Ibhere elibukekayo - isakhamuzi somdabu waseNingizimu Melika. Angabizwa njengommeleli kuphela wombuso wamabhere owahlala eNingizimu Melika. Eqinisweni, leli bhere alilikhulu kakhulu futhi linombala othakazelisayo futhi oyingqayizivele womlomo, owawubizwa ngokuthi "ukhanyisiwe".
Ngokudabukisayo, la mabhere abhekwa njengokungajwayelekile kulezi zinsuku, ngoba zimbalwa kakhulu ezisele. Ake sizame ukuthola ukuthi kungani isimo esibuhlungu kangaka sithuthukile ngenani laleli bhere elithakazelisayo futhi sifunde ngomsebenzi waso obalulekile.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Bear Spectacled
Ibhere elibukekayo lingelesilwane esidla imindeni yamabhere. Ungukuphela kohlobo lwalo kusuka emndenini omncane wamabhere abhekene nobuso obufushane osindile ezikhathini zethu. Izazi zezilwane zikholelwa ukuthi lokhu kungenxa yekhono lakhe lokukhwela ezihlahleni ezinde ezikhula emahlathini ase-Andes.
Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi isihlobo esiseduze sangaphambi komlando sebhere elibukiwe yibhere elikhulukazi elinobuso obufushane, elaliphila ngesikhathi se-Ice Age futhi lanyamalala eminyakeni engaba ngu-12 000 edlule. Izinsalela ezitholakele zalesi sidlakela zibonisa ukuthi ubukhulu besilwane bufinyelele ithani, futhi ukukhula kwebhere esimweni kufinyelela cishe kumamitha amane.
Ividiyo: I-Spectacled Bear
Vele, ibhere elibukiwe lincane kaningana kunokhokho walo, isisindo salo siyahluka kusuka ku-80 kuye ku-130 kg. Yize kunesibonelo esisodwa esithakazelisa kakhulu esihlala e-zoo yase-Argentina edolobheni laseBuenos Aires. Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngo-2014, leli bhere lathola isisindo esingama-575 kg, impela, isidlakela sangempela. ENyakatho Melika, kwatholakala izinhlobo zezinsalela zamathambo eziseduze nebhere lesimanjemanje, elibizwa ngokuthi ibhere laseFlorida. Esinye isihlobo esiseduze sebhere lase-Andes yi-panda enkulu.
Isici sokuthakazelisa sebhere elibukiwe akugcini ngokuba khona kweziqhobosho zoboya ezibiyela amehlo, kepha futhi nesifonyo esifushane uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amalungu omphakathi webhere. Yingakho leli bhere libizwa ngokuthi yi-spectacled futhi lingelomndeni omncane onobuso obufushane.
Uma sikhuluma ngezinhlobonhlobo zebhere elikhanyayo, ngakho-ke kuncane okwaziwayo ngalokhu. Ososayensi babone kuphela ukuthi abantu abahlala ezifundeni ezisenyakatho zebanga labo bakhulu kancane kunalezo ezihlala eningizimu, azikho ezinye izinto ezihlukanisayo phakathi kwamabhere ase-Andes ahlala ezindaweni ezihlukene ezaqashelwa.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ibhere elibukisiwe lezilwane
Sithole isisindo sebhere phambilini, kepha ubude bomzimba waso bungaba kusuka kwimitha elilodwa nohhafu kuya ku-180 cm, kungabalwa umsila, ubude bawo abudluli ku-10 cm. Ukuphakama kwebhere ekubuneni kusuka ku-60 kuye ku-90 cm. Abesifazane bancane kakhulu kunabesilisa futhi banesisindo esingaphansi ... Ikhanda lebhere licocekile, kodwa linamandla, isifonyo sifinyezwe kancane, sinesifihla-buso esikhanyayo esifana nezibuko. Izindlebe zomzingeli zincane futhi ziyindilinga, amehlo nawo mancane.
Ngaphandle kwemibala ekhanyayo ethokozisayo ebusweni nasentanyeni, wonke umbala wengubo yoboya obabazekayo ubumbene, ungaba:
- Ubumnyama obukhulu;
- Okumnyama nsundu;
- Okubomvu okunsundu.
Ngokuvamile, ingubo yoboya bebhere lase-Andesan iminyene impela, inoboya obude, inezinwele ezinde, icwebezela kahle elangeni. Ibhere eliqhakazile ngokwalo linamandla futhi linamandla, linentamo emfushane yemisipha, izitho zalo azide kakhulu, kodwa ziqinile futhi ziyizidlakela. Ibhere elimangele lihamba, linyathela izithende zalo. Imilenze yangaphambili mide kakhulu kunemilenze yangemuva, ngakho-ke ibhere likhulu kakhulu ekukhuphukeni hhayi ezihlahleni kuphela, kodwa nasekuqambeni amatshe.
Isici esithakazelisayo samathambo ebhere elibukiwe ukuthi linamabhangqa ayishumi nantathu ezimbambo, lonke ibhere linamabhangqa ayishumi nane. Uma ukhuluma nge-beige ekhanyayo noma iphethini eliphuzi kancane ebusweni nasentanyeni yebhere, kubalulekile ukuthi uqaphele ukuthi abanye abantu abanalo lo mhlobiso, kanti abanye abantu abawuboni nhlobo, isb. ibhere linombala we-monochromatic ngokuphelele.
Ihlala kuphi ibhele elibukiwe?
Isithombe: Ibhere elibukekayo elivela eNingizimu Melika
Ezwenikazi laseNingizimu Melika, yibhere elilodwa kuphela eliphilayo - lena ebabazekayo.
Kungabonakala ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene zaleli zwekazi:
- Empumalanga yePanama;
- Engxenyeni esentshonalanga yeColombia;
- EVenezuela;
- IPeru;
- I-Ecuador;
- IBolivia;
- I-Argentina (enyakatho-ntshonalanga yezwe).
Ibhere eliqhakazile lahamba laya emahlathini asezintabeni asentshonalanga yeAndes. Ibhere lizizwa likhulu ebangeni elingaphezu kwamakhilomitha amathathu, ngoba lihamba kahle emadwaleni amakhulu, linezindonga ezingaphambili eziqinile. Akulungile ukucabanga ukuthi ibhere linemvume yokuhlala unomphela ezindaweni ezinezintaba kuphela, lingahlala ezindaweni ezivulekile zamadlelo, ama-savanna, isilwane esidla ezinye sihlala ekukhuleni okucinene kwazo zonke izinhlobo zezihlahla.
Amabhele abonwe ehlala emathafeni lapho uhlaza lutholakala khona futhi lungahlukanga kakhulu, futhi abantu abahlala ezindaweni ezingamaxhaphozi babonakele. Isimo esiyinhloko sokukhetha indawo yokuhlala unomphela yamabhere akuyona indawo yezulu nesimo sezulu, kepha ukutholakala kokudla nokutholakala kwayo endaweni eyodwa noma kwenye.
Noma kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuthi uqaphele ukuthi leli bhere elibukekayo lithanda amahlathi asezintabeni anomswakama omkhulu, ligwema izindawo ezingamahlathi ezomile. Ibhere lizama ukuhlala eduze kwemithombo ehlukahlukene yamanzi. Indawo yokuhlala izidlakela ezibukwayo inwebeka ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha ama-4,5 ubude futhi ingama-200 kuye kuma-650 km ububanzi kuphela. Iqala ukusuka emgodini weSierra de Perija osenyakatho futhi ifinyelela engxenyeni esempumalanga yeCordillera eningizimu yeBolivia. Phambilini indawo okuhlala kuyo la mabhele ibinwebeke kakhulu futhi yanwetshwa nakwezinye izindawo ze-Andes.
Yini edliwa ibhere laseAndean?
Isithombe: I-Spectacled Bear Red Book
Ibhere elibukekayo lihlala endaweni yesibili ehloniphekile ekudleni ukudla kwezitshalo. Okokuqala indawo yesisekelo yi-panda enkulu. Isimanga kumzingeli, imenyu yaleli bhere isuselwa ezitshalweni ezingamaphesenti angama-95, kuphela ngamaphesenti amahlanu okusele kokudla kwezilwane.
Kwabaningi bezilwane ezidliwayo, ukudla kwezitshalo kunzima kakhulu esiswini, okwenza kube nzima inqubo yokugayeka kokudla, kepha amabhere akhanyayo ahleleke ngokuphelele nalokhu. Ukudla kwabo ikakhulu kunezinhlobo zonke zezithelo, amahlamvu, ama-rhizomes nezilimo eziyizigaxa, amahlumela amancane ezitshalo ezahlukahlukene. Amabhere angakhuphuka izintende eziphakeme, aphule amagatsha awo anamandla futhi adle amahlamvu emhlabathini. Azesabi ukugibela ngisho nezitshalo ezinkulu ze-cactus ukuze zikha izithelo zazo eziyinyama.
Lezi zilwane zingadla ngisho amagxolo ezihlahla aqinile, ngoba anezinsimbi zomhlathi ezinamandla nezinamandla emkhakheni wezikhali zazo. Kwezinye izindawo, amabhere amasimu ommbila abhubhisayo, athanda ukuzitika ngawo. Ngaphezu kombila, umoba noju lwezinyosi zasendle kuyinto emnandi kubo, ngoba ngokwemvelo yabo izinyo elikhulu elimnandi.
Uma sikhuluma ngemenyu yebhere yemvelaphi yezilwane, khona-ke ifaka phakathi: amagundane ahlukahlukene, izinyamazane ezincane, ama-vicunas, ama-guanacos, ama-hares, ezinye izinyoni ngisho nama-arthropods. Ibhere alikuphikisi ukuzama amaqanda ezinyoni, ngakho-ke akayena nhlobo umfutho ekuchithekeni kwezidleke zawo.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi leli bhere elibukhali linolimi olude kakhulu, olisebenzisela ukudla umuhlwa nezintuthwane, libhubhisa imizi yalo ngonya. Ezikhathini ezinzima, lapho kungelula ukuthola ukudla, izilwane zingagasela emadlelweni emfuyo, kepha izimo ezinjalo azivamile ngokwedlulele, amabhere abukekayo ezikhathini ezilambile akhetha ukwaneliseka ngezidumbu ezisele ekudleni kwezinye izilwane. Nakhu ukudla okunentshisekelo nokungajwayelekile kulaba bameleli bamabhere.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Isilwane sebhere esibukekayo
Amabhere agqamile akhetha ukuhlala wedwa, ukuzuza ngababili kuphela ngenkathi yokukhwelana. Yize kwesinye isikhathi ezindaweni ezinenala yokudla okuhlukahlukene, amabhele amaningana angahlala endaweni efanayo ngasikhathi sinye. Noma kunjalo, imvamisa izilwane ezidla ezinye zihlala endaweni yazo, ebhalwe ngokucophelela. Ibhere elibukiwe linobuntu obanele ngokwanele futhi ngeke lihlasele futhi libhebhethekise izingxabano ngezinto ezingasho lutho. Noma kungafika umuntu ongamazi endaweni yakhe, wayegcina ngokuxwayisa kuphela ukuze aphelezele lowo ongenayo.
La mabhere ahlasela kuphela ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, lapho kungekho okunye ukukhetha. Imvamisa babaleka ekuhlangabezaneni okungafuneki (ngokwesibonelo, nomuntu) ngokukhwela ezihlahleni ezinde. Lapho, phezulu esihlokweni (cishe ngamamitha angama-30 ukuphakama), amabhere azakhela okuthile okufana nenkundla, lapho aphumula khona futhi agcine ukudla kwawo. Omama bamaBhere, abakulungele ukwenza noma yini ukuvikela inzalo yabo eyindida, bangaba nolaka.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi la mabhere ayasebenza futhi anomdlandla ngesikhathi sasemini, okuyinto engajwayelekile ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye. Imvamisa bazingela futhi bathole ukudla ngezikhathi zasekuseni nantambama. Ukulala ubusika ngalezi zinhlobo zamabhere akuyona into ejwayelekile, futhi kuyaqabukela kuhlelwe imigodi. Kwesinye isikhathi ezihlahleni eziminyene, benza okuthile okufana nesidleke, abasifihla ngobuciko, ngakho-ke akulula ukukuqaphela.
Uma kunokudla okwanele endaweni yebhere, khona-ke umhlaseli okhanyisiwe akaqhubeki esidlekeni sakhe ngaphezu kwengxenye yekhilomitha. Ngesikhathi sendlala, amabhere afuna ukudla angahamba amakhilomitha ayisithupha ngosuku. Iphunga lidlala indima ebalulekile ekuxhumaneni phakathi kwezihlobo zebhere, futhi imisindo iyaphela ngemuva. Imvamisa, ibhele lomama kuphela elixhumana namazinyane lisebenzisa amasiginali womsindo.
Ngakho-ke, ibhere elibukiwe liyisilwane esinokuthula esingenabo ubudlova futhi esingajwayele izingxabano. Umzingeli unesimo sokuthula nokuzola, ibhere liyabaxwaya abantu, likhetha izindawo ezikude nezizimele zokuphila.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: I-bear bear ekhanyayo
Kwatholakala ukuthi, amabhere akhazimulayo ahlala yedwa, kepha kwesinye isikhathi abantu abaningana bangahlala ngokuthula endaweni efanayo ecebile ngokudla. Abesifazane bavuthwa ngokocansi ngeminyaka emithathu nabesilisa ngeminyaka eyisithupha. Isikhathi sokukhwelana, lapho izilwane zakha ngazimbili, siqala ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo kuye phakathi nasekwindla. Ukuhlangana kwezilwane ezimbili zobulili obuhlukile kubakhona amasonto ambalwa kuphela, khona-ke abalingani bahlakazeka unomphela.
Isikhathi sokuzala amawundlu ngamabhere akhazimulayo side kakhulu, sihlala izinyanga eziyi-8. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukukhulelwa kunesikhathi sokubambezeleka kwamazinyane ngesikhathi lapho kunokudla okwanele. Kukhona kusuka kuwundlu elilodwa kuya kwamathathu embungwini. Zizalwa zinezinwele ezimnyama, kepha aziboni ngokuphelele futhi zinesisindo esingama-gramu angama-300 kuphela. Lapho ziseduze nenyanga eyodwa, izingane ziqala ukubona kahle futhi ngasikhathi sinye ziqala ukushiya indawo yazo yokukhosela. Amantshontsho akhula ngokushesha okukhulu, futhi lapho esenezinyanga eziyisithupha isisindo sawo sifinyelela ku-10 kg.
Amawundlu ahambisana nomama wabo onakekelayo yonke indawo, ofaka kuwo wonke amakhono adingekayo empilweni: uwafundisa ukuzingela, ukuthola ukudla okumnandi nokunempilo kwezitshalo, futhi enze ngendlela efanele ukudla kwawo. Umama uvikela inzalo yakhe esekhulile isikhathi eside, ovame ukuhlala nayo kuze kube yiminyaka emibili, bese eyofuna indawo yabo, lapho beqhubeka khona nokuzimela kwabo. Endle, ubude bempilo yebhere elibukiwe yingxenye yesine yekhulu leminyaka, futhi ekuthunjweni kwakukhona izinhlobo ezaziphila kuze kube yiminyaka engama-36.
Izitha zemvelo zamabhere akhazimulayo
Isithombe: Spectacled Bear South America
Ezimweni zasendle, zemvelo, amawundlu asanda kuzalwa kanye nezilwane ezincane ezingenalwazi zisengozini enkulu. Izilwane ezinkulu ezinjengama-cougars nama-jaguar ziyingozi kubo, kanye namabhere amaduna abukekayo, avame ukuhlasela amawundlu abuthakathaka, nawo ayingozi kumawundlu amabhere.
Akunandaba noma kubaba kangakanani ukuqaphela, kodwa isitha esiyingozi kakhulu futhi esinonya sebhere elibukiwe yindoda, ngenxa yemisebenzi kabani inani lalezi zilwane ezingavamile lisengcupheni yokuqothulwa ngokuphelele, futhi lapho lezi zilwane zidlangile. Abantu baqothule inani elikhulu lamabhere ngenxa yokuthi bahlasela imfuyo, bacekela phansi amasimu ommbila. Ensimini yasePeru, inyama yalesi sidlo ibilokhu idliwe njalo. Hhayi kuphela isikhumba sebhere esaziswa kakhulu, kepha nezitho zaso ezinonile nezingaphakathi, ezisetshenziswa kwezokwelapha.
Ngaphezu kweqiniso lokuthi umuntu wabulala ngamabhele amabhere akhazimulayo, wabuye wawaqeda ngokungaqondile, ehlala ezindaweni zawo ezihlala njalo zezidingo zakhe, wagawula amahlathi, wakha nemigwaqo emikhulu. Konke lokhu kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi ibhere lacishe lanyamalala ngokuphelele. Manje lolu hlobo lubhalwe kuRed Book, ukuzingelwa kwalo akuvunyelwe, kepha ukuzingela ngokungemthetho kusenzeka. Manje inani lalezi zilwane lizinzile impela, kodwa lincane kakhulu ngenani, ngakho-ke izinhlobo zithathwa njengezisengozini.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Bear Spectacled
Inani lamabhere akhazimulayo lehle kakhulu ngenxa yezenzo zabantu okuthi, kwesinye isikhathi, bacabange ngezinzuzo zabo kuphela, bakhohlwe ukuthi bangalimaza abafowabo abancane. Imisebenzi yabantu esebenzayo nenesiphepho, kufaka phakathi umhlaba wokulima, ukubeka imigwaqo, ukwakha izakhiwo ezahlukahlukene, ukumbiwa kwezimayini, ukugawulwa komhlaba ngamadlelo, kuholele eqinisweni lokuthi kunezindawo ezimbalwa nezingakathintwa lapho ibhere elibukiwe lingaphila ngokukhululeka.
Ukuzingelwa kwebhere lase-Andean, obekusebenza kuze kube muva nje, kuholele ekutheni lezi zilwane ezihlekisayo nezingajwayelekile sezihambile. Abantu basebenzisa inyama nenyama yebhere hhayi kuphela, kepha amafutha, izitho zangaphakathi nenyongo yamabhere. Amafutha ebhele asetshenziswa ekwelapheni izifo ezifana ne-rheumatism ne-arthritis, kanti i-gallbladder isetshenziswa njalo emithini yaseChina.
Ngokuya ngemininingwane esemthethweni, ososayensi bezilwane sebesungulile ukuthi njengamanje inani labantu ababukisiwe lithwala izinombolo ezisuka ezi-2 kuye kwezi-2, izinkulungwane ezine zezilwane, ezivikelwe ngumthetho. Manje sekukhona ukuzinza kubantu. Akukho kunyuka okubukhali nokubalulekile okungalandelwa, yize kunezinyathelo ezithathiwe, kepha akukho ukwehla kwamandla okuqinile okuqaphelile muva nje.
I-Spectacled Bear Guard
Isithombe: Ibhere elibukekayo elivela eRed Book
Ummeleli webhere obabazekayo ubhalwe ku-Red Book ye-International Union for Conservation of Nature, inani lalesi silo lincane kakhulu. Isimo sabantu sihlala sidabukisa impela. Ukuzingela leli bhere manje akuvunyelwe ngokuphelele, kepha kusaqhubeka ngokungemthetho, kusobala, hhayi ngezinga elifanayo njengakuqala. Iziphathimandla zendawo, zilwa nokuzingela ngokungemthetho, kepha akukwazanga ukukuqeda nya.
Ngaphezu kwazo zonke ezinye izindlela zokuvikela, kuyakhiwa izindawo ezivikelwe, kepha izindawo zabo azanele ukuthi ibhere lizizwe liphephe ngokuphelele. Kunobufakazi bokuthi cishe amabhere angama-200 asabhujiswa minyaka yonke ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene zezwekazi laseNingizimu Melika. Abanye abantu bendawo babheka leli bhele elibukiwe njengosongo emfuyweni, ngakho-ke bazama ukubulala lesi silwane esidla izinyawo, yize kungekho emthethweni.
Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, inani lamabhere akhazimulayo cishe angama-2, 4 amakhophi ayizinkulungwane, futhi ngokusho kweminye imibiko, angaphansi kakhulu. Kuyadabukisa ukuthi abantu bavame ukuqala ukucabanga ngokuvikelwa kwezilwane zohlobo oluthile noma olunye lapho isimo esinezinga labantu sifinyelela ezingeni elibucayi futhi sivele sibe yinhlekelele.Kuyathenjwa ukuthi zonke lezi zinyathelo zizoletha imiphumela emihle futhi, uma zingakhulisi kakhulu inani lamabhere akhazimulayo, okungenani zivimbela ukwehla, okwenza inani lizinze ngokuqhathaniswa.
Ekugcineni ngithanda ukungeza lokho ibhere elibabazekayo engajwayelekile kakhulu futhi engaziwa kwabaningi. Ukuheha kwabo kunikezwa imaski yabo ekhanyayo ebusweni. Bamangala kakhulu ngokudla kwabo, okungajwayelekile ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye, kodwa futhi nangokuziphatha kwabo okuhle, ukuzola nobumnene. Kubalulekile ukuvimbela ukuqothulwa kwazo, ngoba akubona kuphela abamele ibhere, ababhaliswe eNingizimu Melika, kodwa futhi yibo kuphela onyawo olunobuso obufushane abasindile kuze kube namuhla.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08.04.2019
Usuku lokuvuselela: 19.09.2019 ngo-15: 36
