Uma sihlukanisa izinambuzane zibe wusizo nezinambuzane, kuzoba nokuningi kokugcina. Kunezidalwa eziningi kakhulu ezinesidleke semvelo ezithanda ukuzuza ngemali yomunye umuntu. Kungenxa yezinambuzane ezinjalo ukuthi i-aphid.
Lesi sinambuzane esincane singenza umonakalo omkhulu ezindaweni ezinkulu zezitshalo ezahlukahlukene, kanye nakuzo zonke izitshalo zasendlini. Kwabalimi abaningi nabalimi inkathazo ye-aphid kudala inkinga engakholeki futhi kwesinye isikhathi kulimale umhlaba.
Lezi zinambuzane zivundile kangangokuthi ukubonakala kwazo ngamanani amancane ngesikhathi esifushane kuguqula izikhala eziluhlaza zibe amakoloni agcwele ama-aphid, okungelula kangako ukukuqeda njengoba kungabonakala komunye umuntu ekuboneni kokuqala.
Ngokuhleleka kwe-Homoptera, okungokwezi zinambuzane, kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-3500. Ngamunye wabo unezici zawo. Iyiphi ingozi eyenziwa yizintwala? Amakholoni ayo amakhulu adla umuncu wezitshalo, ngaleyo ndlela abancishe amandla abalulekile futhi asabalalise izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane phakathi kwabo.
Ukusuka ekulimazeni ama-aphid ezitshalweni, ukukhula kwehliswa kakhulu. Uma lezi kuyizitshalo zezithelo, ziqala ukuthela izithelo kancane, bese ziyayeka ngokuphelele ukubeletha. Isibonelo, inani elikhulu le-aphid elivela engadini yezithelo zama-apula lingayifisa ingadi ngokoqobo ngenyanga nje.
Ukukhula kwamahlumela nezihlahla kunciphe. Ama-aphid ngokwawo awashiyi lapho enokuthile angazuza kukho. Futhi lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuphela okudabukisayo kwakho konke ukutshala okuphilayo akunakugwenywa. Lezi zinambuzane ezincane eziphazamisayo ziqala umsebenzi wazo kusukela enyangeni yokuqala yasentwasahlobo. Futhi aqhubeka kuze kube sekwindla.
Kusukela kuzenzo zama-aphid, izitshalo zomisa amandla abo, zingagula ngezifo ezahlukahlukene zegciwane ezidluliselwa yizinambuzane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukungajwayelekile kokukhula okungajwayelekile kungabonakala ezitshalweni, ngokwesibonelo, ukukhula kohlelo lwempande.
Izici nendawo yokuhlala
Lezi zinambuzane zinamakhono amahle kakhulu okufihla. Imibala yazo ithatha umbala wezitshalo ezikhula kuzo. Ama-aphid aluhlaza kuma-apula, amagilebhisi, izitshalo zasendlini, ama-aphid amnyama abonwa kuma-cherries nama-cherries, ama-currants kanye nama-gooseberries adliwa ama-aphid abomvu, isinambuzane esiphuzi esinombala oluhlaza sikhubaza ukhukhamba namakhabe.
Ezimweni eziningi, ama-aphid afana ne-oval. Kwesinye isikhathi lezi zinambuzane zitholakala ngesimo sedonsa, ibhola, iqanda noma i-ellipse. Usayizi we-aphid mncane, kepha usengayibona ngamehlo. Ubude bayo bufinyelela ku-0.7 mm. Ezimweni ezingavamile, ungathola imidondoshiya phakathi kwabo, enosayizi ongaba ngu-7 mm.
Lesi sinambuzane singesinye salezo ezidla ukudla kwezitshalo. Bafakwe i-proboscis ekhethekile ehlaba izicubu zesitshalo bese idonsa wonke ama-juice kuyo. Bangakwazi ukuzala ngokushesha okumangazayo, lokhu kungenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu zama-aphid. Izinambuzane ziza nezindawo ngaphandle nangaphandle.
Isifunda esithakazelisayo senzeka emvelweni, esingenakushaywa indiva. Ama-aphid anencindi yezitshalo athola ama-protein compounds nama-amino acid abalulekile entuthukweni nasempilweni. Ukumiswa kokuqina okunamathelayo, okuyisibiliboco esiyintandokazi sezimpukane nezintuthwane, kunikezwa inqubo yokucubungula lezi zinto eziwusizo.
Ososayensi baqaphele amaqiniso angajwayelekile wokubambisana phakathi kwama-aphid nezintuthwane, azama ngazo zonke izindlela ukuvikela abahlengikazi babo ezinkingeni ezingaba khona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izintuthwane zidlulisa ama-aphid zisuka kwesinye isitshalo ziye kwesinye, futhi abesifazane bazo baze bafihlwe emakhaya abo emakhazeni asebusika nasebusika. Ngemuva kokubona okunjalo, umuntu kufanele alwe hhayi kuphela nezintwala, kepha futhi "nababheki" babo.
Umzimba we-aphid awuvikelekile ngegobolondo, njengakwezinye izinambuzane eziningi, ithambile futhi ivezwe ngaphandle - i-aphid ingachotshozwa kalula. Isinambuzane sinemilenze emide, kepha lokhu akusho ukuthi izintwala zingashesha ukuhamba. Uyenza kancane.
Izinambuzane ezingenamaphiko ziyehluka ngokubonakalayo ezinambuzaneni ezinamaphiko. Kwangaphambili, i-proboscis yinde futhi iyajiya. I-aphid enamaphiko inamaphiko amabili wamaphiko, ngosizo lwawo ihamba kalula esikhaleni.
Ku-aphid enamaphiko, isigqi sempilo sihluke kancanyana kunaleso esingenamaphiko. Ekwindla amaqanda abekwa insikazi evundisiwe enamaphiko. Amaqanda awabekwa kuzo zonke izindawo.
Izinambuzane zikhetha isithombo sasendle, i-colza, iziphunzi zeklabishi. Amaqanda atholakala kulezi zitshalo ebusika bonke. Ngokufika kwentwasahlobo, ziphenduka zibe yizibungu, ezikhula futhi zisinde ngenxa yobuningi beselula bezikhala eziluhlaza.
Ngemuva kwalokho bayaqothuka, ngemuva kokukhiqiza i-aphid. Ngendlela, bakwenza ngaphandle kokwehluka kobulili. Ngenxa yalokhu, kuzalwa inani elikhulu lezibungu zezinambuzane. Ososayensi ababukele le nqubo bethukile. Ingakapheli inyanga eyodwa, owesifazane oyedwa angazala izinambuzane ezingaba ngu-10 000.
I-aphid engenamaphiko ihola cishe indlela yokuphila. Kusukela ekuzalweni kuye ezinsukwini zabo zokugcina, basendaweni eyodwa. Ngosizo lwe-proboscis yabo, ama-aphid adla ubisi lwesitshalo, athola zonke izinto ezibalulekile empilweni futhi athuthuke kahle.
Uma ungalwi nayo futhi ungazami ukuyicekela phansi, khona-ke izoqhubeka nokukhubazeka, yande futhi ilimaze izimbali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba khona kwabesilisa akudingeki nakancane.
Cishe maphakathi nehlobo esixukwini sabesifazane abangenazimpiko abameleli babo abanamaphiko baqala ukuvela ngezikhathi ezithile. Bona, futhi, bahamba ngaphandle kwezinkinga baye emazweni amasha wezindawo eziluhlaza futhi ngenjabulo enkulu bayathuthuka lapho.
I-aphid enamaphiko ibamba iqhaza elibalulekile ekuqhubekeni kohlobo lwazo lonke. Ngemuva kwakho konke, ama-aphid, angakwazi ukuhamba ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, angahle aphelelwe yizinqolobane zokudla bese ziyafa. Ama-aphid afudukayo ngokushesha akha amakoloni amakhulu ohlobo lwawo endaweni entsha.
Ukuphela kwehlobo kubalulekile kulezi zinambuzane ngokuthi izidalwa ezingafani nabesilisa nabesifazane ekugcineni zivele phakathi kwazo, lapho kwenzeka khona ukukhwelana. Ngokufika kwamakhaza asebusika, izinambuzane ziyafa, zishiya amaqanda ngemuva, okuthi lapho kufika intwasahlobo kudlule kumjikelezo wokuphila ofanayo futhi kufe ebusika.
Ungakunquma kanjani ukuvela kwama-aphid esitshalweni? Uma izikhala eziluhlaza kancane kancane ziqala ukulahlekelwa ukubukeka kwazo okukhangayo, kuyadingeka ukuzihlola.
Imvamisa izintwala ezingenamaphiko zitholakala ngaphansi kwamaqabunga ezitshalo. Amakholoni akhulisiwe, ngaphandle kokungabaza nokwesaba, amboza ngokuphelele zonke izikhala eziluhlaza. Ngemuva kokuthintana okufushane nalezi zinambuzane, amaqabunga ayoma, kuthi ngemuva kokuzisonta, afe ngokuphelele.
Zonke izihlahla zezithelo zikhiqiza isivuno esincane kakhulu. Kwesinye isikhathi izithelo zabo ziyawa ngaphambi kokuba zivuthwe. Amahlumela neziqu zezitshalo zigobile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zonke izitshalo ezilimele zimbozwe uketshezi olumnandi lwe-aphid, abalimi abalibiza ngokuthi i-honeydew.
Ukungadli uju yizintuthwane kuholela isitshalo ekuthelelekeni ngokhunta lwe-sooty. Kulokhu kulandela ukuthi ukubonakala kwenani elikhulu lezintuthwane ezimweni ezivamile kukhombisa ukuthi ama-aphid ayazikhukhumeza endaweni ethile eseduze, yize izithelo zezenzo zawo zingakabonakali.
Isimo sezulu esifanele kunazo zonke lezi zinambuzane sinomswakama futhi sifudumele. Kulezi zimo kuphela lapho ukukhiqizwa okukhulu kwama-aphid kungenzeka. Ingatholakala ezindaweni eziningi, kusuka eYurophu kuya eSiberia.
Indlela yokuphila yama-aphid
Inambuzane ye-Aphid incamela ukugcina emakoloni amakhulu. Izindawo azithandayo zihlala emaqabunga aluhlaza kanye namahlumela amancane. Izintuthwane ziba abangane impilo yabo yonke. Le tandem ibazuzisa bobabili. I-aphid ingaphansi kwesivikelo esithembekile sedlozi elidla amazolo alo.
Kuyathakazelisa ukubuka ukuxhumana kwabo. Idlozi lisondela ku-aphid futhi, ngemuva kokukitaza kamnene, lithola ingxenye yoketshezi olumnandi. Leli thonsi lidluliswa ngeketanga liye emzini wentuthwane, lapho i-aphid ivame ukuziphephela khona ebusika. Ama-aphid anezitha, lapho idlozi lizama ukulivikela ngokucophelela. Ama-ladybugs nama-lacewings angabhubhisa amakoloni e-aphid.
Izinhlobo ze-aphid
Ososayensi bazi izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-4000 zama-aphid, cishe ezi-1000 zazo ezihlala eYurophu. Ngaphezu kwengxenye yabo kudla izitshalo. Kepha kukhona nalabo phakathi kwabo abakhetha into eyodwa.
I-aphid gall aphid, isibonelo, uthanda ama-currants kakhulu. Ngesikhathi esifushane ngangokunokwenzeka kusuka "othandweni" olunjalo isitshalo singafa. Ukusatshalaliswa kwalezi zinhlobo kubanzi kakhulu.
Isinambuzane singabonakala ngokuma komzimba okusaqanda, umbala ophuzi noma ophuzi ngokukhanyayo kanye namaphiko asobala, uma iyi-aphid enamaphiko. Usayizi we-aphid yinyongo cishe u-3 mm. Ngemuva kokuthintana nezinambuzane, amaqabunga e-currant aqala aphuzi, bese ethola umbala we-burgundy bese evuvuka.
I-Beet aphid futhi okusaqanda. Kepha kungahle kube khona umehluko embala wayo. Ama-aphid angabi luhlaza kuphela, kodwa futhi abe nsundu, futhi abe mnyama abe nesifuba esimhlophe. Isinambuzane sonke simbozwe ngengcina.
Ama-aphid anjalo athanda ama-beet, amazambane, imidumba, i-poppy, i-jasmine, i-sunflower ne-viburnum. I-Transcaucasia, i-Asia Ephakathi, i-Nyakatfo Melika yizindawo eziyinhloko zalezi zinambuzane.
Ikhukhamba (ibhece) i-aphid inomzimba ohlangane kancane onemibala ehlukahlukene eluhlaza. Izitho kanye nentshebe yalesi sinambuzane kunsundu. Esikhathini esiningi itholakala kumakhabe, amakhabe, amathanga, ukhukhamba, ugwayi, amakinati kanye no-beet. Ngezinye izikhathi ama-aphid anjalo angahlala ezihlahleni ezisawolintshi naku-eucalyptus.
I-aphid yeklabishi okusaqanda futhi ububanzi. Umbala wayo ufana nombala wamaqabunga eklabishi, lapho lesi sinambuzane sitholakala khona kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-aphid anjalo athanda ama-radishes nama-radishes. Izitshalo zifa ngokushesha okukhulu ngenxa yokuqongelela okukhulu kwama-aphid eklabishi.
Amagilebhisi phylloxera anomzimba ovundlile onombala ophuzi noma onsundu. Azizithandi ezinye izitshalo ngaphandle kwamagilebhisi. Itholakala ezwenikazi i-Afrika, kwezinye izindawo e-Asia, eNyakatho Melika kanye nasendaweni yase-Europe.
I-aphid yesaladi ithanda kuphela izaqathe, ezinye izitshalo zesambulela, ezivela kuzo ngokushesha. Mncane ngosayizi, unomzimba oval futhi uluhlaza ngokukhanyayo ngombala.
I-aphula eluhlaza eluhlaza luhlaza futhi unomzimba omise okweqanda. Ingahlukaniswa nezinye izinhlobo ngekhanda layo elibomvu noma le-chestnut. Izingadi zezithelo ze-Apple, eliphakathi kwe-cotoneaster, i-hawthorn, i-quince ihlushwa yilesi sinambuzane.
Amazambane aphid kwehluka ngokubomvu. I-aphid enamaphiko enombala oluhlaza okotshani, izitho ansundu namadevu. Zonke izitshalo zensimu kanye nalezo ezitshalwa ku-greenhouse nasekamelweni ziyahlupheka ngakho.
Peach aphid iyindilinga, iba nsundu ngokumpunga, inezitho ezinombala osawolintshi namabala amnyama phezulu. Indawo yokuhlala - eCrimea. Uthanda ukutshalwa kwamantongomane nezithelo, okuletha ukulimala okungakholeki futhi kuveze izifo zesikhunta.
I-Mealy aphid bobunjwa okusaqanda kombala kakhilimu. Kutholakala kuzimbali zasendlini, zokugcina izithombo, amagilebhisi nezithelo ezisawolintshi. Ama-aphid colonies ezitshalweni ezinjalo abaholela ekufeni.
Intwala yasekhaya iza ngombala omhlophe, obomvu, oluhlaza okotshani nokumnyama. Idla noma iziphi izitshalo, lapho kuqala zomile khona, bese zifa ngokuphelele.
I-aphid emhlophe eyaziwa kahle kubathandi bezimbali zasendlini. Umzimba wakhe ubonakala ngale. Ukuvela kwalesi sinambuzane embali eyodwa yasendlini kusongela zonke izitshalo efulethini. Yilwa nezintwala ezimhlophe ngokushesha.
Yini okufanele uyenze uma ama-aphid evela emaqabungeni?
Kwabalimi abaningi nabalimi bezimbali be-amateur, lokhu kungenye yezinkinga ezicindezela kakhulu. Lokhu kusekuqaleni nje, futhi kubantu abangakaze bahlangabezane nale nkinga, kungabonakala sengathi lokhu akunzima.
Empeleni, isixazululo esijwayelekile sensipho siyonakalisa izinambuzane ze-aphid. Inkinga ivela ukuthi kusukela kunani elikhulu lama-aphid, lesi sitshalo sishintsha izici zangaphandle.
Lesi sinambuzane simunca wonke amajusi aso, yingakho amaqabunga aso egoqana abe yipayipi. Kukumaqabunga asontekile lawa lapho izintwala zithola isiphephelo kuzo. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukulwa nayo ngisho nangaphambi kokuba amaqabunga aqhakaze ezihlahleni.
Kungcono ukuzicubungula entwasahlobo, lapho nje ukuvuvukala kwamafiqubu kubonakala. Ukumemezela impi ngama-aphid, umuntu akumele akhohlwe ngezintuthwane futhi asebenzise izidakamizwa kubo.
Ukuqeda izintuthwane akunzima. Lokhu kwenziwa nge-polyester yokugoqa, lapho kusongwa khona isiqu somuthi. I-winterizer yokwenziwa kufanele iphathwe kuqala ngekhemikhali elwa nezintuthwane. Njengamanje, kukhona ukukhethwa okukhulu kwemikhiqizo enjalo. I- "Anteater" ibhekwa njengokuvame ukusetshenziswa.
Abanye abalimi bazama ukuqeda ama-aphid ngomshini. Bayisusa ngezandla zabo, indiza yamanzi ngaphansi kwengcindezi enamandla. Le ukuphela kwendlela yokuqeda izinambuzane ezitshalweni ezingamile kahle.
Ungaqiniseka ukuthi endaweni enenqwaba yama-aphid kukhona labo abangakwazi ukubhekana nayo kalula. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ama-ladybugs, ezinye izinhlobo zeminyovu, ama-hoverflies, ama-lacewings. Ezinyonini eziningi, ama-aphid enza okwelapha. Bangakhangwa yizindlu zezinyoni kanye nabaphakeli bezinyoni abakhethekile.
Ama-aphid asabela kabi emaphunga ezitshalo ezithile. Ungahlwanyela i-mint ezungeze isiza, ama-marigolds nama-aphid azoqala ukuhlanza kule ndawo. Lesi sinambuzane asithandi iphunga likagalikhi, i-cilantro, i-fennel, i-basil.
Kunamakhemikhali amaningi akhombisile ukuthi anenzuzo ekulawuleni i-aphid. Phakathi kwazo kukhona okulandelayo amakhambi we-aphid, njengoFitoverm, Aktofit, Jaguar. Ngayinye yalezi zidakamizwa inezici zayo zokusebenza kanye nemiyalo yokusetshenziswa.
Ukudla kwe-Aphid
Ukuze ube khona nokuthuthuka okuvamile, ama-aphid adinga ama-amino acid, atholakala ezitshalweni. Lesi sinambuzane esidla ubhedu asideleli noma yisiphi isitshalo. Yiqiniso, abaningi babo banokudla abakuthandayo.
Isibonelo, ama-aphid wamagilebhisi ngeke avakashele amasimu ezithelo ze-apula futhi adle izimila zawo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngeke uthole emvelweni ama-aphula ahleli kumagilebhisi.
Ukukhiqizwa kanye nempilo yezintwala
Kukhona ama-aphid abekela amaqanda. Kepha kukhona nezinambuzane ezinjalo, ezibizwa nge-viviparous. I-Parthenogenesis ifakwa ezinhlotsheni eziningi zalezi zinambuzane eziyizinambuzane. Ezinye ze-aphid zivela ngamaphiko futhi zinobulili obuhlukile. Abanye baphambene.
Indima ebalulekile ekukhiqizeni uhlobo lwe-aphid kudlalwa ngabantu abanamaphiko, abangavumeli ukufa kohlobo lwabo ngenxa yendlala, kepha bathuthela ezindaweni ezintsha bezifunela ukudla.
Ososayensi baqaphele ukuthi ama-aphid anamaphiko avame ukuvela uma, ngokwesibonelo, kukhona inani elikhulu lama-ladybird esizeni. Yonke inqubo iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Kepha uma uzama ukukuchaza kafushane, konke kwenzeka kanjena.
I-ladybug ithola isisulu sayo bese iyidla. Ngenxa yalokhu, izintwala zakha into ethile enephunga elibamba zonke izintwala ezikoloni. Kulokhu kuza ukwethuka. Ngokwethuka okunjalo, kuzalwa ama-aphid amaningi anamaphiko.
Lesi sinambuzane asihlali isikhathi eside. Ama-aphid angaphila izinsuku ezimbalwa noma izinyanga. Ngokuqala kweqhwa, konke kuyafa. Ngaphandle kwaleyo intuthwane yokutakula eyikhoselisile.
Izindlela zokuvimbela ama-aphid
Ukulawulwa kwama-aphid - akulula. Kungcono ukuyiqala ngokushesha ngemuva kokubona izimpawu zokuqala zokubonakala kwalezi zinambuzane.
Kubaluleke kakhulu ekwindla ukusula ingadi, ingadi yemifino kuzo zonke izinsalela zezitshalo ezeqile. Zonke zishiswa kangcono. Lokhu kuzovimbela ama-aphid ekubekeni amaqanda futhi abangele izinambuzane ezinambuzane ngokufika kwentwasahlobo.
Kubalulekile ukufafaza zonke izitshalo ezihlaselwe ama-aphid ngamalungiselelo kawoyela wamaminerali. Isikhathi esincane kakhulu sabelwe lo mcimbi.
Lokhu kufanele kwenziwe ngokoqobo kungapheli izinsuku ezi-3.Akunakwenzeka ukuvumela izibungu zezinambuzane ukuba zizalwe futhi ziqale ukubhubhisa izitshalo ngokumunca ujusi wazo.
Ukwelashwa kufanele kuphindwe ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-14-21. Isikhathi sonke sokukhula kufanele sihambisane nokuhlolwa kwezitshalo. Ama-aphid atholakele kufanele alashwe ngemithi yokubulala izinambuzane ngaphandle kokulibala.
Isixazululo sensipho, umlotha nensipho-alkaline sibhekana kahle nama-aphid. Kubalulekile ukuthi ungalwi nalezi zinambuzane ngesikhathi sithelo sezitshalo. Wonke amakhemikhali angangena esithelweni.
