I-hydrosphere ayigcini nje ngobuso bamanzi bomhlaba, kodwa futhi namanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Imifula, amachibi, izilwandle, izilwandle ndawonye zenza iWorld Ocean. Inesikhala esikhulu kakhulu emhlabeni wethu kunomhlaba. Ngokuyinhloko, ukwakheka kwe-hydrosphere kufaka amakhemikhali amaminerali awenza usawoti. Kukhona amanzi amancane ahlanzekile eMhlabeni, alungele ukuphuza.
Iningi le-hydrosphere yizilwandle:
- OwaseNdiya;
- Ukuthula;
- I-Arctic;
- I-Atlantic.
Umfula omude kunayo yonke emhlabeni yi-Amazon. Ulwandle iCaspian lubhekwa njengechibi elikhulu ngokwendawo. Ngokuqondene nolwandle, iPhilippines inendawo enkulu kunazo zonke, futhi ibhekwa njengendawo ejulile.
Imithombo yokungcola kwe-hydrosphere
Inkinga enkulu ukungcoliswa kwe-hydrosphere. Ochwepheshe baqamba le mithombo elandelayo yokungcola kwamanzi:
- amabhizinisi ezimboni;
- izindlu kanye nezinsiza zomphakathi;
- ukuthuthwa kwemikhiqizo kaphethiloli;
- i-agrochemistry yezolimo;
- uhlelo lwezokuthutha;
- ezokuvakasha.
Ukungcoliswa kukawoyela olwandle
Manje ake sixoxe kabanzi ngezehlakalo ezithile. Ngokuqondene nemboni kawoyela, ukuchitheka kukawoyela okuncane kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokukhishwa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa eshalofini lezilwandle. Lokhu akuyona inhlekelele njengokuchitheka kukawoyela ngesikhathi sezingozi zamathangi. Kulokhu, ibala likawoyela lihlanganisa indawo enkulu. Izakhamizi zamachibi ziyacinana njengoba uwoyela ungavumeli ukuthi umoya-mpilo udlule. Izinhlanzi, izinyoni, ama-molluscs, amahlengethwa, imikhomo, kanye nezinye izidalwa eziphilayo ziyafa, ulwelwe luyafa. Izindawo ezifile zakhiwa endaweni yokuchitheka kukawoyela, ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwamanzi kuyashintsha, futhi kuba okungafanelekile kunoma yiziphi izidingo zomuntu.
Izinhlekelele ezinkulu kakhulu zokungcola koLwandle Lomhlaba:
- 1979 - cishe amathani angu-460 kawoyela achithwa eGulf of Mexico, futhi imiphumela yaqedwa cishe unyaka;
- Ngo-1989 - umkhumbi wawela ogwini lwase-Alaska, kwachitheka amathani acishe abe yizinkulungwane ezingama-48 kawoyela, kwakheka uwoyela omkhulu, futhi izinhlobo zezilwane ezingama-28 zazisengcupheni yokuqothulwa;
- 2000 - kuchitheke uwoyela ethekwini laseBrazil - cishe amalitha ayisigidi esi-1.3, okuholele enhlekeleleni enkulu yezemvelo;
- 2007 - eKerch Strait, imikhumbi eminingana yaphonseka phansi, yalimala, kwathi eminye yacwila, kwahlakazeka uwoyela nesibabule, okwaholela ekufeni kwamakhulu ezinyoni nezinhlanzi.
Lezi akuzona ukuphela kwamacala, kube nezinhlekelele eziningi ezinkulu nezisemaphakathi ezidale umonakalo omkhulu emvelweni yezilwandle nezilwandle. Kuzothatha imvelo amashumi amaningi eminyaka ukuthola kabusha.
Ukungcola kwemifula namachibi
Amachibi nemifula egeleza ezwenikazi ithinteka yimisebenzi ye-anthropogenic. Ngempela nsuku zonke, amanzi angcolile angasebenziwe asekhaya nasezimbonini akhishelwa kuwo. Umanyolo wezimbiwa kanye ne-pesticides nakho kungena emanzini. Konke lokhu kuholela ekutheni amanzi agcwele amaminerali, anomthelela ekukhuleni okusebenzayo kwe-algae. Bona-ke, badla inani elikhulu lomoya-mpilo, bahlala ezindaweni zezinhlanzi nezilwane zemifula. Lokhu kungaholela nasekufeni kwamachibi namachibi. Ngeshwa, amanzi angaphezulu komhlaba abuye avezwe ukungcoliswa ngamakhemikhali, ngemisebe, nangokwemvelo kwemifula, okwenzeka ngephutha lomuntu.
Imithombo yamanzi ingcebo yeplanethi yethu, mhlawumbe iningi kakhulu. Futhi nalokhu kuphakelwa okukhulu kwabantu bakwazi ukuletha esimweni esibi kakhulu. Kokubili ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali nomoya we-hydrosphere, kanye nezakhamizi ezihlala emifuleni, olwandle, olwandle nasemingceleni yamachibi ziyashintsha. Abantu kuphela abakwazi ukusiza ukuhlanza izinhlelo zasemanzini ukuze basindise izindawo eziningi zamanzi ekubhujisweni. Isibonelo, i-Aral Sea isengcupheni yokuqothulwa, futhi eminye imizimba yamanzi ilindele ukuphela kwayo. Ngokugcina i-hydrosphere, sizogcina impilo yezinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo nezilwane, kanye nokushiyela inzalo yethu imithombo yamanzi.
