Izizwe eziyimizulane yase-Altai zihlonipha imishado njengesilwane esingcwele, esiphelele. Izinganekwane zathi kunomhlambi walezi zilwane ezinhle ezulwini, lapho kwavela khona impilo emhlabeni, nemiphefumulo yabantu abangasekho ibuyela "ezihlotsheni" zasezulwini. Ngakho-ke, ukuzingela onobuhle abanezimpondo kwakulinganiselwe, amadoda amadala ahlakaniphile axwayisa abazingeli abasebasha: uma ubulala abashadikazi abangaphezu kwamabili base-Altai, kuzoba nenkinga.
Incazelo nezici
Isilwane esincelisayo esinezimpondo Umshado wase-Altai kungokwe-oda lama-artiodactyls, umndeni wezinyamazane. Isilwane esikhulu, esinamandla, esiqinile sinokuphakama kwamahlombe okungu-155 cm, isisindo somzimba sifinyelela kuma-300-350 kg nokuningi.
Ubude ukusuka ekubuneni kuya esicongweni se-croup ngama-cm 250. Izinkomo zincane kakhulu kunezeduna, ngaphandle kwezimpondo. Izinkukhu zikhulu kunamanye amalungu omndeni; ngesonto lokuqala ngemuva kokuzalwa, zinesisindo esisuka ku-11 kuye ku-22 kg.
Ehlobo, umbala wabantu bobulili bobabili ucishe ufane - onsundu oyisidina. Ebusika, izinkunzi ziba mpunga ngombala ngombala ophuzi ezinhlangothini, zibe mnyama esiswini, entanyeni nasemahlombe. Abesifazane banombala onsundu ngokumpunga. “Isibuko” esikhulu (isiyingi esikhanyayo soboya esinokumnyama okuluhlaza ngemuva okuzungeze umsila) sinabela ku-croup futhi siyahluka ngombala, kwesinye isikhathi sibuthuntu-sigqiki noma i-beige.
Izimpondo zabesilisa zinkulu kakhulu, ngaphandle komqhele, ziphela ngemithi eyisithupha kuya kweziyisikhombisa. Endaweni yokuqala yokuhlukanisa phakathi, induku enkulu igobele emuva kakhulu. Inhloko nomlomo walolu hlobo kukhulu, ikakhulukazi uma kuqhathaniswa nenyamazane iBukhara. Isikhalo esidumayo siyefana nokuduma kwe-wapiti yaseMelika, hhayi umsindo owenziwe inyamazane ebomvu yase-Europe.
Izinhlobo
Umdanso wase-Altai ungaphansi kwe-Wapitis evela emndenini wezinyamazane (Cervidae). Ifana kakhulu ne-wapiti yaseMelika neNyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Asia, ngokwesibonelo, uhlobo lweTien Shan (Cervus canadensis songaricus).
Ngo-1873, i-maral yachazwa njengenhlobo ehlukile. Kepha esikhathini esingaphezudlwana kwekhulu leminyaka, lesi silwane sabelwa iqembu lezinyamazane ezibomvu laseSiberia. Ngakho-ke, kweminye imithombo isilo sibizwa ngokuthi "iSiberia wapiti".
Indlela yokuphila nendawo yokuhlala
Izimpi zomndeni wase-Altai enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeMongolia, ezintabeni zaseSayan, ezifundeni ezisentshonalanga yeLake Baikal, eTien Shan, eKrasnoyarsk Territory, eKyrgyzstan naseNew Zealand, lapho kuthuthukiswa khona ukufuywa kwezinyamazane.
Kepha iningi lazo zonke izilwane zise-Altai Territory. Kuphela emapulazini okuzala asolwandle kunezinkulungwane ezingaphezu kwezingu-85 zazo, futhi inani eliphelele ensimini yeRussian Federation naseMongolia liyizinkulungwane ezingama-300.
Izinyamazane ezivuthiwe zithanda ukuhlala zodwa noma amaqembu abobulili obufanayo iningi lonyaka. Ngesikhathi sokukhwelana (i-rut), amaduna amadala ancintisana nokunaka izinkomo, bese azama ukuvikela "ezinqotshiwe".
Impilo yabo yonke, imishado yama-Altai idla yodwa emadulini, endaweni enezihlahla. Izinsikazi namankonyane zihlangene emhlanjini omncane wezilwane ezintathu kuya kweziyisikhombisa, inyamazane evuthiwe, enolwazi iba ngumholi.
Izinyamazane ezibomvu ezihamba phambili zilandela abangane bazo kusukela ngo-Agasti kuze kube sekupheleni kukaNovemba. "AmaVeterans" avame ukugcina ama-harems, inani eliphakeme lesimo sesilo liwela eminyakeni eyi-8. Izinyamazane eziphakathi kweminyaka emi-2 nengu-4 zihlala emaphethelweni ama-harems amakhulu.
Abantu abagulayo nabadala (abaneminyaka engu-11 ubudala nangaphezulu) abazali. Abaholi besilisa bayabhonga ukugcina "abangaphansi" behlangene, umsindo omkhulu uzwakala ezungeze umakhelwane ngovivi nakusihlwa.
Izitabane zidla phakathi kotshani obuluhlaza ehlobo, kuthi ekwindla nasentwasahlobo zifuduke ziyofuna izindawo ezivundile phansi kwezintaba, kwesinye isikhathi zinqoba amabanga amade (afinyelela kumakhilomitha ayikhulu), kufaka phakathi izithiyo zamanzi. Abamele lolu hlobo lwezinyamazane bangabhukudi abahle futhi abawesabi ama-rapids asezintabeni. Ukuphola kwemifula kulondolozwa yizinkunzi nezinkomo lapho ihlobo lishisa kakhulu.
Esikhathini sezulu esishisayo, zondla ekuseni kuphela noma ngemuva kokushona kwelanga, bese ziphumula usuku lonke esihlalweni semithi. Lezi yizilwane eziqaphile, ezizwelayo, zihamba ngokushesha, ngaphandle kobuningi obumangalisayo, ziyagxuma zisuke lapho zibona noma iyiphi ingozi. Nqoba kalula izindawo ezinamadwala.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Umdanso wase-Altai ungumuthi odla imfuyo. Ngentwasahlobo, ngemuva kobusika obunzima obubandayo, isidingo samavithamini namaprotheni siyakhula. Utshani obuncane, utshani, imidumba, nezitshalo zokwelapha (njengezimpande zegolide) kusiza ama-reindeer athole amandla. AbakwaMarals bathanda usawoti, bawukhothe ukuze bagcwalise ibhalansi yezimbiwa kusuka emaxhaphozini kasawoti. Baphuza kamnandi amanzi emithombo yokuphulukisa, kufaka phakathi nosawoti.
Ehlobo lemidondoshiya enezimpondo - umkhathi. Utshani nezimbali zinde futhi zinamanzi amaningi, amajikijolo avuthiwe, ihlathi ligcwele amakhowe namantongomane adliwa yizilwane. Ekwindla yokuqala, ukudla kwama-artiodactyls kusesecebile, kepha lapho kuqala isimo sezulu esibandayo kufanele "badle ukudla."
Uma ama-snowdrifts engaphakeme kakhulu, izinyamazane zidla amaqabunga awile, ama-acorn atholakalayo afinyelela ezimpandeni zezitshalo. Esimweni sezulu esibandayo badla amagxolo ezihlahleni nasezihlahleni, bakha amagatsha. Ubulembu nobulembu, kanye nezinaliti ze-fir, i-spruce, ne-pines kusiza inyamazane ukuthi ibambe kuze kube sentwasahlobo.
Njengoba iziqhwaga zasehlathini zihlala futhi zidla ezindaweni ezivikelekile nezinemvelo, Inyama yasolwandle i-Altai iqukethe amavithamini namaminerali amaningi. Ikakhulukazi iqukethe i-potassium, i-magnesium, i-iron, i-glutamic ne-aspartic acid, i-riboflavin, i-thiamine, i-linoleic acid, i-selenium, i-sodium, i-vitamin PP, i-arginine. Ngakho-ke, inyama yama-reindeer iyasiza kakhulu, isusa ubuthi, iqinisa imisipha yenhliziyo, ithuthukise ukujikeleza kwegazi, futhi inciphise ne-cholesterol.
Ukukhiqiza kabusha
Ukushada kwemishado kugcwele ubungozi kwabesilisa abaphikisanayo. Baphonsela inselelo abaphikisi ngokuthimula nokuhamba ngokufana nesitha, ukuvumela ukuthi uqhathanise izimpondo zomunye nomunye, ubukhulu bomzimba namandla okulwa.
Uma kungabikho ukuhlehla, i-duel ezimpondweni iyenzeka. Abesilisa bayashayisana bese bezama ukudiliza omunye phansi. Ababuthakathaka bashiya inkundla yempi. Ungathola ukuthi ngabe umlwi unamandla hhayi ngokubukeka kwakhe kuphela, kodwa nangezwi lakhe. Konamandla iyahoshozela futhi "ijiyile", ensizweni iyinde.
Ukufa kwabantu akuvamile, yize inyamazane ingabanjwa ezimpondweni, zingafa. Izigcawu zokuthi ulwa kanjani Umdanso wase-Altai, osesithombeni zivame ukuhlangana nazo, ngoba ngezikhathi ezinjalo izilwane zigxila empini. Isikhathi esisele, cishe akunakwenzeka ukuhlangana nenyamazane ebomvu ehlathini, kunamahloni.
Abesifazane bafinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokobulili beneminyaka emibili, futhi imvamisa bazala beneminyaka emi-3. Izinkunzi sezikulungele ngokuphelele ukuzala eminyakeni emihlanu. Izinkomo zingakhetha umlingani ngokuya ngosayizi wazo wokwakha nophondo. Uma owesifazane eshiya umholi wabesifazane futhi ethola "umkhwenyana" omusha, akekho noyedwa obakhathazayo. Ukukhwelana kwenzeka ngaphezu kwesisodwa (kuze kube yimizamo engu-10-12) ngaphambi kokukhulelwa.
Isikhathi sokumitha siyizinsuku ezingama-240-265. Amathole azalwa munye ngesikhathi (kuyaqabukela abe mabili) ekuqaleni kwehlobo noma ngasekupheleni kwentwasahlobo, bese kuba ngaphansi kweso elibukhali likanina. Isisindo somntwana osanda kuzalwa cishe singama-15 kg.
Izinyanga ezimbili zanele ukuncelisa. Kakade emasontweni amabili ngemuva kokuzalwa, izingane zijoyina umhlambi wezinsikazi ezindala, yize zihlala eduze konina unyaka noma ngaphansi. Lapho zizalwa, izingane zivame ukubonwa. Lawa maphethini adlula ngemuva kokukhishwa kwenzalo.
Isikhathi sokuphila
Imishado yama-Altai isongelwa yizilwane ezidla ezinye, kepha inyamazane ikakhulukazi izilwane ezisencane, ezibuthakathaka ngenxa yezifo noma ukuguga. Yize izimpisi, amahlosi, ama-wolverine, ama-lynx, amabhere akuphikisani nokudla inyamazane, ama-artiodactyls anezikhali ezinamandla, izimpondo zibukeka zethusa. Izimpisi zizingela kuphela ngamaphakethe, ngoba amahlaya anezinyamazane mabi.
Ngokwemvelo, ama-Altai giants awahlali isikhathi eside - kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-13-15. Emapulazini akhethekile, ngokunakekelwa okufanele, isikhathi sokuphila sezinyamazana eziphindwe kabili siphindwe kabili. Ukuzingela ngokungemthetho kulimaza inani labantu, yize ukuzingela kulawulwa, izinyamazane ezibomvu ziyavikelwa, ngoba zingezinhlobo ezingavamile.
Indlela yesimanje yobuntu yokudoba (ikakhulukazi izimpondo) iholele ekuhlelweni kwamapulazi ama-reindeer, izinkulisa, amapulazi. Kukhona amabhizinisi amaningi anjalo ikakhulukazi e-Altai, Kazakhstan, eNew Zealand.
I-Altai maral igazi isetshenziswe emithini yesintu kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. E-Asia, yayisetshenziswa emithini yokwelashwa eminyakeni engaphezu kwamakhulu amahlanu edlule - ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwamavithamini, ama-amino acid, ama-hormone, ama-steroids, nezinto ezilandelwayo.
Enye i- "elixir" eyayimbiwa kusukela kudala futhi isetshenziswa ngabelaphi baseMpumalanga (manje umkhiqizo ususakazwa) - Izimpondo zempi yomdabu wase-Altai. Lezi yizimpondo ezincane "zasentwasahlobo" ezingakakhuli: amashubhu agcwele igazi futhi embozwe izinwele ezibucayi.
AmaMarals, njengezihlobo zawo eziseduze kakhulu zezinyamazane, ayakwazi ukukhiqiza inzalo. Umthwalo onzima nosindayo ulahliwe, amasha akhula esikhundleni sezindala. Ochwepheshe baseChina babheka izimpondo njengezinto ezibonakalayo eziluhlaza, ezifana ne-ginseng.
Ezinkulisa, izimpondo zisikwa emishadweni ebukhoma futhi zicutshungulwe ngezindlela eziningana, kukhethwe elula kakhulu:
- omisiwe usebenzisa i-vacuum;
- abilisiwe futhi omisiwe emoyeni ovulekile;
- ibekwe efrijini futhi yomiswe kusetshenziswa amazinga okushisa aphansi kakhulu.
Izimpondo ezilungele ukusetshenziswa, ezilahle cishe u-30% wobunzima bokuqala, zisetshenziselwa ukwenziwa kokukhishwa ngotshwala bamanzi (okusetshenziswa njenge-ejenti yokuqinisa kanye ne-tonic) noma izithasiselo ezisebenza ngokuphila.
Ukuvunwa kwezimpondo kuthatha inyanga - kusukela ekupheleni kwentwasahlobo, lapho izilwane zifinyelela esiqongweni somsebenzi wamahomoni, futhi izimpondo sezithambile (ekupheleni kukaJuni zizoqina). Kusuka kowesilisa oyedwa ungathola ama-25 kg wezinto zokusetshenziswa. Izimpondo ziyanqunywa, phezulu kwazo kufinyelele ku-5-8 cm.
Amaqiniso Athandekayo
- Ubusika obuneqhwa, obude nobunzima ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XX-XXI babanga impilo yabantu abacishe babe ngama-30% emishado yama-Altai, bafa ngenxa yama-avalani, ukukhathala namakhaza amabi;
- Izimpondo zezinyamazane ezisencane zisetshenziselwa ukugeza ama-antler; le nqubo inikezwa yizibhedlela zaseGorny Altai. I-boiler enkulu ibilisa ama-650-700 kg wezinto zokusetshenziswa, ukuze ukuhlushwa kwezakhi kubhavu kuphakeme;
- Imishado yama-Altai yasebenza njengesikhuthazo kubaculi basendulo. Amasampula obuciko bamadwala obubonisa izinyamazane eziqhoshayo (ama-petroglyphs) atholwe ngabaphenyi banamuhla bepheshana leKalbak Tash, eduze noMfula i-Elangash nakwezinye izingxenye ze-Altai Territory. Lezi yizigcawu zokuzingela, i-corral, kanye nemidondoshiya ebhongayo enezimpondo ezinamagatsha;
- Izazi zaseSiberia sekunesikhathi eside zibheka imishado njengemimoya yokugada, ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi semicikilisho, basebenzisa amathamborini enziwe ngesikhumba sezinyamazane ezinemifanekiso yezilwane, izigqoko ezinezimpondo, belingisa indlela yokuziphatha kwabesilisa, ukubhonga nokuthimula;
- Okhokho baseSiberia babecabanga ukuthi imishado iyimihlahlandlela eya komunye umhlaba, ngoba ngesikhathi kumbiwa izindunduma, abavubukuli bathola amathambo amahhashi anezingebhezi ezinkulu zezinyamazane ezigqitshwe ezifubeni zabo. ngakho-ke Altai maral - isilwane, kuvame ukuvela ezinganekwaneni kanye nezihlobo zezinyamazane ezibomvu.
