Kuyisiko ukubiza imililo ngenqubo yomlilo engalawulwa. Imililo yehlathi - inqubo efanayo, kepha endaweni etshalwe izihlahla. Imililo yehlathi ivame ezindaweni eziluhlaza ezicebile ngotshani, izihlahla, izinkuni ezifile noma i-peat. Izimbangela nemiphumela yalezi zinhlekelele ziyahlukahluka kuye ngezifunda.
Amalahle ezimbiwa phansi akhombisa ukuthi imililo yaqala ngemuva nje kokuvela kwezitshalo zasemhlabeni eminyakeni engama-420 million edlule. Ukuqubuka kwemililo yehlathi kuwo wonke umlando wempilo yasemhlabeni kuphakamisa ukucabanga kokuthi umlilo kumele ube nomthelela omkhulu ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo nezilwane zezinto eziningi eziphilayo.
Izinhlobo nokuhlukaniswa kwemililo yehlathi
Kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zemililo yehlathi: umfula, umfula kanye nangaphansi komhlaba.
Amahhashi ashisa izihlahla kuze kufike phezulu. Le yimililo enamandla kakhulu futhi eyingozi. Bona, njengomthetho, bathinta kakhulu umqhele wezihlahla. Kumele kuqashelwe lapha ukuthi umlilo onjalo emahlathini e-coniferous uyingozi kakhulu ngenxa yokushisa okuqinile kwezihlahla. Kodwa-ke, iyasiza ne-ecosystem, ngoba uma idome ishile, ukukhanya kwelanga kuyakwazi ukufinyelela phansi, kusekele impilo ngemuva kwenhlekelele.
Imililo yaphansi ishisa izingcezu ezingezansi zezihlahla, izihlahlana nesembozo somhlabathi (konke okumboza umhlabathi: amahlamvu, ibhulashi, njll.). Luhlobo olulula kunazo zonke futhi alwenzi umonakalo omncane ehlathini.
Imililo engaphansi komhlaba yenzeka ekuqongeleleni okujulile kwe-humus, peat, nohlaza olufanayo olufana nokomisa okwanele ukusha. Le mililo isabalala kancane kancane, kepha kwesinye isikhathi kunzima kakhulu ukuyicima. Kwesinye isikhathi, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sesomiso esesidonse isikhathi eside, zingashunqisela bonke ubusika ngaphansi komhlaba, bese ziphinda zivele ngaphezulu entwasahlobo.
Isithombe somlilo wehlathi ogibele
Izimbangela zesenzeko
Imililo yehlathi ingadalwa yizimbangela zemvelo noma ezingezona ezokwenziwa.
Izimbangela zemvelo ikakhulu zifaka phakathi umbani, ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo (izintaba-mlilo ezisebenzayo eRussia), izinhlansi ezivela ekuweni kwamadwala nokushisa okuzenzekelayo. Ngamunye wabo ungumthombo womlilo wezihlahla. Izimo ezithandekayo zokusabalala kwemililo yehlathi kungenxa yamazinga okushisa aphezulu, umswakama ophansi, inala yezinto ezivuthayo, njll.
Ngezizathu ezenziwe ngumuntu, umlilo wehlathi ungaqubuka lapho umthombo womlilo onjengelangabi, ugwayi, inhlansi kagesi, noma yimuphi omunye umthombo wokuthungela uhlangana nanoma iyiphi into evuthayo ehlathini ngenxa yokunganakwa kwabantu, ubudedengu noma inhloso.
Izici zemililo
Kunezici eziningi zemililo yehlathi. Ake sigxile kuzo kafushane. Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, ngohlobo lomlilo, imililo yehlathi ihlukaniswe yaba: ngenhla, ngenhla nangaphansi komhlaba.
Ngokuya ngejubane lokuthuthuka, imililo ephezulu nephansi ihlukaniswe yaba ngababaleki nabaqinile.
Umlilo ongaphansi komhlaba ubhekwa njengobuthakathaka, ongathinti ngaphezu kwamasentimitha angama-25. Okulingene - 25-50 cm, futhi uqine uma ushe amasentimitha angaphezu kwama-50.
Imililo yehlathi nayo ihlukaniswe kuye ngendawo yokusatshalaliswa kwayo. Umlilo ubhekwa njengenhlekelele, lapho indawo embozwe isici somlilo idlula amahektha angama-2000. Imililo emikhulu ifaka imililo endaweni engamahektha angama-200 kuya kowezi-2000. Inhlekelele ephakathi kwamahektha angama-20 kuya kwangama-200 ithathwa njengephakathi nendawo. Encane - kusuka kumahektha ama-2 kuye kwangama-20. Umlilo ubizwa ngomlilo ongadluli kumahektha ama-2.
Ukucisha imililo yehlathi
Ukuziphatha komlilo kuxhomeke endleleni yokushisa, ukuphakama kwelangabi nokusabalalisa komlilo. Emililweni yehlathi, lokhu kuziphatha kuncike ekutheni amafutha (afana nezinaliti, amaqabunga, namahlumela) ahlangana kanjani, isimo sezulu kanye nokwakheka komhlaba.
Lapho sekuqalile, ukuthungela kuzoqhubeka kushe kuphela uma izinga lokushisa, umoya-mpilo kanye nenani elithile likaphethiloli kukhona. Ngokubambisana, lezi zinto ezintathu kuthiwa zakha "unxantathu womlilo".
Ukucisha umlilo, kufanele kususwe into eyodwa noma ngaphezulu zonxantathu womlilo. Izicishamlilo kufanele ziqhubeke kanjena:
- izihlahla ezipholile ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa elishisayo ngokusebenzisa amanzi, igwebu noma isihlabathi;
- cisha ukunikezwa kwe-oksijini ngamanzi, i-retarder noma isihlabathi;
Ekuphetheni, izinto ezivuthayo ziyasuswa, izihlahla ziyasuswa ngaphambi komlilo ozayo.
Imiphumela
Imililo iyimbangela enkulu yokucekelwa phansi komhlaba futhi inemithelela eminingi emibi kwezemvelo, kwezomnotho nakwezenhlalo, kubandakanya:
- ukulahleka kwezinsizakusebenza zehlathi ezibalulekile;
- ukucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zokugcina amanzi;
- ukunyamalala kwezitshalo nezilwane;
- ukulahleka kwendawo yokuhlala izilwane zasendle kanye nokuphela kwezilwane zasendle;
- ukwehla kokuvuselelwa kwemvelo nokuncishiswa kwesembozo sehlathi;
- ukushisa kakhulu komhlaba;
- ukwanda kwesilinganiso se-CO2 emkhathini;
- izinguquko ku-microclimate yesifunda;
- ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi okuthinta ukukhiqiza kwenhlabathi nokuzala;
Ukuqedwa kongqimba lwe-ozone nakho kuyenzeka.
Umlilo wehlathi eRussia
Ngokwemibiko yezibalo, esikhathini esisuka kowe-1976 kuya kowezi-2017, kusuka ku-11 800 kuya ku-36 600 imililo yamahlathi ibhaliswa minyaka yonke endaweni evikelekile yesikhwama sehlathi seRussian Federation endaweni engama-hectare angama-235,000 kuya ku-5,340,000. Ngasikhathi sinye, indawo yamapheshana ehlathi ahlaselwa minyaka yonke ngamabanga omlilo kusuka kuma-hectare ayi-170,000 kuya ku-4,290,000.
Imililo yehlathi idala umonakalo ongalungiseki emithonjeni yemvelo. Imililo yalolu hlobo yakhiwa kusuka ku-7.0% kuya ku-23% wendawo yonke yesikhwama sehlathi minyaka yonke lapho kuhlaselwa umlilo. Ensimini yaseRussia, imililo yomhlabathi isakazeke kakhulu, idala ukulimala kwamandla ahlukahlukene. Zenzeka ngama-70% kuye kuma-90% wesikhathi. Imililo engaphansi komhlaba ayivamile kangako, kodwa iyona eyonakalisa kakhulu. Isabelo sabo asikho ngaphezu kwe-0.5% yendawo isiyonke.
Imililo eminingi yehlathi (engaphezu kwama-85%) ingeyokuzenzela. Isabelo sezimbangela zemvelo (ukukhishwa kombani) cishe siyi-12% yengqikithi kanye no-42.0% wendawo isiyonke.
Uma sicabanga ngezibalo zokwenzeka kwemililo ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zeRussian Federation, engxenyeni yaseYurophu zenzeka kaningi, kepha endaweni encane, nasengxenyeni yase-Asia, kunalokho.
Izifunda ezisenyakatho yeSiberia naseMpumalanga Ekude, ezibalwa cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yendawo yonke yesikhwama sehlathi, zisendaweni engalawulwa, lapho imililo ingabhaliswa khona futhi ingaphenduki izinto zezibalo. Umlilo wehlathi kulezi zifunda ulinganiselwa ngokungaqondile ngokuya ngemininingwane yombuso mayelana nokuqoqwa kwamahlathi, okubandakanya imininingwane yezindawo ezishile kuwo wonke amabhizinisi amahlathi kanye nezinhlangano zeRussian Federation.
Ukuvimbela imililo yehlathi
Izinyathelo zokuvimbela zizosiza ukugwema lolu hlobo lwesimo futhi zilondoloze ingcebo eluhlaza yeplanethi. Kubandakanya lezi zenzo ezilandelayo:
- ukufakwa kwamaphoyinti okudubula;
- ukuhlelwa kwezindawo zokucisha umlilo ezinendawo yokugcina amanzi nezinye izinto zokucisha umlilo;
- ukuhlanzwa kwendle kwamahlathi;
- ukwabiwa kwezindawo ezikhethekile zabavakashi nezabavakashi;
Kubalulekile futhi ukwazisa izakhamizi ngokuziphatha okuphephile ngomlilo.
Ukuqapha
- Ukuqapha, njengomthetho, kufaka phakathi izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokubheka kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezibalo. Ngokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe besikhala emhlabeni, kwaba lula ukubona imicimbi evela kusathelayithi. Kanye nemilindo yokubuka, iziphuphutheki zinikeza usizo olukhulu ekutholeni izindawo zomlilo.
- Isici sesibili ukuthi uhlelo kumele luthembeke. Enhlanganweni ephuthumayo, lokhu kusho ukuthi inani lama-alamu angamanga akumele leqe u-10% wakho konke okubhekwayo.
- Isici sesithathu indawo yomlilo. Uhlelo kumele luthole umlilo ngokunembe ngangokunokwenzeka. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukunemba okuvunyelwe akweqi kumamitha ayi-500 ukusuka endaweni okuyo.
- Okwesine, uhlelo kufanele lunikeze ukulinganiselwa okuthile kokusabalala komlilo, okuwukuthi, umlilo uqhubekela ngakuphi futhi ngasiphi isivinini, kuya ngejubane nokuqondisa komoya. Lapho izikhungo zokulawulwa kwezifunda (noma eminye iminyango yezomlilo) zithola ukubhekwa kwentuthu emphakathini, kubalulekile ukuthi iziphathimandla zazi iphethini ejwayelekile yemililo endaweni yazo.
