ezinokuziphatha okuhlangene - zihlangana emiphakathini emikhulu futhi zizingele ngamaqembu. Ekufuneni ukudla, lezi zinhlanzi ze-pelagic zikulungele ukuphonsa ebangeni eliphakeme, ikakhulukazi ngoba zihlala zithembele kumathalente azo okuhlala.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ama-tunas aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (ajwayelekile) anesabelo sengonyama samarekhodi asheshayo we-World Ocean. Emabangeni amafushane i-tuna ye-bluefin ingasheshisa icishe ifike ku-90 km / h.
Ukuyozingela, ama-tunas afola kulayini ogobile (ofana nentambo yomnsalo oweluliwe) bese eqala ukushayela inyamazane yawo ngejubane eliphezulu. Ngendlela, ukubhukuda unomphela kutholakala ku-biology yohlobo lweThunnus. Ukumisa kubasongela ngokufa, ngoba inqubo yokuphefumula ibangelwa ukugoba komzimba okuqhamuka ngasesiphethweni se-caudal. Ukuhamba phambili futhi kuqinisekisa ukugeleza okuqhubekayo kwamanzi ngomlomo ovulekile ungene ezigulini.
Isikhathi sokuphila
Isikhathi sokuphila salezi zakhamuzi zasolwandle ezimangalisayo sincike ezinhlotsheni - uma kukhulu abameleli bayo, isikhathi eside sokuphila... Uhlu lwama-centenarians lubandakanya i-tuna ejwayelekile (iminyaka engama-35-50), i-tuna yase-Australia (20-40) ne-Pacific bluefin tuna (iminyaka engu-15-26). I-yellowfin tuna (5-9) ne-mackerel tuna (iminyaka emi-5) zihlala isikhathi esincane kunazo zonke emhlabeni.
Indawo yokuhlala
AmaTunas aziqhelelanise namanye ama-mackerel ngaphezu kweminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-40 eyedlule, esezinze kulo lonke iWorld Ocean (ngaphandle kwezilwandle ezibandayo).
Kuyathakazelisa! Kakade ku-Stone Age, izithombe eziningiliziwe zezinhlanzi zavela emihumeni yaseSicily, naseBronze nase-Iron Ages, abadobi baseMedithera (amaGrikhi, amaFenike, amaRoma, amaTurkey nabaseMoroccan) babala izinsuku ngaphambi kokuba ituna lizale.
Esikhathini esingengakanani esidlule, uhla lwe-tuna evamile lwalubanzi kakhulu futhi lumboze lonke u-Atlantic Ocean, kusukela eziQhingini zaseCanary kuye eNorth Sea, kanye naseNorway (lapho ebhukuda khona ehlobo). IBluefin tuna yayihlala njalo oLwandle iMedithera, ngezikhathi ezithile ingena oLwandle Olumnyama. Ubuye wahlangana nogu lwe-Atlantic lwaseMelika, kanye nasemanzini aseMpumalanga Afrika, e-Australia, eChile, eNew Zealand nasePeru. Njengamanje, uhla lwe-bluefin tuna luye lwancipha kakhulu. Izindawo zokuhlala ze-tuna encane zisatshalaliswa ngale ndlela elandelayo:
- i-tuna eseningizimu - amanzi asezindaweni ezishisayo eziseningizimu yezwe (iNew Zealand, iNingizimu Afrika, iTasmania ne-Uruguay);
- i-mackerel tuna - izindawo ezisogwini lolwandle olufudumele;
- i-tuna enamabala - i-Indian Ocean ne-Western Pacific;
- I-Atlantic tuna - i-Afrika, iMelika kanye neMedithera;
- i-skipjack (i-tuna emthende) - izifunda ezishisayo nezifudumele zoLwandlekazi iPacific.
Ukudla, ukudla okunomsoco
I-tuna, ikakhulukazi enkulu kunazo zonke (eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka), idla cishe yonke into esekujiyweni kolwandle - ibhukuda noma ilele phansi.
Ukudla okufanele i-tuna yilawa:
- izinhlanzi zokufunda, kufaka phakathi i-herring, i-mackerel, i-hake ne-pollock;
- i-flounder;
- i-squid ne-octopus;
- isardadii ne-anchovy;
- izinhlobo ezincane zikashaka;
- ama-crustaceans, kufaka phakathi izinkalankala;
- cephalopods;
- izindebe ezihleli phansi.
Abadobi nezazi ze-ichthyologists bangazibona kalula izindawo lapho i-tuna iklinya khona i-herring - isikali sayo esikhazimulayo sigobana sibe yimingcele, eyehla kancane kancane ijubane futhi incibilike kancane. Futhi izikali ezingazodwana ezazingenaso isikhathi sokucwila ezansi zikhumbuza ukuthi i-tuna isanda kudla lapha.
I-tuna yokuzala
Phambilini odokotela be-ichthyologists babeqiniseka ukuthi ekujuleni kweNyakatho ye-Atlantic kwakuhlala imihlambi emibili ye-tuna ejwayelekile - eyodwa ihlala eNtshonalanga ye-Atlantic futhi izala eGulf of Mexico, kanti eyesibili ihlala e-East Atlantic, ishiya ukuzala oLwandle iMedithera.
Okubalulekile! Kukule mbono lapho iKhomishini Yomhlaba Wonke Yokongiwa Kwe-Atlantic Tuna yaqhubeka, ibeka izilinganiso zokubanjwa kwayo. Ukudoba kwakulinganiselwe eNtshonalanga ye-Atlantic, kodwa kuvunyelwe (ngamanani amakhulu) eMpumalanga.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ithisisi yemihlambi emibili yase-Atlantic yabonwa njengengalungile, okwakusekelwa kakhulu ukumakwa kwezinhlanzi (ezaqala maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule) nokusetshenziswa kwezindlela zofuzo zamangqamuzana. Sekuyiminyaka engaphezu kwengu-60 kwatholakala ukuthi i-tuna izala ngempela emikhakheni emibili (iGulf of Mexico kanye noLwandle iMedithera), kepha izinhlanzi ngazinye zihamba kalula zisuka kwenye indawo ziye kwenye, okusho ukuthi abantu banye.
Indawo ngayinye inenkathi yayo yokuzalanisa. E-Gulf of Mexico, i-tuna iqala ukuzala kusukela maphakathi no-Ephreli kuya kuJuni, lapho amanzi efudumala aze afike ku- + 22.6 + 27.5 ° C. Kwiningi le-tuna, ukuzala kokuqala kwenzeka kungakapheli iminyaka eyi-12, yize ukuthomba kwenzeka eminyakeni eyi-8-10, lapho inhlanzi ikhula ifike kumamitha ama-2.Lwandle iMedithera, ukuzala kwenzeka ngaphambi kwesikhathi - ngemuva kokufinyelela eminyakeni emithathu ubudala. Ukuzalela uqobo kwenzeka ehlobo, ngoJuni-Julayi.
I-tuna ivundile kakhulu.... Abantu abakhulu bazala cishe amaqanda ayizigidi eziyi-10 (1.0-1.1 cm ngosayizi). Ngemuva kwesikhashana, isibungu esingu-1-1.5 cm sichanyuselwa eqandeni ngalinye elinethonsi elinamafutha. Zonke izibungu ziyatheleka zibe imihlambi ebusweni bamanzi.
Izitha zemvelo
ITuna linezitha ezimbalwa zemvelo: ngenxa yejubane layo, liyabalekela ngobuciko abaxoshayo. Yize kunjalo, i-tuna kwesinye isikhathi ilahlekelwa yizimpi nezinhlobo ezithile zikashaka, futhi iba isisulu se-swordfish.
Inani lokuhweba
Ubuntu bujwayelene ne-tuna isikhathi eside - ngokwesibonelo, izakhamizi zaseJapan bezilokhu zivuna i-bluefin tuna iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-5 000. UBarbara Block, uprofesa waseStanford University, uyaqiniseka ukuthi uhlobo lweThunnus lusize ekwakheni impucuko yaseNtshonalanga. UBarbara uqinisa isiphetho sakhe ngamaqiniso aziwayo: i-tuna ikhishwe ezinhlamvwini zemali zamaGrikhi nezamaCelt, kanti abadobi baseBosphorus basebenzise amagama angama-30 (!) Ahlukahlukene ukuqoka ituna.
“OLwandle iMedithera, kwakubekelwa amanetha i-tuna enkulu eyayinqamula iStrait of Gibraltar minyaka yonke, futhi bonke abadobi basolwandle babazi ukuthi inkathi yokudoba izoqala nini. Izimayini zazinenzuzo, ngoba izimpahla eziphilayo zathengiswa ngokushesha, ”kukhumbula usosayensi.
Lapho-ke isimo maqondana nezinhlanzi sashintsha: baqala ngokuhlekisa bakubiza ngokuthi "i-horse mackerel" futhi bayibamba ngaphandle kwezintshisekelo zezemidlalo, base beyidedela ukuze ivundiswe noma bayiphonse emakati. Yize kunjalo, kuze kube sekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule eduze kwaseNew Jersey naseNova Scotia, i-bluefin tuna (njengomncintiswano omkhulu kwezokudoba) yabanjwa izinkampani eziningana zokudoba. Kepha umugqa omnyama oqinile waqala nge-tuna eminyakeni engama-50-60 eyedlule, lapho i-sushi / isashimi eyenziwe ngenyama yayo yangena emfashinini wokudla.
Kuyathakazelisa! I-tuna ye-Bluefin ifunwa kakhulu e-Land of the Rising Sun, lapho i-1 kg yenhlanzi ibiza cishe ama- $ 900. EMelika uqobo, i-bluefin tuna iphakwa kuphela ezindaweni zokudlela ezisezingeni eliphezulu, kusetshenziswa i-yellowfin noma i-bigeye tuna ezikhungweni ezinethezekile.
Ukuzingela i-tuna i-bluefin kubhekwa njengodumo olukhethekile kunoma iyiphi imikhumbi yokudoba, kepha akuwona wonke umuntu obamba i-tuna enonile kakhulu futhi ebaluleke kakhulu. Abathengi bezinhlanzi zama-gourmets aseJapan sekuyisikhathi eside bashintshela ku-tuna ejwayelekile evela eNyakatho ye-Atlantic, ngoba bathakazelisa kakhulu kunabalingani babo baseJapan.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Uma inhlobonhlobo ye-tuna iba nkulu, kulapho isimo sayo esisemthethweni sokongiwa kwemvelo sesabeka kakhulu.... Njengamanje, i-tuna eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (ejwayelekile) ihlukaniswa njengezilwane ezisengozini yokuqothulwa, kanti i-tuna yase-Australia isengcupheni yokuqothulwa. Izinhlobo ezimbili zibizwa ngokuthi zisengozini - i-bigeye ne-Pacific bluefin tuna. I-tuna ye-Longfin ne-Yellowfin ihlukaniswa njenge-Close to Vulnerable, kanti ezinye izinhlobo zinokukhathazeka Okuncane (kufaka ne-Atlantic tuna).
Ukuze kugcinwe futhi kubuyiswe inani labantu, manje akunakwenzeka (ngokwezivumelwano zamazwe omhlaba) ukubamba izinhlanzi ezingakhuli zifike ku-2 m. Kepha kukhona igebe emthethweni lokweqa lo mthetho: asikho isimiso esivimbela ukuthunjwa kwezilwane ezisencane ngokugcinwa okulandelayo emakhejini. Lokhu kugcinwa kusetshenziswa yizo zonke izifunda zasolwandle ngaphandle kwa-Israyeli: abadobi bazungeza i-tuna encane ngamanetha, beyidonsela ezibayeni ezikhethekile zokuqhubeka nokukhuluphalisa. Ngale ndlela, kubanjwa i-tuna yemitha nelinye nohafu - ngobuningi obuphindwe kaningana kunokubanjwa kwezinhlanzi ezindala.
Okubalulekile! Ngokubheka ukuthi "amapulazi ezinhlanzi" awasabuyisi, kepha anciphisa inani labantu, iWWF icele ukuthi kuphele ukudotshwa kwetuna oLwandle iMedithera. Ucingo luka-2006 lwenqatshwa yindawo yokwamukela abadobi.
Esinye isiphakamiso (esethulwe ngo-2009 yi-Principality of Monaco) naso sehlulekile ukufaka i-bluefin tuna Esivumelwaneni Sokuhwebelana Kwamazwe Ngamazwe Ngezilwane Nezilwane Ezisengozini Yokushabalala (Isithasiselo I). Lokhu kungavimbela ukuhweba komhlaba wonke nge-tuna, izithunywa ze-CITES ezikhathazekile zivimbe isenzo esibe yinkinga emazweni abo.
