Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi inani elithile lezinto eziphilayo, izitshalo nezilwane lihlangana esiqeshini esithile somhlaba noma emanzini. Inhlanganisela yabo, kanye nobudlelwano nokusebenzisana komunye nomunye nezinye izici ze-abiotic, kuvame ukubizwa nge-biocenosis. Leli gama lakhiwa ngokuhlanganisa amagama amabili esiLatini "bios" - impilo ne "coenosis" - okuvamile. Noma imuphi umphakathi ophilayo unezici ze-bioceosis njenge:
- umhlaba wezilwane - zoocenosis;
- izimila - phytocenosis;
- ama-microorganisms - microbiocenosis.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-phytocoenosis yingxenye evelele enquma i-zoocoenosis ne-microbiocenosis.
Umsuka womqondo we "biocenosis"
Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, usosayensi waseJalimane uKarl Möbius wafunda izindawo zokuhlala ama-oyster eNorth Sea. Ngesikhathi kwenziwa ucwaningo, uthole ukuthi lezi zidalwa zingaba khona kuphela ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, ezibandakanya ukujula, isilinganiso sokugeleza, okuqukethwe kukasawoti kanye nokushisa kwamanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uqaphele ukuthi izinhlobo ezichazwe ngokuqinile zempilo yasolwandle zihlala nama-oysters. Ngakho-ke ngo-1877, ngokushicilelwa kwencwadi yakhe ethi "Oysters and Oyster Economy", igama nomqondo we-biocenosis kwavela emphakathini wesayensi.
Ukwahlukaniswa kwama-biocenoses
Namuhla kunezibonakaliso eziningi lapho i-biocenosis ihlukaniswa khona. Uma sikhuluma ngokuhlelwa kwesistimu kususelwa kusayizi, lapho-ke kuzoba:
- i-macrobiocenosis, ehlola amabanga asezintabeni, izilwandle nezilwandle;
- mesobiocenosis - amahlathi, amaxhaphozi, izimfunda;
- i-microbiocenosis - imbali eyodwa, iqabunga noma isiphunzi.
Biocenoses kungabuye oluthathwa kuye ngendawo yokuhlala. Ngemuva kwalokho kuzogqanyiswa izinhlobo ezilandelayo:
- olwandle;
- amanzi angenasawoti;
- komhlaba.
Ukuhleleka okulula kakhulu kwemiphakathi yezinto eziphilayo ukwahlukaniswa kwabo kube yi-biocenoses yemvelo neyokufakelwa. Okokuqala kufaka okuyisisekelo, okwakhiwa ngaphandle kwethonya lomuntu, kanye nokwesibili, okuthonywe yimvelo. Iqembu lesibili lifaka phakathi labo asebenze izinguquko ngenxa yezici ze-anthropogenic. Ake sihlolisise izici zabo.
Biocenoses yemvelo
Biocenoses yemvelo izinhlangano zezinto eziphilayo ezidalwe yimvelo uqobo. Leyo miphakathi iyizinhlelo ezisungulwe ngokomlando ezenziwayo, ezithuthukiswayo nezisebenza ngokwemithetho yazo ekhethekile. Usosayensi waseJalimane u-V. Tischler uchaze izici ezilandelayo zokwakheka okunjalo:
- Ama-biocenoses avela ezintweni ezenziwe ngomumo, ezingaba bobabili abamele izinhlobo ngazinye nezinhlaka eziphelele;
- izingxenye zomphakathi zingashintshwa ezinye. Ngakho-ke olunye uhlobo lungashintshwa ngesinye, ngaphandle kwemiphumela emibi kulo lonke uhlelo;
- kucatshangelwa iqiniso lokuthi ku-biocenosis izintshisekelo zezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ziphikisana, khona-ke lonke uhlelo lwe-supraorganism lusekelwe futhi lusekele ngenxa yesenzo samandla aphikisayo;
- umphakathi ngamunye wemvelo wakhiwa ngokulawulwa kokulinganiswa kohlobo oluthile ngohlobo oluthile;
- usayizi wanoma yiziphi izinhlelo ezingajwayelekile kuncike ezintweni ezingaphandle.
Izinhlelo zokuzenzela ezingezona ezangempela
Ama-biocenoses okufakelwa akhiwa, agcinwa futhi alawulwa ngabantu. USolwazi B.G. UJohannsen wethula emvelweni incazelo ye-anthropocenosis, okungukuthi, uhlelo lwemvelo olwenziwe ngamabomu ngumuntu. Kungaba yipaki, isikwele, i-aquarium, i-terrarium, njll.
Phakathi kwama-biocenoses enziwe umuntu, i-agrobiocenoses ihlukanisiwe - lawa ama-biosystems adalelwe ukuthola ukudla. Lokhu kufaka phakathi:
- amadamu;
- iziteshi;
- amachibi;
- amadlelo;
- izinkambu;
- amasimu amahlathi.
Isici esijwayelekile se-agrocenosis iqiniso lokuthi alikwazi ukuba khona isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokungenelela komuntu.
