Amakati anamazinyo weSaber angamalungu ajwayelekile omndeni omncane oshonile we-feline. Amanye ama-barburofelids nama-nimravids, okungewona awomndeni wakwaFelidae, kwesinye isikhathi ahlukaniswa ngephutha njengamakati eSabertooth. Izilwane ezincelisayo ezinamazinyo weSaber zitholakale nakwamanye ama-oda amaningi, kufaka phakathi ama-creodonts (maheroid) nama-marsupials ama-saber-toothed, awaziwa nge-tilakosmils.
Incazelo yamakati anamazinyo
Amakati anamazinyo weSaber atholakala eMiddle Miocene Ephakathi nase-Afrika. Ummeleli wokuqala womndeni omncane uPseudaelurus quadridentatus ngenxa yesimo sokwanda kwama-canines aphezulu... Kungenzeka kakhulu, isici esifanayo sisuselwa kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukuvela kwamakati anamazinyo. Abamele bokugcina abangabomndeni omncane wamakati anamazinyo, uhlobo lweSmilodon.
Futhi ne-homotherium (Homotherium), yanyamalala ngasekupheleni kwePleistocene, cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyishumi eyedlule. Uhlobo lokuqala oludume kakhulu iMiomachairodus lwalwaziwa eMiddle Miocene yaseTurkey nase-Afrika. Ngesikhathi seMiocene esedlule, kwakukhona amakati anezinyo ezinama-saber ezindaweni eziningana kanye neBarbourofelis kanye nezinye izidlo ezinkulu zakudala ezinamazinyo amade.
Ukubukeka
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-DNA, okwashicilelwa ngo-2005, kwaveza ukuthi umndeni omncane waseMachairodontinae wawuhlukaniswa nokhokho bokuqala bamakati wanamuhla, futhi awunabudlelwano nanoma yiziphi izimpilo eziphilayo. Ensimini ye-Afrika ne-Eurasia, amakati anezinyo ezinama-saber ahlangana ngempumelelo namanye ama-feline, kepha ancintisana nama-cheetah kanye nama-panther EMelika, izilwane ezinjalo, kanye nama-smilodon, zaziphila nebhubesi laseMelika (i-Panthera leo atrox) ne-puma (i-Puma concolor), i-jaguar (i-Panthera onca) ne-miracleinonyx (i-Miracinonyx).
Kuyathakazelisa! Imibono yososayensi iyahluka maqondana nombala wejazi, kepha ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi umbala woboya wawungafani, kepha ngobukhona bemivimbo noma amabala abonakalayo ngokusobala ngemuva.
Amakati anezinyovu namazinyo anjenge-saber ancintisana ngokwabo ngokusatshalaliswa kwezinsizakusebenza zokudla, okwaqothula ukuphela kwalesi sakamuva. Onke amakati esimanje anama-canine aphezulu angaphezulu noma ngaphezulu. Ngokuya ngemininingwane ye-DNA efundwayo yohlobo lwe-mitochondrial, amakati anamazinyo ama-saber omndeni omncane iMachairodontinae ayenokhokho owaphila cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-20 edlule. Lezi zilwane zazinemibhoshongo emide futhi ebonakala egobile. Kwezinye izinhlobo, ubude bama-canines anjalo bufinyelela ku-18-22 cm, futhi umlomo ungavuleka kalula kuma-95 °. Noma iyiphi i-feline yesimanje ingavula umlomo wayo kuphela ngama-65 °.
Ukufundwa kwamazinyo akhona ezinsaleleni zamakati ezinamazinyo avumela ososayensi ukuba bafinyelele esiphethweni esilandelayo: uma amazinyo ebesetshenziswa yizilwane, phambili nangasemuva, khona-ke bekwazile ukusika ngokoqobo inyama yesisulu. Noma kunjalo, ukuhamba kwamazinyo anjalo kusuka kolunye uhlangothi kuya kolunye kungadala umonakalo omkhulu noma ukuwohloka ngokuphelele. Isifonyo sesilwane sidluliselwa phambili ngokusobala. Azikho izinzalo eziqondile zamakati anamazinyo njengamanje, futhi umbuzo wobudlelwano nengwe yesimanje enamafu manje unengxabano.
Isidumbu esingasekho sasibonakala ngomzimba othuthukile, onamandla futhi onemisipha eminingi, kepha kwakuyingxenye engaphambili, emelwe yizidladla zangaphambili kanye nesifunda esikhulu somlomo wesibeletho, esasimenyezelwa kakhulu esilwaneni esinjalo. Intamo enamandla yavumela umhlaseli ukuba alondoloze kalula isisindo somzimba esihlaba umxhwele, futhi enze konke okuyinkimbinkimbi yamasu ekhanda abalulekile. Ngenxa yalokhu kufakwa kwesakhiwo somzimba, amakati anamazinyo anezindlela zokuwakhipha ezinyaweni zawo ngokuluma kanye, bese edwengula inyamazane yawo.
Osayizi bamakati anamazinyo
Ngokwemvelo yomzimba wabo, amakati anezinyo ezinama-saber ayeyizilwane ezingenamusa futhi ezinamandla kakhulu kunanoma imaphi amakati wanamuhla. Kwakuvamile kwabaningi ukuba nesigaba somsila esifushane, esifana nomsila we-lynx. Kuyaziwa futhi ukuthi amakati anamazinyo angama-saber ayengaphansi kwesigaba sezilwane ezinkulu kakhulu. Yize kunjalo, kufakazelwe ngokwesayensi ukuthi izinhlobo eziningi zalo mndeni zazincane ngosayizi, zazincane ngokuphawulekayo kune-ocelot nengwe. Bambalwa kakhulu, kufaka phakathi amaSmilodon neHomotherium, abangabhekwa njengemegafauna.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ukuphakama kwesilwane esidlayo ekubuneni, cishe, kwakuyi-100-120 cm, nobude obungamamitha ayi-2,5, futhi ubukhulu bomsila abuzange budlule amasentimitha angama-25 kuya ku-30. Ubude begebhezi lwalucishe bube ngamasentimitha angama-30 kuya kwangu-40, kanti isifunda se-occipital nesifunda esingaphambili sasisheleleziwe kancane.
Abamele besizwe iMachairodontini, noma iHomoterini, bahlukaniswa ngamakhanoni aphezulu kakhulu futhi abanzi aphezulu, afakwa ngaphakathi. Ngenkathi yokuzingela, izilwane ezinjalo ezivame ukuthembela ekushayweni, hhayi ekulungeni. Amahlosi anezinyo ezinamazinyo esizwe sakwaSmilodontini ayephawulwa ngamazinyo aphakeme amade, kodwa anciphise kakhulu, ayengenazo izinsalela eziningi. Ukuhlaselwa ngamazinyo kusuka phezulu kuye phansi kwakubulala, futhi ngosayizi waso isidlakela esifana nebhubesi noma ihlosi lase-Amur.
Abamele isizwe sesithathu nesasendulo kakhulu iMetailurini babonakala ngesigaba esibizwa ngokuthi "isigaba sesikhashana" se-canines... Kwamukelwa ngokujwayelekile ukuthi izidlakela ezinjalo zahlukaniswa namanye amaMachairodontids kusenesikhathi, futhi zavela ngokuhlukile. Kungenxa yobukhali obubuthakathaka bezinhlamvu ezinamazinyo ama-saber okwenza izilwane zalesi sizwe zabizwa ngokuthi "amakati amancane", noma "i-pseudo-saber-toothed". Muva nje, abamele lesi sizwe sebephelile ukubizwa ngamakati amancane omndeni weSabretooth.
Indlela yokuphila, isimilo
Amakati anamazinyo amaSaber, kungenzeka ukuthi, kwakungewona ama-scavenger kuphela, kepha futhi ayizilwane ezidlayo. Kungacatshangwa ukuthi uhlobo olukhulu kakhulu lwamakati anamazinyo asephelile asekwazile ukuzingela inyamazane enkulu. Okwamanje, ubufakazi obuqondile bokuzingela ama-mammoths amadala noma amaphuphu awo abukho nhlobo, kepha amathambo ezilwane ezinjalo atholakala eduze kwezinsalela eziningi zabamele izinhlobo zezinhlobo ze-Homotherium serum angahle akhombise lelo thuba.
Kuyathakazelisa! Umbono wezici zokuziphatha usekelwa yizidladla ezingaphambili ezinamandla zama-smilodon, ezazisetshenziswa ngenkuthalo yizilwane ezidlayo ukucindezela phansi inyamazane ukuze ikwazi ukuletha ukuluma okubulalayo.
Inhloso yokusebenza kwamazinyo ayisici futhi amade kakhulu amakati anamazinyo ahlala eyimpikiswano eshubile kuze kube namuhla. Kungenzeka ukuthi zazisetshenziselwa ukufaka amanxeba ajulile nokujezisa esiswini esikhulu, lapho isisulu sasizopha ngokushesha okukhulu. Abagxeki abaningi bale mbono bakholelwa ukuthi amazinyo awakwazanga ukumelana nomthwalo onjalo futhi kufanele aphule. Ngakho-ke, umbono uvame ukuzwakaliswa ukuthi amazinyo asetshenziswa amakati anamazinyo ngokukhethekile ukulimala ngasikhathi sinye emthanjeni we-trachea ne-carotid wexhoba elibanjiwe, elihluliwe.
Isikhathi sokuphila
Impilo ngqo yamakati anezinyo lama-saber ayikasungulwa ososayensi basekhaya nabangaphandle.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
Kukhona inguqulo engaqinisekisiwe njengamanje yokuthi amazinyo amade kakhulu wesilwane asebenza njengohlobo lomhlobiso kuye futhi aheha izihlobo zobulili obuhlukile lapho enza amasiko wokukhwelana. Ama-canine ahlanganisiwe anciphise ububanzi bokulunywa, kepha kulokhu, ngokunokwenzeka, bekufanele kube nezimpawu ze-dimorphism yezocansi.
Umlando wokutholwa
Izinsalela zamakati ezinamazinyo amaningi zitholwe kuwo wonke amazwekazi ngaphandle kwase-Antarctica nase-Australia... Okudala kunazo zonke kutholakala eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-20. Uhlobo olusemthethweni lwembangela yokuqothulwa kwabantu basePleistocene, ngokusho kososayensi, lilele endlaleni evele ngaphansi kwethonya lesikhathi seqhwa. Le mbono iqinisekiswa inani elifanele lokufakwa kwamazinyo ezinsaleleni zalezi zilwane ezidla ezinye.
Kuyathakazelisa!Kungemva kokutholakala kwamazinyo agayiwe lapho kwavela khona umbono wokuthi ngezikhathi zendlala, izilwane ezidlayo zaqala ukudla yonke inyamazane iphelele, ngamathambo, okwalimaza amazinyo ekati elinamazinyo.
Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo lwesimanjemanje aluqinisekisanga umehluko phakathi kwezinga lokugqokwa kwamazinyo emakati adla inyama asezinkathini ezihlukene zokuphila. Ngemuva kokuhlaziywa ngokuphelele kwezinsalela, odokotela abaningi be-paleontologists bakwamanye amazwe nabasekhaya bafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi isizathu esiyinhloko sokuqedwa kwamakati anezinyosi ezinamazinyo kwakuwukuziphatha kwabo.
Amazinyo amade amabi ayengezilwane ngasikhathi sinye hhayi nje isikhali esibi sokubulala inyamazane, kodwa futhi nengxenye ethambile yomzimba wabaninizo. Amazinyo avele aqhekeka ngokushesha, ngakho-ke, ngokuya ngomqondo wokuziphendukela kwemvelo, zonke izinhlobo zezinto ezinesici esinjalo ngokwemvelo zafa.
Indawo yokuhlala
Ensimini yeYurophu yanamuhla, amakati anezinyo ezinama-saber, ngaleso sikhathi ayemelwe yi-homotheria, ayekhona cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-30 edlule. Izilwane ezinjalo zazitholakala eNorth Sea, ngaleso sikhathi eyayiseyindawo ehlala abantu.
Ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zeNyakatho Melika, ama-smilodon ne-homotheria acishe kanyekanye afa cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyishumi eyedlule. Ensimini ye-Afrika neNingizimu ye-Asia, abameleli bakamuva kakhulu bamakati anamazinyo, ama-meganterion, ashone phambilini, cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-500 eyedlule.
Ukudla kwamakati anamazinyo
Amabhubesi aseMelika (i-Panthera atrox) kanye namaSmilodon (amaSmilodon fatalis) babephakathi kwezilwane ezinkulu kakhulu ezidla ezinye ngezikhathi zePleistocene.
Uhlobo olwamukeleka kakhulu lokudla kwamakati anamazinyo abekwe phambili ngudokotela be-paleontologists abahlaziya imihuzuko namachips emazinyweni ama-smilodon atholakala eCalifornia... Sekukonke, abacwaningi bafunda cishe izingebhezi eziyishumi nambili, ezineminyaka yobudala isukela ku-11 kuye eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-35.
Ngokusho kwabaphenyi, izidlakela zaseMelika ngaphambi nje kokuqothulwa zazingakwazi ukuswela ukudla, futhi inani lamazinyo aphukile kungenxa yokushintshelwa ekudleni kwezilwane ezinkulu. Ukuqaphela amabhubesi anamuhla kuphakamisa nokuthi amazinyo ezilwane ezivame ukugqashuka hhayi ngesikhathi sokudla, kepha ngesikhathi sokuzingela, ngakho-ke amakati anezinyo ezinamazinyo kungenzeka ukuthi abulawa yindlala, kepha ngenxa yokuguquka kwesimo sezulu.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Kungenzeka ukuthi izidumbu ezingasekho zathanda ukuhlala emaqenjini omphakathi afaka abesifazane abathathu noma abane, abesilisa abaningana abavuthiwe ngokocansi, kanye nabantu abasha. Noma kunjalo, okwamanje alukho ulwazi oluthembekile mayelana nokuzalaniswa kwamakati anamazinyo ama-saber. Kucatshangwa ukuthi izilwane ezidlayo azikutholanga ukuntuleka kokudla okunempilo, ngakho-ke, zazala ngokuzikhandla.
Kuzothakazelisa futhi:
- I-Megalodon (lat. Carcharodon megalodon)
- I-Pterodactyl (isiLatin Pterodactylus)
- I-Tarbosaurus (lat. Tarbosaurus)
- I-Stegosaurus (isi-Latin Stegosaurus)
Izitha zemvelo
Amakati anamazinyo weSaber abusa indawo enkulu yomhlaba amashumi ezigidi zeminyaka, kepha ngokuzumayo lezi zidlakela zanyamalala. Kukholakala ukuthi akubanga abantu noma ezinye izilwane ezinkulu ezidlayo ezibe nomthelela kulokhu, kepha ushintsho olubukhali esimweni sezulu emhlabeni wethu. Enye yezinguqulo ezithandwa kakhulu namuhla imfundiso yokuwa kwe-meteorite, eyadala iDryas Cooling, eyingozi kukho konke ukuphila emhlabeni.
