Akuwona wonke umuntu owazi isilwane esincane esingajwayelekile njengokuthi tupaya... Abantu abaningi bezwa okokuqala igama lalesi silwane esingajwayelekile. Uma ubheka i-tupaya, abanye bayiqhathanisa nesikwele, abanye ngegundane. Ngokungangabazeki, into eyodwa iyisidalwa esisebenza kakhulu futhi esinobuhlakani. Ake sizame ukuqonda indlela yokuphila kwakhe, sichaze izimpawu zangaphandle, sibonise intukuthelo yakhe, ukulutha kokudla nezindawo zokuhlala unomphela.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Tupaya
I-Tupaya isilwane esincelisayo somndeni wakwaTupai wegama elifanayo ne-oda leTupai. Ukudideka maqondana nokuba nge-tupaya kwesigaba esisodwa noma kwesinye sezilwane kuqhubeke isikhathi esingaphezu kweshumi leminyaka. Okokuqala, i-tupaya yayibalwa phakathi kwezinambuzane, bese kuba njengezinyani. Kwaphela isigamu sekhulu leminyaka, lesi silwane esincelisayo sahlukaniswa njenge-primate, kuze kube kwenziwa izifundo ezintsha ezinemininingwane. Ngenxa yalokho, kwavela ukuthi i-tupaya igatsha elihlukile lokuziphendukela kwemvelo, elinezici ezivelele kuphela kulolu hlobo, ngakho-ke isilwane sahlukaniswa njenge-tupai noma i-Scandentia oda.
UTupai wabhalwa ngo-1780 nguDkt.William Ellis, owayehamba noCook ohambweni lwakhe oluya eMalay Archipelago. Igama lesilwane livela olimini lwesiMalay, noma kunalokho livela egameni eliqondile elithi "tupei", elihumusha njenge "squirrel". Umndeni wakwaTupayaceae uhlukaniswe waba yimikhaya emibili, izizukulwane eziyisithupha nezinhlobo eziyi-18. Ososayensi batadishe kabanzi i-tupaya ejwayelekile ngokuningiliziwe, ukubukeka kwayo esizochaza ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi manje sizoveza ezinye izinhlobo zalezi zilwane ezincelisayo.
Ividiyo: Tupaya
I-tupaya enkulu inombala onsundu ngokumpunga, ubude bomzimba wayo bufinyelela ku-20 cm, umsila we-hue ebomvu-golide ubude obufanayo. Lesi silwane sahlala eziqhingini zaseMalasian (iSumatra, iKalimantan, iBorneo). Le tupaya ihlukaniswa ngezindlebe zayo ezinkulu, eziyindilinga, ubuso obukhombe namehlo ajulile azwakalayo.
I-Malay tupaya ngobude, kanye nomsila, ingafinyelela kusuka kumasentimitha ayi-12 kuye kwayi-18. Esikhathini sesizinda sombala onsundu ngokujwayelekile, isisu esikhanyayo esiphuzi sibonakala kahle, umzimba wonke unobuhle futhi ucwengisisiwe. Isilwane sikhethe iThailand neziqhingi zase-Indonesia. AmaMalay Tupai angabodwana futhi enza ubumbano lomndeni impilo yonke.
I-tupaya yaseNdiya iyefana nokujwayelekile, isifonyo sayo nayo sifinyeziwe. Umehluko uyabonakala ezindlebeni, umbozwe ngoboya, ubuye uhlukaniswe nokwakheka kwamazinyo. Isizinda esivelele salo mgqa sinsundu ngamabhulashi abomvu, aphuzi namnyama. Imivimbo ekhanyayo iyabonakala emahlombe. Ubude bomzimba wesilwane bungamasentimitha angama-20, umsila unobude obulinganayo. UTupaya uhlala ezwekazini laseNdiya engxenyeni yalo esenyakatho.
I-tupaya enomsila ayifundwanga kahle, ihlukaniswa ngobukhulu bayo obuncane (ubude obungu-10 cm), izindlebe ezihlaba umxhwele nezikhombe nendlela yokuphila yasebusuku. Isici sayo esiyinhloko ngumsila, embozwe ngezikali ezimnyama ngentshakaza emhlophe engajwayelekile ekugcineni. Ijazi lesilwane limpunga ngamabala amnyama ansundu namnyama. Ubude bomsila buhluka kusuka ku-11 kuye ku-16 cm, la ma-tupai ahlala eSumatra nase-Malay Peninsula.
I-tupaya ebushelelezi ibhekwa njengezinhlobo ezingavamile ezitholakala eBorneo. Imivimbo emnyama enombala obomvu iyabonakala kumlomo wayo, igebe lesilwane licishe libe mnyama, futhi isisu sikhanya. ITupaya yasePhilippines inoboya obukhanyayo ngokukhanyayo ngemuva, kanti isisu nesifuba kunombala okhanyayo. Umzimba ungama-20 cm ubude futhi unesisindo esingama-350 gram. Isilwane sihlukaniswa ngomsila omfushane.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: I-tupaya ejwayelekile
Sichaza izici zesilwane kanye nezici zaso ezihlukile zangaphandle sisebenzisa isibonelo se-tupaya ejwayelekile, esifundwe kakhulu ngososayensi bezilwane. Lesi yisilwane esincane esibukeka njengesikwele. Ubude bomzimba we-tupaya busuka ku-15 kuye ku-22 cm, isisindo sesilwane siyahluka kusuka ku-140 kuye ku-260 amagremu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izazi zezilwane ziqaphele ukuthi eningizimu ekude iTupaya ejwayelekile ihlala, ilula umbala wejazi layo.
Isifonyo setupaya side futhi sikhombe. Amehlo esilwane aphakathi nendawo ngosayizi omnyama futhi anombala omnyama. Ebusweni obukhali, ama-vibrissae amafushane futhi amancane ayabonakala. Izindlebe ze-tupaya zihlanzekile, zizungezile ngesimo. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zalezi zilwane, ijazi loboya be-tupaya ejwayelekile alinkulu kangako. Ingxenye yangemuva yesilwane inesikimu sombala onsundu onsundu, futhi endaweni yesifuba nasesiswini, umbala ulula, ubomvu ngokubomvu. Imivimbo elula kodwa efiphele iyabonakala emahlombe.
Ngokuphathelene nomehluko osobala phakathi kowesilisa nowesifazane, cishe awukho, ngakho-ke kuphela uchwepheshe onekhono ongahlukanisa ubulili besilwane ngokubukeka nje. Izidladla ze-tupaya zineminwe emihlanu, uzwane ngalunye lufakwe uzipho olwanele nolubukhali ngokwanele, olusiza lapho kuhamba esihlokweni sezihlahla. Ngokwakheka kwamazinyo, i-tupaya iyefana nezilwane ezincelisayo ezinambuzane. Futhi, endaweni yomphimbo kukhona indlala yesikhumba, ubukhona bayo obuyisici sezinambuzane ezithile. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi owesifazane angaba namabili wezingono zezingono. Ngokuvamile, ososayensi bahlukanisa cishe ama-subspecies angama-49 ku-tupaya ejwayelekile.
Ihlala kuphi itupaya?
Isithombe: Animal tupaya
Ngokuvamile, umndeni Tupayev kuyinto exotic impela, abamele bayo bahlala ezinomswakama, amahlathi ashisayo eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia. Njengoba kuphawuliwe, izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zihlala ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene nasemathafeni. I-tupaya ejwayelekile yabhaliswa eziqhingini zase-Indonesia, eChina, engxenyeni esenyakatho ye-India, uhla lwayo lwalumboze izingxenye zombili eziseningizimu nasempumalanga ye-Asia.
ITupaya igxile kahle eziqhingini ezahlukahlukene zaseMalay Archipelago, phakathi kwazo okukhona:
- IJava;
- ISumatra;
- URiau;
- IKalimantan;
- Ulimi;
- Ama-Anamba;
- I-Borneo.
Bathathe into ebabazekayo ngezikhala zama-tupai eThailand, eSingapore, ePhilippines, ezwekazini laseNdiya. Izilwane zithanda futhi zizizwa zizinhle ezindaweni ezinomswakama, ezishisayo, nezinkuni. UTupai uhlala emqhele womuthi nasemhlabathini. Izilwane futhi azidluli indawo enezintaba, zihlangana ezindaweni eziphakeme ezingamakhilomitha amabili kuya kwamathathu. Ama-tupai ahlela izindawo zawo zokuhlala emigodini yezihlahla ezigawuliwe, phakathi kwezimpande zezihlahla ezinamandla, emigodini yoqalo. Isilwane ngasinye sinesabelo saso esihlukile.
Uma sikhuluma nge-tupaya ejwayelekile, khona-ke ubukhulu bobubanzi bayo bungacatshangelwa indawo abahlala kuyo, engaphezulu kwamakhilomitha-skwele angama-273,000. Ubuningi bezilwane bungahluka kusuka ezi-2 kuye kwezingu-12 izilwane ehektheleni.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: I-Tupai ayibalekeli nakancane abantu futhi imvamisa ihlala nabo endaweni, izinze emasimini atshaliwe, lapho kunokudla okuningi khona.
Idlani itupaya?
Isithombe: Tupaya ngokwemvelo
Ukudla kwe-tupaya kunezithelo nezinambuzane ezahlukahlukene, kepha kwesinye isikhathi lezi zilwane zingadla nama-vertebrate amancane (amagundane, amatshwele, izibankwa). UTupai udla imbewu ehlukahlukene, okusanhlamvu kanye namajikijolo. Ngesikhathi sokudla, izilwane zibamba ukudla kwazo ngezidladla zangaphambili zangaphambi kokudla. Ukusabela kwezilwane kukhule kahle kakhulu, ngakho-ke zingazibamba izinambuzane endizeni ngosizo lwangaphambili lazo.
Ukufunwa kwezibungu, zonke izinhlobo zezimbungulu, izintuthwane kuvame ukwenziwa ebusweni bomhlaba ngamaqabunga awile noma ngemifantu yegxolo. Ubuso bamazinyo we-tupaya bungaqhathaniswa ne-grater, egaya kalula ikhasi eliqinile lezithelo ezahlukahlukene noma amagobolondo e-chitinous ezinambuzane. Ama-tupai afuna inyamazane yawo ngosizo lombono omuhle kakhulu nomuzwa ojulile wephunga, akusizi ngalutho ukuthi amakhala alesi silwane afana nalawo enja.
I-Tupai, ezinze emasimini atshaliwe, ilimaza isivuno ngokudla izithelo ezivuthiwe namajikijolo. Kwesinye isikhathi lezi zilwane zihlasela ngokudla izidleke zezinyoni, lapho zingantshontsha khona amaqanda namachwane asanda kuzalwa. Bafuna i-tupaya edliwayo, bayashwiba umsila wabo omude bese beshwiba ikhala labo elihlangene ngendlela ethokozisayo, behogela ukudla okulula. AmaTupaya athanda ukuzitika ngamantongomane nejusi yesundu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ama-tupai anobuhlakani nawokweba abonakala ekuhlaseleni okuyisidlakela ezindlini zabantu, lapho bebe khona ukudla, kungena ezindlini ngamawindi avulekile nasemigodini.
Manje uyazi ukuthi uzondla kanjani i-tupaya. Ake sibone ukuthi isilwane sihlala kanjani endle.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Animal tupaya
Amalungu amaningi omndeni we-tupayev ayasebenza, okungukuthi, emini. Izilwane zichitha cishe isikhathi esilinganayo, zombili esihlokweni somuthi nasebusweni bomhlaba, lapho zithwebula khona ngokucophelela emahlamvu omile, zifuna okuthile okumnandi. Ebusuku, izilwane ziphumula ezindaweni zazo zokuhlala. Isilwane ngasinye esivuthiwe sinendawo yaso yomhlaba, evikelwe ngomona nangokungakhathali.
Uma ngaphandle kunzima ukuhlukanisa owesilisa nowesifazane, ngosayizi wesakhiwo ungaqonda ngokushesha ukuthi ungokabani. Abesilisa banokuphathwa komhlaba okuningi kunabesifazane. Imingcele yendawo imakwe ngezindlala zephunga, indle nomchamo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Iphunga elithile lamathegi ligxiliwe futhi liqinile kangangokuthi alinyamalali ngokushesha, lihlala izinsuku ezimbalwa. Ngemuva kwalesi sikhathi, amalebula ayabuyekezwa.
Ukubona umuntu ongamazi endaweni yabo, i-tupai ngokushesha iqala ukuhlukumeza, ngakho-ke ukulwa phakathi kwazo zonke izinhlobo kuvame ukwenzeka phakathi kwabo.
Izilwane ziyaxhumana zisebenzisa amasiginali womsindo ahlukahlukene akhumbuza:
- hlikihla;
- memeza;
- ukuchofoza;
- ukushaya ikhwela;
- twitter.
Lapho isilwane sisesimweni esinolaka, sikhipha ukukhala okuthile. Yize ama-tupai namancane, kepha ngentukuthelo ayesabeka kakhulu, ngakho-ke empini enolaka omunye wabaphikisi angafa, okuvame ukwenzeka.
Ososayensi banesithakazelo esikhulu ekuluthekeni kwe-tupaya enomsila ophapheme ekuphuzeni umuthi wesundu ovutshiwe, oqukethe utshwala. Abantu bomdabu bayazi ngale ndawo yesiphuzo futhi bayisebenzisa ngempumelelo, njenge-tupai, umphumela wokudakwa kuphela awuzange ubonwe ezilwaneni, ukuhlangana kwawo akuhlushwa yisiphuzo, okumangazayo nje.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ku-tupaya enomsila, utshwala buhlephuliwe emzimbeni ngendlela ehlukile kubantu, ngakho-ke noma imithamo emikhulu yencindi yesundu edakiwe ayiqali inqubo yokudakwa kwezilwane.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Tupaya ovela eRed Book
UTupai uthanda ukuhlala yedwa, kepha abanye bahlala emaqenjini emindeni aqukethe abazali nezingane zabo, abesilisa abavuthiwe abashiya umndeni, futhi abesifazane bavame ukuhlala emakhaya abo obuzali. Izilwane ziyakuthanda ukudla ngakunye. UTupai uvuthwa ngokocansi eneminyaka eyizinyanga ezintathu. Ngokwengxenye enkulu, lezi zilwane zinomfazi oyedwa, zakha imifelandawonye eqinile yomndeni.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Isithembu phakathi kwe-tupai sitholakala kubantu abahlala eSingapore, lapho insimu yowesilisa oyedwa igqokwa izindawo zabesifazane abaningana ngasikhathi sinye.
Izilwane azinaso isikhathi esikhethekile somshado, ziyakwazi ukuzala unyaka wonke, kepha zikhombisa intshiseko enkulu kulokhu kusukela ekuqaleni kukaFebhuwari kuya kuJuni. Ukukhulelwa kowesifazane kuhlala amasonto ayisikhombisa. Ku-udoti, kungaba khona kusuka kumawundlu owodwa kuya kwamathathu, ubukhulu bawo abudluli amagremu ayi-10. Izingane lapho zizalwa ziyizimpumputhe ngokuphelele futhi azinakuzisiza, azinajazi futhi nemisele yazo ezwayo iyavalwa. Lapho beneminyaka eyishumi ubudala, baqala ukuzwa, futhi babona ukubona kwabo sekusele emasontweni amathathu.
UTupai akabona abazali abakhathalelayo kakhulu, noma kunalokho, bangabizwa ngokuthi abanandaba nezingane. Umama uhlala ngokuhlukana nezingane, futhi uziphatha ngobisi lwakhe kanye kuphela ezinsukwini ezimbili, enikeza imizuzu emihlanu kuya kweyishumi kuphela yokondla, ngakho-ke akulula ezinganeni ezihluphekayo. Izingane azishiyi isidleke sazo kuze kube yinyanga ubudala, bese ziqala ukwenza ama-forays asebenzayo, zisheshe zithuthele esidlekeni somzali, kuthi ngemuva kwesikhashana zithole ukuzimela okuphelele, zihlomise impilo yazo.
Kufanele kungezwe ukuthi i-tupai ejwayelekile ezimweni zemvelo iphila cishe iminyaka emithathu kuphela. Ezimweni ezinhle zokuthunjwa, isikhathi sabo sokuphila sikhula kaningana, sifinyelela eminyakeni eyisishiyagalolunye neyishumi. Kunezimo lapho ama-tupai afuywayo ewela iminyaka eyishumi nambili yokuphila.
Izitha zemvelo zikaTupaya
Isithombe: Big tupaya
Amancane ngosayizi, ama-dumbbells anezitha eziningi ezimweni ezinzima zemvelo. Izidalwa ezihlasela umhlaba zihlasela izilwane, zihlasela izilwane futhi zihlasela zisemoyeni, abanye abantu abayizinyoka ezinobuthi bayingozi enkulu. Izitha zemvelo ze-tupaya zingabalwa: izidlo ezinhlobonhlobo ezinamaphiko, i-harzu noma i-marten enesifuba esiphuzi, ikakhulukazi izinyoka, iCrumble Keffiya neNyoka eluhlaza.
Vele, izilwane ezincane ezingenakho okuhlangenwe nakho ngakho-ke ezisengozini enkulu zisengozini enkulu. I-Tupaya ivame ukusindiswa ngubungqabavu bayo, ubukhali nokuqina kwayo, ikhono lokuzulazula kahle umqhele wesihlahla bese ihamba ngokushesha kuwo.
Umuntu ngamabomu akazibulali lezi zilwane ezingavamile, abantu abayidli inyama ye-tupaya, kubhekwa njengengadliwayo, futhi noboya besilwane futhi abunanzuzo, ngakho-ke, njengento yokuzingela, i-tupaya ayithandeki. Uma sikhuluma ngomonakalo izilwane eziwenzayo ekutshaleni amasimu, khona-ke kungabizwa ngokuthi awubalulekile, ngenxa yalokhu, umuntu akaphishekeli i-tupaya.
Noma kunjalo, umuntu angabalwa phakathi kwezitha ze-tupaya, ngoba ngomsebenzi wakhe wezomnotho ovunguzayo unomphumela ongaqondile ezilwaneni eziningi, kufaka phakathi lezi. Ngokuhlasela izindawo zokuthunyelwa kwezilwane unomphela, ukugawula amahlathi, ukunweba nokwakha amadolobha, ukubeka imigwaqo emikhulu emisha, ukuwohloka kwesimo semvelo ngokujwayelekile, abantu basusa i-tupaya ezindaweni ezihlala kahle, ezithinta kabi impilo yayo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Tupaya vulgaris
Izinhlobonhlobo ze-tupaya njenge-tupaya ejwayelekile ayithathwa njengezifundwa kuphela, kepha futhi ziningi kakhulu. Yize indawo ehlala kuyo incane kakhulu, inani lalesi silwane lihlala ezingeni elifanele, ngaphandle kokuhlangabezana nokweqa okubukhali maqondana nokwehla noma ukwanda kwenani, kepha kunoshintsho oluncane oluhlose ukunciphisa inani lalezi zilwane. Ubuningi be-tupaya ejwayelekile ezindaweni ezihlukene buhluka kubantu abayi-2 kuye kwabayi-12 ngehektha ngalinye.
I-tupaya yaseNdiya ayinakubizwa ngokuthi miningi, ngoba kuvamile eNdiya, indawo yayo yokwabiwa incane kakhulu. Ukuhlala enyakatho yesiqhingi saseBorneo, ama-tupai anomsila obushelelezi abhekwa njengezinhlobo ezingavamile zalezi zilwane, inani lazo lincane. Iningi le-tupai lingabizwa ngokuthi alifundwanga kahle, ngakho-ke alukho ulwazi olucacile ngenani labantu babo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Umsila we-tupaya ovamile uqhathaniswa ngobude nobude bomzimba wayo, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ungawudlula kancane.
Uma sikhuluma ngomndeni wakwaTupayev wonkana, inani labameleli balo lincipha kancane kancane. Lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yomthelela womuntu emvelweni, abantu babhubhisa izindawo zokuhlala kwezilwane unomphela, okuholela ekufeni kwazo, ngakho-ke, kwandisa ingozi yokuqothulwa kohlobo. Ezinye izinhlobo ze-tupaya ziyabakhathaza izinhlangano zokongiwa kwemvelo.
UTupaya unogada
Isithombe: Tupaya ovela eRed Book
Njengoba kubikwe ngaphambilini, inani lama-tupaya lihamba kancane kepha liyancipha. Futhi ezinye izinhlobo ngokuvamile zincane kakhulu ngenani, ngakho-ke zidinga izindlela ezithile zokuzivikela. Kunobufakazi bokuthi kuzo zonke izinhlobo zama-tupayevs, ama-2 asengozini, tk.isibalo semfuyo yabo sincishiswe kakhulu. Lokhu kufaka phakathi i-tupaya enomsila obushelelezi nentaba. Owokuqala uthathwa njengezinhlobo ezingavamile ezihlala eBorneo. Owesibili uhlala esiqhingini saseKalimantan futhi ubhalwe ku-IUCN International Red Book futhi useSithasiselo II seCITES Convention on Trade in Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.
Lesi simo esinenani lalezi zinhlobo ezimbili sikhule ngenxa yomsebenzi wezomnotho womuntu. Umuntu akayibhubhisi ngqo le tupaya, inyama yayo noboya bayo abunanzuzo kuye, kepha uthinta izilwane ngokungaqondile, egawula amahlathi futhi eshintsha nezindawo zemvelo obekuhlala kuzo ama-tupaya. Konke lokhu kuholela ekufeni kwezilwane ezingenakuzivikela. Ungakhohlwa ukuthi isikhathi sabo sokuphila ezimeni ezinzima zemvelo asiside neze.
Ngokuqondene ne-tupaya ejwayelekile kakhulu, lolu hlobo lubangela ukukhathazeka okuncane phakathi kwezinhlangano zemvelo, ngakho-ke aludingi izinyathelo ezikhethekile zokuzivikela, kepha inani lalo lincipha kancane kancane, okubuhlungu kakhulu futhi kukwenza ucabange kusengaphambili ngazo zonke izinhlobo zezenzo ukugwema imiphumela edabukisayo.
Ekuphetheni, kusala ukwengeza lokho okuncane, okungajwayelekile, okungajwayelekile, okunamandla tupaya kubangela intshisekelo enkulu phakathi kososayensi, ngoba izingxabano ngezinhlobo zazo azikapheli, abaningi abavumi ukuthi bakhethelwa emndenini ohlukile. Lezi zingxoxo azizihluphi nakancane izilwane, i-tupai iyaqhubeka nokuphila kwayo okunokuthula, okuxhomeke kakhulu ekusebenzeni okungakhathali komuntu, ngakho-ke kufanelekile ukucabanga kaningi ngemiphumela yayo.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 07/16/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 25.09.2019 ngo-20: 52
