AmaChamois Ingabe isilwane esincelisayo sama-artiodactyls. Ama-chamois angokomndeni wama-bovids. Lona ngomunye wabamele balo abancane kunabo bonke. Kuyisibonelo esivelele somndeni wembuzi. Igama lesiLatini lesilwane ngokwezwi nezwi lisho "imbuzi yedwala". Ngakho-ke, ama-chamois ahlala ezindaweni ezinamadwala, ajwayele ukuhamba kahle kuwo.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Serna
Kukholakala ukuthi njengoba uhlobo lwama-chamois lwavela eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-250 kuya kweziyizinkulungwane ezingama-400 edlule. Akukabikho mpendulo ecacile ngemvelaphi yama-chamois. Kuneziphakamiso zokuthi amabanga amanje ahlakazekile ama-chamois ayizinsalela zendawo eqhubekayo yokwabiwa kwalezi zilwane esikhathini esedlule. Konke okutholakele kwezinsalela kungokwesikhathi sePleistocene.
Kukhona ama-subspecies amaningana ama-chamois, ahlukile ngokubukeka nangokwakheka komzimba. Abanye ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi lawa ma-subspecies nawo anemvelaphi ehlukile. Izinhlobo ezingaphansi komhlaba zihlala ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene futhi ngenxa yalesi sizathu azizali. Sekukonke, ama-subspecies ayisikhombisa ama-chamois ayaziwa. Ezimbili zazo, i-Anatolian ne-Carpathian chamois, ngokwezigaba ezithile, zingaba ngezinhlobo ezihlukene. Amagama ama-subspecies ngandlela thile ahlobene nendawo yawo yokuhlala, ngaphandle kwama-chamois ajwayelekile kakhulu.
Ividiyo: Serna
Isihlobo esiseduze kakhulu yi-chamois yasePyrenean, yize inegama elifanayo, kepha ingeyohlobo lwehhotela. Ama-chamois yisilwane esincane. Inomzimba ohlangene, ominyene onemilenze emincane, kanti imilenze yangemuva mide kunaleyo yangaphambili. Ifinyelela ukuphakama cishe kwamasentimitha angama-80 lapho ibuna, ubude bezitho buyingxenye yalolu nani, ubude bomzimba bungaphezulu kancane kwemitha, buphela ngomsila omfushane, ngamasentimitha ambalwa kuphela, engxenyeni engezansi okungekho nwele. Isisindo somzimba se-chamois kwabesifazane simaphakathi kwamakhilogremu angama-30 kuye kwangama-35, kanti kwabesilisa singafinyelela amakhilogremu ayisithupha. Intamo mncane, imvamisa ingu-15 kuye ku-20 cm ubude.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ama-chamois asezintabeni
Isifonyo se-chamois sincane, sifushane, sinciphile. Amehlo makhulu, amakhala asemancane, afana nokusikwa. Izimpondo zikhula ngaphezu kwamehlo, kusuka esifundeni esikhulu sabesilisa nabesifazane. Zibushelelezi ekuthinteni, zizungeze ingxenye yesiphambano, zigobile emuva emaphethelweni. Kwabesifazane, izimpondo zifishane ngekota uma kuqhathaniswa nabesilisa futhi zigobe kancane kancane. Endaweni engemuva kunezimbobo eziqukethe izindlala ezikhethekile; ngesikhathi sokuqalisa ziqala ukusebenza, zikhipha iphunga elithile. Izindlebe zinde, zimile, zikhombe, cishe zingamasentimitha angama-20. Izinselo zikhule kahle, zishiya umzila obude obungu-6 cm.
Umbala woboya be-chamois uyahluka ngesizini. Ebusika, ithola izithunzi ezahluke kakhulu, izingxenye ezingaphandle zezitho, intamo kanye nomhlane zinsundu ngokumnyama, kanti izingxenye zangaphakathi nesisu zikhanya. Ehlobo, umbala ushintshela ku-ocher, nsundu, futhi izingxenye zangaphakathi nezingemuva zezitho zilula kunezinhlangothi zangaphandle nangemuva. Esifubeni, ezinhlangothini kusukela endlebeni kuya ekhaleni, kunemivimbo emnyama, kwesinye isikhathi imnyama. Zonke ezinye izinwele ebusweni, kunalokho, zilula ukwedlula wonke umzimba, lokhu kunezela umehluko. Ngalo mbala, ama-chamois abukeka ethakazelisa kakhulu futhi ekhanya.
Isikhathi sokuphila sabesilisa ngokwesilinganiso sisukela eminyakeni eyishumi kuya kwayishumi nambili. Abesifazane baphila kusuka eminyakeni eyishumi nanhlanu kuya kwengamashumi amabili. Le mpilo ingabhekwa njengede, ngoba ayijwayelekile ezilwaneni ezinosayizi omncane kangako.
Ihlala kuphi i-chamois?
Isithombe: I-chamois yezintaba zezilwane
AmaChamois ahlala ezindaweni ezinezintaba lapho kuhlangana khona amadwala namahlathi. Zombili ziyadingeka ukuze zibe khona, ngakho-ke singasho ukuthi ama-chamois yisilwane esijwayelekile sehlathi lasentabeni. AmaChamois asakazeke endaweni enkulu ukusuka empumalanga kuye entshonalanga, kusuka eSpain kuya eGeorgia, naseTurkey naseGrisi eningizimu kuya eRussia enyakatho, ama-chamois ahlala kuzo zonke izinhlelo zezintaba. Inani labantu linqoba ezindaweni ezinhle kakhulu ze-Alps neCaucasus.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ama-subspecies ayisithupha kwayisikhombisa ama-chamois athola amagama awo ezindaweni zawo zokuhlala:
- Ama-chamois ajwayelekile;
- I-Anatolian;
- IBalkan;
- ICarpathia;
- Amashadi;
- ECaucasian;
- UTatranskaya.
Isibonelo, ama-chamois ase-Anatolian (noma amaTurkey) ahlala empumalanga yeTurkey nasengxenyeni esenyakatho-mpumalanga yezwe, ama-chalk aseBalkan atholakala eNhlonhlweni yaseBalkan, kanti amaCamoathi chamois atholakala eCarpathians. AmaChartres chamois ajwayelekile entshonalanga ye-French Alps (igama livela ebangeni lezintaba iChartreuse). I-chamois yaseCaucasus, ngokulandelana, ihlala eCaucasus, kanye neTatranskaya - eTatras. I-chamois ejwayelekile ngama-subspecies amaningi kakhulu, ngakho-ke ayaphakanyiswa. Ama-chamois anjalo ajwayelekile e-Alps.
Ehlobo, ama-chamois akhuphukela phezulu ezindaweni ezinamadwala endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angama-3600 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. Ebusika, zehlela endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-800 bese zizama ukuhlala eduze kwamahlathi, ikakhulukazi kuma-conifers, ukuze kutholakale kalula ukudla. Kepha ama-chamois awakhulumanga ngokufuduka kwezinkathi ezithile, ngokungafani nabanye abaningi abangasetshenziswanga. Abesifazane abasanda kuzala bancamela ukuhlala namazinyane abo emahlathini phansi kwezintaba futhi bagweme izindawo ezivulekile. Kepha ngokushesha nje lapho izinyane seliba namandla, baya ezintabeni ndawonye.
Ngama-1900s okuqala, ama-chamois angeniswa eNew Zealand njengesipho, futhi ngaphezulu kweminyaka eyikhulu bakwazi ukusabalala kakhulu eSouth Island. Kulezi zinsuku, ukuzingelwa kwama-chamois kuyakhuthazwa ngisho nakuleli. Abantu abahlala eNew Zealand abahlukile ngokuyisisekelo ezihlotsheni zabo zaseYurophu, kepha ngasikhathi sinye, umuntu ngamunye unesisindo esilinganiselwe ngama-20% kunesaseYurophu. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kwakukhona imizamo emibili yokuxazulula ama-chamois ezintabeni zaseNorway, kodwa womabili agcina ehlulekile - izilwane zafa ngezizathu ezingaziwa.
Adlani ama-chamois?
Isithombe: isilwane seChamois
AmaChamois ayizilwane ezinokuthula, ezidla imifino. Zidla emadlelweni, ikakhulu utshani.
Ehlobo bayadla futhi:
- okusanhlamvu;
- amaqabunga ezihlahla;
- izimbali;
- amahlumela amasha ezihlahlana nezinye izihlahla.
Ehlobo, ama-chamois awanankinga nokudla, njengoba ethola uhlaza oluningi endaweni yawo. Noma kunjalo, zingenza kalula ngaphandle kwamanzi. Umbethe wasekuseni nemvula engandile yanele kubo. Ebusika, kusetshenziswa amakhambi afanayo, amaqabunga, okusanhlamvu, kepha ngendlela eyomile nangamanani amancane. Ukudla kufanele kumbiwe ngaphansi kweqhwa.
Ngenxa yokushoda kokudla okuluhlaza, ama-chamois adla ubulembu nobulembu bezihlahla, amagatsha amancane ezihlahlana, amagxolo ezinye izihlahla ezingahlafuna, iminyezane noma umlotha wasezintabeni, isibonelo. Ama-evergreens nawo ayatholakala ebusika; ukudla kuyisi-spruce nezinaliti zikaphayini, amagatsha amancane we-fir. Uma kwenzeka kunokuntuleka okukhulu kokudla, ama-chamois amaningi ayafa. Lokhu kwenzeka njalo, njalo ebusika.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: AmaChamois ezintabeni
Njengamanye ama-ungulates, umhlambi we-chamois. Banobugwala futhi bayashesha, lapho bezwa ingozi encane bagijimela ehlathini noma bacashe ezintabeni. AmaChamois agxuma kahle aphakeme, le ndawo ibafanele kakhulu - uzobalekela izitha nesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu. Ngesikhathi semimoya enamandla, imvula enamandla nokunye ukuhlaselwa, ama-chamois acasha emihosheni yezintaba nasemifantwini.
AmaChamois azizwa enokuzethemba okukhulu, aqoqe, okungenani ngamaqembu amancane abantu ababili noma abathathu. Inani eliphakeme labantu emhlambini lifinyelela emakhulwini, ezindaweni zokusabalalisa kwabo okukhulu noma emizameni yokuzihlukanisa nezinye izilwane zomhlambi ensimini. Ebusika nasentwasahlobo, ama-chamois ahlangana ikakhulukazi ngamaqembu amancane, ngakho-ke kulula ukuthola ukudla futhi usinde emakhazeni. Ehlobo, inani lazo liyanda ngenzalo, kanti ama-chamois ayazola futhi adle emhlambini owodwa omkhulu.
AmaChamois ayakwazi ukuxhumana nomunye. Ukuxhumana bodwa, basebenzisa ukugquma, izikhundla zokubusa nokuzithoba, kanye nemibono ehlukahlukene eyenziwe ngokwezifiso. Abantu abadala abavamisile ukuzihlukanisa nezingane, imvamisa okuxubene nemihlambi. Ekuseni kukhona isidlo eside, emva kwesidlo sasemini ama-chamois aphumula. Futhi bakwenza ngamunye ngamunye, umuntu kufanele abheke imvelo futhi, uma kwenzeka okuthile, phakamisa i-alamu. Ebusika, izilwane ziphoqeleka ukuba zihambe njalo ziyofuna ukudla nendawo yokuhlala. Imvamisa zehla zisondele emahlathini, lapho kunemimoya emincane khona futhi kunezinsalela zokudla ezomile.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: I-Chamois ne-cub
Ekwindla, kusukela maphakathi no-Okthoba, ama-chamois anenkathi yokukhwelana. Abesifazane bakhipha imfihlo ekhethekile abesilisa abasabela ngayo, okusho ukuthi bakulungele ukukhwelana. Banesikhathi sokukhwelana ngoNovemba nangoDisemba. Cishe emasontweni angama-23 noma angama-24 (kwezinye izinhlobo ezingaphansi, ukukhulelwa kuthatha amasonto angama-21), ingane iyazalwa. Isikhathi sokuzalwa siwela phakathi kwaphakathi kukaMeyi nengxenye yokuqala kaJuni.
Imvamisa insikazi eyodwa izala izinyane elilodwa, kepha kwesinye isikhathi iba nezimbili. Ngemuva kwamahora ambalwa izele, izinyane selivele lihamba ngokuzimela. Omama babondla ngobisi izinyanga ezintathu. Ama-chamois angabhekwa njengezilwane zomphakathi: izingane, lapho-ke, ezinye izinsikazi zomhlambi zingakwazi ukuzinakekela.
Ezinyangeni ezimbili zokuqala, umhlambi kufanele uhlale eduze nehlathi. Kulula ngamazinyane ukuzulazula lapho futhi kukhona lapho angacasha khona. Ezindaweni ezivulekile, bazoba nezingozi eziningi. Izingane zikhula ngokushesha. Lapho zinezinyanga ezimbili ubudala, sezivele zeqa ngobuhlakani futhi zikulungele ukulandela abazali bazo ziye ezintabeni. Lapho zinezinyanga ezingamashumi amabili ubudala, ama-chamois afinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi, futhi eminyakeni emithathu asevele enamazinyane awo okuqala.
Ama-chamois amancane, amawundlu nabesifazane banamathela ndawonye. Owesifazane osekhulile ungumholi womhlambi. Abesilisa imvamisa ababi ngamaqembu, bakhetha ukuwajoyina ngesikhathi sokukhwelana ukuze bafeze umsebenzi wabo wezinto eziphilayo. Kuvamile ukuthi abesilisa abangashadile bazulazule ezintabeni bebodwa.
Izitha zemvelo zama-chamois
Isithombe: Serna
Kuma-chamois, izilwane ezidlayo ziyingozi, ikakhulukazi uma zikhulu kunazo. Izimpisi namabhere kungabalinda emahlathini. Into eyingozi kakhulu ukuthi ama-chamois ahamba wodwa; ngisho nezilwane eziphakathi nendawo ezinjengempungushe noma i-lynx zingayidla. Yize kukhona izimpondo ezingasebenza ukuzivikela, ama-chamois akhetha ukungazivikeli ekuhlaselweni, kepha abaleke.
Izilwane ezivame ukuzingela zivame ukuzingela hhayi abantu abadala, kodwa amawundlu azo, ngoba zisabuthakathaka futhi zisengozini. Njengoba isilwile nomhlambi, izinyane kungenzeka life: lisagijima kancane futhi alinalo ikhono elanele lokuzulazula emadwaleni, alibazi ngokugcwele ubungozi. Angabambeka ekudilikeni komhlaba noma eweni, awe eweni. Njengoba isencane kakhulu futhi inesisindo esincane, ngaphezu kwezilwane, izinyoni ezidla inyama nazo ziyingozi kuyo. Isibonelo, ukhozi olusagolide, olungabamba izinyane lempukane, noma ukhozi olusagolide oluhlala eFrance.
Ukwehla kwamawa nokudilika kwamatshe nakho kuyingozi kubantu abadala. Kukhona amacala lapho befuna indawo yokukhosela ama-chamois abalekela ezintabeni, kodwa ngasikhathi sinye abulawa imfucumfucu. Indlala ingenye ingozi engokwemvelo, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sasebusika. Ngenxa yokuthi ama-chamois ayizilwane ezifuywayo, athinteka kakhulu ezifweni ezinkulu. Ezinye izifo, njengotwayi, zingabhubhisa iningi lomhlambi.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Ama-chamois asezintabeni
Abantu baseChamois baningi futhi bazala kahle. Inani eliphelele lalezi zinhlobo lingabantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-400. Ngaphandle kwama-chamois aseCaucasus, asesimweni “esengozini” futhi anabantu abedlula nje izinkulungwane ezine kuphela. Ngenxa yokuvikelwa kule minyaka embalwa edlule, kube nenqubo yokukhula ngamanani ayo. IChartres chamois isengozini, kepha ososayensi bayangabaza ngobumsulwa begazi layo. Izinhlobo ezinhlanu ezisele kweziyisikhombisa zihlukaniswa njengeNkathazo Encane.
Noma kunjalo, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngokuqhubeka okujwayelekile kohlobo kanye nokuba khona kwe-chamois, yizimo zasendle ezidingekayo ngqo. Izinkomo eziklaba emadlelweni asezintabeni zicindezela kancane ama-chamois, futhi baphoqeleka ukuba bahambe beyofuna izindawo ezithe xaxa. Kungenzeka ukuthi ngokuthuthuka kokuzalela izinkomo, inani lama-chamois lancipha kancane kancane. Lokhu kusebenza futhi ekwandisweni kwezokuvakasha, izindawo zokungcebeleka ezisezintabeni, izindawo zokuzijabulisa ezindaweni zabo zokuhlala.
Ezindaweni ezisenyakatho ebusika, ukudla kungahle kube kuncane futhi, ngokusho kwedatha yakamuva, abantu baseTatra chamois abahlala enyakatho yeYurophu, lokhu kungasongela ukwehla kwabantu. Inani labantu baseBalkan chamois lilinganiselwa kubantu abangama-29,000. Ngisho nokuzizingela kuvunyelwe ngumthetho, kepha hhayi eGrisi nase-Albania. Lapho, ama-subspecies ayezingelwa kakhulu futhi manje asengaphansi kokuvikelwa. Ukuzingela kuvunyelwe futhi kumaCamoathi chamois. Izimpondo zakhe zifinyelela ku-30 cm futhi zithathwa njengendebe. Abantu abaningi kakhulu bahlala eningizimu yeCarpathia, ezindaweni ezibandayo ukuminyana kwabo akuvamile.
Inani labantu baseChartres chamois manje sehle lafika kubantu abangama-200, lifakwe ohlwini lwe-IUCN Red List, kepha lolu hlobo lwe-chamois aluvikelekile kakhulu. Abanye ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ama-subspecies akhethwe ngeze. Ngokuya ngezici zofuzo, kumane kungabantu bendawo bama-chamois ajwayelekile noma sekuyisikhathi eside belahlekelwe ubumsulwa bawo.
Chamois unogada
Isithombe: isilwane seChamois
Ama-subspecies kuphela ama-chamois aseCaucasus anesimo esivikelwe. Zibhalwe kuRed Data Books ezifundeni eziningana nasemaphabhulini aseCaucasus naseSouthern Federal District. Izizathu eziyinhloko zokwehla kwabantu ngesikhathi esisodwa kwakuyizici ze-anthropogenic, ngokwesibonelo, ukuncishiswa kwamahlathi. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukumba izimayini ngokungemthetho kwenza cishe kungabi khona umnikelo ophathekayo kule nqubo.
Iningi labantu lihlala eziqiwini, lapho zinakekela khona izimo zempilo yazo. Ukufinyelela kwabavakashi kuzo kunomkhawulo, futhi nomthelela wezinto eziyingozi uyancishiswa. Ukuqedwa kwamahlathi esiqiwini akuvunyelwe, imvelo ivikelwe ngokuqinile. Umuntu ngamunye esiqiwini uyaqashwa. Ngenxa yalokhu, i-Caucasian chamois ikwazile ukukhulisa inani labantu bayo ngesigamu esisodwa nengxenye eminyakeni eyi-15 edlule.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 03.02.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 16.09.2019 ngo-17: 11
