Ingxoxo izinhlanzi ezinhle nezikhanyayo ezihlala eMfuleni i-Amazon. Inomzimba oyindilinga, uyisicaba ezinhlangothini. Izinhlanzi ezinkulu impela, abantu abadala bangafika kubude obungamasentimitha angama-20. Bathandwa ngabakwa-aquarists emhlabeni wonke ngemibala yabo egqamile nokuthula. Futhi lokhu kuyaqondakala, ngoba kuyaqabukela uthola izinhlanzi ezinhle ngokwengeziwe. Lapho zigcinwa emanzini, azibangeli inkinga, futhi zijabulisa umnikazi wazo.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Discus
I-Symphysodon discus (discus) eya kuhlobo lweSymphysodon. Inhlanzi ekhishwe nge-ray ekhishwe nge-ray, ukuhleleka okufana ne-perch, umndeni we-cichlov. Lezi zinhlobo zatholwa emuva ngo-1904, zahlanganisa ukuhlukahluka okuningana kweSymphysodon discus Heckell subspecies.
Ividiyo: I-Discus
Ngesikhathi kwenziwa ucwaningo lukaDkt Askelrod, kwakukhona ukushicilelwa kwi-Tropical Fish Hobbyist, okwakufaka phakathi i-taxomy yohlobo lweSymphysodon. Kulolu shicilelo, uhlobo lweSymphysodon aequifasciata luqale lwahlonzwa njengohlobo oluzimele. Igama elithi aequifasciata lithathelwe esiLatini futhi lisho ukuthi okunemishwe, okulingana nalo kubhekisela kumbala oyingqayizivele wemigqa ofanayo wenhlanzi yalolu hlobo. Kulezi zinhlobo, imivimbo emnyama emi mpo etholakala kuwo wonke umzimba wezinhlanzi, ezinhlanzini ze-Heckel subspecies, yonke imivimbo iboniswa ngendlela efanayo.
Ngakho-ke, kulolu hlobo, uDkt. Axelrod ukhombe intela elandelayo yalolu hlobo:
- ISymphysodon discus Heckell, 1840, idiski uHeckel eyatholakala ngo-1840 ingeyayo;
- I-Symphysodon aequifasciata Pellegrin.
Lolu hlobo lubandakanya:
- i-amber discus eluhlaza;
- idiski eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka;
- idiski ensundu.
Kamuva, usosayensi ofanayo wakhuluma ngokungaphelele kocwaningo lwakhe kule ndawo, ngo-1981, kumagazini ofanayo washicilela i-taxonomy entsha, eningiliziwe yalolu hlobo. Ama-subspecies Symphysodon discus Heckel afaka phakathi uS. Discus Heckel no S. discus willischwartzi Burgess. I-Symphysodon aequifasciata Pellegri ifaka phakathi S. aequifasciata haraldi Schultz, S. aequifasciata Pellegrin, no S. aequifasciata axelrodi Schultz.
Kamuva ngo-2006, ososayensi baseSwitzerland bahlongoza ukuhlela lolu hlobo lube izinhlobo ezintathu:
- USymphysodon discus Heckell ubhekisa kuye nge-discus Heckel;
- I-Symphysodon aequifasciata Pellegrin lolu hlobo lubandakanya i-discus enemigqa efanayo ngokulinganayo i-Pelegrin;
- S. tanzoo Lyons, lezi zinhlobo zifaka i-discus eluhlaza enamabala abomvu S. t. tanzoo Lyons.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Izinhlanzi ze-Discus
I-Symphysodon discus inomzimba oyindilinga, ongatholakali. Umzimba uthanjiswe kakhulu ezinhlangothini. Inhloko yenhlanzi incane. Kwabesilisa, ingxenye engaphambili yekhanda ivelele kakhulu. Ikhanda linamehlo amabili aphume kancane. Amaphiko emhlane nasemphethweni wangemuva awaphakeme, kodwa kunalokho made. Inhlanzi inomsila omuhle omise okwabalandeli. Amaphiko atholakala esiswini senhlanzi anwetshiwe. Amaphiko avamise ukuba sobala, anezindawo ezinde ezikhanyayo kuwo. Amabala ikakhulu anombala ofanayo nombala womzimba. Embala wale nhlanzi, iphethini yemivimbo engu-9 emile iyaqashelwa. Umbala wediski, mhlawumbe okuhlukahlukene okukhanyayo okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, igolide, okuluhlaza okotshani, okusagolide.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: I-Discus ingashintsha umbala wayo, kuya ngesimo sayo. Imigqa yemibala ehlukene ingavela noma inyamalale emzimbeni wenhlanzi. Uma inhlanzi inovalo noma ijabule, imigqa emi mpo enhlanzini ingacishe inyamalale, futhi evundlile, kunalokho, ikhanye ngokugqamile.
Ngenkathi yokuzalanisa kwabesilisa, ungabona ukuhoxiswa kwembewu ekhonjiwe. Ezinhlanzi zesifazane zalolu hlobo, kwakhiwa i-ovipositor emise okwesigaxa ngesikhathi sokuzala. I-dimorphism yezocansi kulezi zinhlobo zezinhlanzi ayiphinyiselwa.Ngezimo zokuthunjwa, usayizi womuntu omdala ufinyelela kumasentimitha angama-20-25, emvelweni kukhona nabantu abakhulu balezi zinhlobo.
Isikhathi se-discus endaweni yaso yemvelo sisukela eminyakeni eyi-10 kuye kwengu-16, kepha izinhlanzi zihlala kancane ekuthunjweni. Lokhu kuhlotshaniswa nengcindezi engapheli, nezimo zokuphila ezihlala unomphela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukudla okuhambisanayo futhi kunciphisa iminyaka yezinhlanzi. Noma kunjalo benza kangcono endaweni yabo yemvelo. I-Discus inokuthula. Ziyahamba kancane. Hambisa kancane. Zihlala futhi zibhukuda ngemihlambi emincane.
Ihlala kuphi i-discus?
Isithombe: I-Discus e-Amazon
Indawo yokuhlala yalezi zinhlanzi ezikhanyayo yimifula etholakala eNingizimu Melika. Imvamisa, imihlambi ye-discus itholakala eMfuleni i-Amazon. Futhi, lolu hlobo lutholakala emanzini aseColombia, eVenezuela, eBrazil nasePeru.
Umfula i-Amazon unama-biotypes ahlukene, ahluka kakhulu kuye ngesizini. Ebusika, ngesikhathi semvula, imifula iyachichima. Okuholela ekukhukhulekeni kwezindawo ezinkulu.
Ngesikhathi sezikhukhula, imifula ingcoliswa kakhulu ngamaqabunga ezihlahla nezitshalo ezigcwala amanzi. Ngentwasahlobo, amanzi ayancipha, akhe imifudlana eminingi namanzi amancane, angawodwa. Amanzi aba mnyama. Ezindaweni ezingazodwa, umfula uba njengezixhaphozi, kanti entwasahlobo amanzi ahlanzwa. Ezindaweni ezinjalo, amanzi athambile futhi ane-asidi eningi. Amanzi anokuhamba okungaphansi kwamandla kagesi. I-Discus ihlala ezimweni ezinjalo.
Imvamisa i-discus khetha indawo yokuhlala eseduze nolwandle ngangokunokwenzeka. Bahlala ezihlahleni ezigcwele amanzi. Kukhona ungqimba lwamahlamvu aminyene ngezansi. Fihla discus otshanini obugcwele amanzi naphakathi kwezimpande zezitshalo, lapho izinhlanzi zalolu hlobo zizalela khona. Lezi zinhlanzi azihlali emifuleni emikhulu nasemanzini acwebile, zihlala kaningi emigudwini emincane, efudunyezwe kahle enokukhanya okungahambi kahle. Ngenxa yalokhu kwehlukaniswa, imibala ethile yemibala yadalwa, esingayibona manje.
Futhi ngenxa yalokhu kwehlukaniswa, imikhuba yezinhlanzi ezifundiswayo yaqala ukuqashelwa. Emhlanjini owodwa ungabona abantu abambalwa. Emifuleni egeleza ngokushesha, i-discus cishe ayinakwenzeka ukuyithola. Bakhetha izindawo ezizolile nezihlukanisiwe.
Idlani idiski?
Isithombe: I-Discus ngokwemvelo
Ukudla okuyinhloko kwe-discus ezilwaneni zasendle kuqukethe:
- utshala izimbali, imbewu namaqabunga. Tshala izithelo. (bakha cishe i-45% yenani eliphelele lokudla kwezinhlanzi);
- ezingenamgogodla ezihlala emanzini (cishe ama-6% wokudla);
- Izibungu ze-Chironimidae;
- ama-arthropod ahlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi izicabucabu ezincane ezihlala phansi nokhuni.
Ngesikhathi sonyaka owomile lapho kungekho khona ukufinyelela ezitshalweni nakuma-arthropods.
Ukudla kwalolu hlobo lwezinhlanzi kubukeka kanjena:
- isisekelo sokudla yi-detritus (into ephilayo equkethe izinsalela zezilwane ezingenamgogodla ezahlukahlukene, amathambo abolile nezinhlayiya zezitshalo, kanye nezimfihlo zezinto eziphilayo ezahlukahlukene ezimiswe emanzini ngendlela yezinhlayiya, noma zihlala phansi echibini);
- ulwelwe lwazo zonke izinhlobo;
- ezingenamgogodla ezihlala emanzini nasezintweni zokutshala;
- ama-crustaceans amancane ahlukahlukene, izinsalela zezimfanzi, ama-crustaceans amancane.
Lapho ugcina izinhlanzi ekuthunjweni, kunzima ukuphinda wenze ukudla kwezinhlanzi okunjalo; ukudla kwezinhlanzi ezigcinwe ekuthunjweni kuvame ukufaka:
- i-artemia salina iqandisiwe;
- i-tubificidae tubifex annelidum;
- ukudla okomile;
- izibungu zomiyane (i-bloodworms).
Okuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukudla okuhambisanayo isibindi se-veal, imfanzi, iskwidi, amaqabunga esipinashi. Amanye ama-aquarists ahlinzeka ngemifino emisha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunconywa ukuthi unikeze ama-vitamin complexes athengiwe ngezikhathi ezithile.
Manje usuyazi ukugcina i-discus ku-aquarium. Ake sibheke ukuthi izinhlanzi zihlala kanjani endle.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Discus
Ama-Discus ayizinhlanzi ezinokuthula. Banomoya ozolile. Ngokwemvelo, bahlala emhlambini owodwa. Umhlambi owodwa onjalo ungabalelwa emakhulwini ambalwa abantu. Emhlambini, izingxabano ngokuvamile aziveli, ngaphandle kokuthi abesilisa bangaxabana nabesifazane. Kwesinye isikhathi ngesikhathi sokuzala, owesilisa nowesifazane bangaxabana bodwa. Uma ngalowo mzuzu bese bevele bezalela amaqanda, bangawadla.
Ngokwemvelo, izinhlanzi zihlala emachibini amancane afudumele nemifudlana enokukhanya okungafani, amanzi afudumele, nezindawo eziningi zokukhosela. Lezi zinhlanzi zesaba imisindo ephezulu nokunyakaza okungazelelwe. Ukucindezela kubi kwezinhlanzi, zishintsha umbala wazo, zizizwe zimbi. Eduzane nediski yeSymphysodon, izinhlanzi ezinjenge-Cyclides zemikhakha ehlukahlukene, inhlanzi yommese, i-catfish, imisebe nama-piranhas zingatholakala emvelweni.
Ngokusondela kwezinye izinhlanzi, i-discus ayinalo ulaka, awukho umzabalazo wensimu. Futhi ezinye izinhlanzi eziningi ngeke zihlale endaweni ehlala i-discus ngenxa yokuthi amanzi akhona afudumele kakhulu futhi athambile. Empilweni ejwayelekile, izinhlanzi zihlala emihlambini. Imihlambi enjalo imvamisa ayakheki kahle. Ngesikhathi sokuzala, izinhlanzi zihlukaniswe ngazimbili, ezibandakanya owesilisa nowesifazane. Ukuqhamuka kwezinhlanzi kwenzeka ezindaweni ezifihlekile phakathi kwezimpande ezigcwele amanzi zezihlahla nezitshalo ezahlukahlukene.
Ekuthunjweni, lezi zinhlanzi zivame ukugcinwa emanzini amakhulu, akude. I-Discus yazo zonke izinhlobo ziphephile ngokwanele komakhelwane, kepha ezinye izinhlanzi azikwazi ukuzwana nazo ngenxa ye-thermophilicity yazo. Akuthandeki ukutshala izinhlanzi ze-discus kanye nezikali ezinolaka nezinye izinhlanzi, ngaphandle kwalokho ama-scalars angabethusa futhi anqume amaphiko ezinhlanzi ze-discus ezizolile.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Blue Discus
Izinhlanzi ze-Discus zinezakhiwo zenhlalo ezithuthukile. Bafaka izinhlanzi ezikoleni. Ziphuma zizale ngazimbili ezakhiwe. Izinhlanzi ziqala ukuzala kusukela onyakeni wesibili wokuphila. Ukuzalela kwenzeka ezindaweni ezifihlekile phakathi kwezingqinamba, izimpande zezitshalo. Ukulungiselela ukuzala, indawo yokudlala izinhlanzi iyalungiswa. Bahlanza itshe, ukubamba noma ukutshala iqabunga.
I-Discus ivame ukukhwelana ebumnyameni. Imvamisa cishe ayikho imidlalo yokukhwelana. ICaviar, evame ukuqukethe cishe amaqanda angamakhulu amabili, ibekwa kwi-subostat ehlanziwe. Ngemuva kokuphothulwa kwenqubo yokufaka umquba, owesilisa uyawunakekela umdlalo. I-Discus inesimo sabazali esithuthukile. Amaqanda kanye nefry kuvikela ngokucophelela inzalo yazo.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Yize izinhlanzi ze-discus ziyinakekela kahle inzalo yazo, ngaphansi kwanoma yikuphi ukucindezeleka ngenkathi zinakekela i-fish caviar, abakhiqizi bangazidla bodwa.
Amafry aqala ukuqanduselwa emaqandeni ngemuva kwezinsuku ezintathu. Ngesikhathi kuze kube yilapho gazinga selikhulile, abazali baba nabo futhi bayabondla. I-Discus Fry inombala opholile, ongamangalisi. Umbala uyakhanya eduze nenyanga yesithathu yempilo yefry. Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwezinhlanzi e-aquarium kwenzeka ngaphansi kwezimo ezikhethekile. Amanzi ezinhlanzi ngesikhathi sokuzala kufanele abe sezingeni lokushisa cishe ngama-degree angama-30.
Kubalulekile ukuthi zingabi bikho ezinye izinhlanzi e-aquarium, imvamisa ukubhangqwa okubekwa kwenye i-aquarium ngaphandle kwenhlabathi, kepha lapho kukhona indawo yokuzala. Ulwelwe, amatshe, ama-grotto ahlukahlukene. Amafry agcinwe e-aquarium ondliwa ngothuli olubukhoma oluqala ezinsukwini eziyisithupha. Kulokhu, ingxenye yamanzi ishintshwa nsuku zonke. Ngemuva kokuthi abazali sebeqedile ukondla amafry, bayafakwa.
Izitha zemvelo zediski
Isithombe: I-discus Ephuzi
I-Discus inezitha eziningi zemvelo. Isitha sokuqala se-discus yi-eel kagesi. Uthanda ukuzidla kakhulu lezi zinhlanzi. Futhi, izitha ikakhulukazi ziyizinhlanzi ezinkulu futhi ezinolaka kakhulu. Ngenxa yesimo sayo sokuzola nokuhamba kancane, lezi zinhlanzi zingaphathwa ezinye izakhamuzi. Zidla kancane kakhulu, kanti ezinye izinhlanzi zingakususa ukudla kwi-discus, yize ezinye izinhlanzi zingathandi ukuhlala ezimeni ezifana ne-discus.
Izinhlanzi ezinjenge-locaria nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze-catfish zithanda ukuzitika ngamafinyila amasi afihliwe izinhlanzi zediski. Ngesikhathi sokuncela, zilimaza ku-discus, lapho izinhlanzi zingafa khona. Abathandi nokuba seduze kwezibazi nezinye izinhlanzi ezinolaka, ezingabalimaza futhi zibanqume amaphiko.
Ngaphezu kwezinhlanzi, ezingavamisile ukuhlala ezindaweni zediski, lezi zinhlanzi ezinhle zisongelwa nezifo nezimo ezingezinhle zemvelo. Endaweni yabo yemvelo, i-discus cishe ayiguli, kepha ku-aquarium, lezi zinhlanzi ezinhle zingagula.
Izifo eziyinhloko zediski labathunjwa yilezi:
- hexamitosis. Kubonakala ngokwenqaba ukudla. Izinguquko kumbala wesixuku sezinkukhu. Ukwelashwa ngokwanda kwezinga lokushisa kwamanzi e-aquarium;
- Isifo esidalwa yigciwane i-Flexibacter columnaris lapho inhlanzi ithinteka yilawa mabhaktheriya, kuncipha ukudla, kunzima ukuphefumula nokuba mnyama kombala. Phatha lesi sifo ngesisombululo se-Levomycitin.
Esinye isitha semvelo sediski esishintsha izimo zemvelo. Ama-Discus ayizinhlanzi ezishisa kakhulu, azikubekezeleli ukuguquguquka okuqinile kokushisa. Badinga amanzi afudumele, ahlanzekile ngobumnene obuphezulu ne-asidi ezimweni zemvelo, izinhlanzi zingahambela ezimeni ezikahle kakhulu; e-aquarium, ngokukhuphuka okukhulu noma ukwehla kwezinga lokushisa, izinhlanzi zalolu hlobo zingashaqeka, futhi zingamane zife.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Izinhlanzi ze-Discus
Ngenxa yobuhle bazo, lezi zinhlanzi ziphoqeleka ukuthi zihlupheke. Futhi unyaka nonyaka, inani labantu liyancipha. Njengoba lezi zinhlanzi zithandwa kakhulu ngama-aquarist emhlabeni wonke, zivame ukubanjwa zisuswe endaweni yazo yemvelo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinhlanzi eziningi ziyafa. Namuhla uhlobo lwe-Symphysodon discus lubhalwe ku-Red Book. Futhi, inani lalezi zinhlobo lithinteka kabi ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukungcoliswa kwamachibi okuhlala kuwo izinhlanzi. Lezi zinhlobo zathola isimo sezinhlobo ezisengozini yokuqothulwa ngenxa yokudoba ngokweqile. Ukubamba izinhlanzi zalolu hlobo akuvumelekile ngokomthetho emazweni amaningi.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Emasontweni ambalwa okuqala, ifry idla ngemfihlo efihliwe isikhumba sabazali. Le mucus ifihliwe esikhunjeni sabo bobabili abakhiqizi. Ngokushesha nje lapho omunye wabazali ephelelwa amafinyila, kuvela umzali wesibili eduze bese ondisa ingane. Kwesinye isikhathi, ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi, izinhlanzi zabazali azikhiphi amafinyila, khona-ke inzalo iyafa. Akunakwenzeka ukondla ngokuthosa i-fry kulesi sikhathi.
Ama-Discus okwamanje athengiswayo yizinhlanzi ezizalwe ngabathunjwa. Emazweni amaningi, ama-discus akhiqizwa emadamini okwenziwa, ama-aquariums kanye nezinqolobane zezinqolobane ezahlukahlukene. Okwamanje, eBrazil, osebeni lwe-Amazon, iTumukumake Reserve Park iyakhiwa, lapho kuzoba khona imifula eminingi, amadamu nezimpophoma, okuzoba yindawo yemvelo evikelekile.
Ukuvikelwa kwediski
Isithombe: Discus from the Red Book
Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, ama-discus abhalwe ku-Red Book yamazwe omhlaba, futhi lolu hlobo lunesimo "sezinhlobo ezisengozini yokuqothulwa, ngenxa yokubanjwa kaningi". Ukubamba i-disco yanoma yiluphi uhlobo akuvunyelwe ngumthetho waseBrazil, eBelgium, eNingizimu Melika.
Namuhla, osebeni loMfula i-Amazon, kwakhiwa indawo yokuvikela imvelo - iTumukumake Reserve Park. Kule paki, yonke imizimba yamanzi ewela epaki iyavikelwa. Ukudoba kuzo akuvunyelwe, awekho amabhizinisi nemigwaqo eduzane nepaki. Futhi kulawa madamu lapho i-discus ihlala khona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eJapan nakwamanye amazwe, izinhlobo zeSymphysodon discus zikhula ngaphansi kwezimo zokufakelwa.
Izinhlanzi ezisadayiswa njengamanje zifuywa ngama-aquarists anolwazi. Kuma-aquariums, lolu hlobo luzala ngempumelelo futhi luphile cishe iminyaka eyishumi, inqobo nje uma zonke izidingo ezidingekayo kuzo kuhlangatshezwana nazo. Izinhlanzi ezifuywa ekuthunjweni zinombala okhanyayo we-neon futhi kulula ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ze-aquarium kunezihlobo zazo zasendle.
Ukuze kulondolozwe lezi zinhlanzi ezinhle, umuntu kufanele aqaphele kakhulu imvelo. Misa ukudotshwa kwezinhlanzi okungasile, futhi ungangcolisi imizimba yamanzi, wakhe izindawo zokwelapha emabhizinisini ukuze ukungcola kungangeni emanzini.
Ingxoxo inkosi engaphikiswa yama-aquariums, abantu bayabathanda kakhulu ngombala wabo we-neon okhanyayo. Ukubona umhlambi wediski echibini noma e-aquarium kususa umoya wethu kulokho ubuhle uMama Wemvelo asinikeza khona. Kepha umuntu, ngeshwa, ngenhloso yenzuzo, wacishe wazibulala lezi zidalwa ezinhle. Masibekelele kakhulu emvelweni nokuthi isinikani, futhi sigcine lezi zinhlanzi ezinhle ukuze zibonwe izizukulwane ezizayo.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 06/30/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09/23/2019 ngo-22: 26
