Izindlovu yizilwane ezincelisayo ezidla kakhulu, ezidlula zonke izilwane ezikhona zomhlaba ngosayizi. Bayingxenye yomndeni wezindlovu noma i-Elephantidae. Ngaphezu kosayizi wabo ovelele, banesitho esihlukile - isiqu namazinyo kanokusho.
Umndeni wezindlovu uningi. Kepha kwisizukulwane se-10, zimbili kuphela ezikhona esikhathini sethu. Lezi yizindlovu zase-Afrika nezamaNdiya. Okunye kwaphela. AmaMammoth ayingxenye ebalulekile yomndeni, ngakho-ke umphakathi womndeni uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi umndeni wezindlovu namammoth. Okusele izinhlobo zezindlovu kungalahleka esikhathini esizayo esiseduze uma izindlela zokuzivikela zenziwa buthaka.
Izinhlobo ezingasekho zezindlovu
Uhlu lwezindlovu ezingasekho luphethwe ngamammoths, igama lesistimu nguMammuthus. Sekudlule iminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyi-10 selokhu kwalahleka ama-mammoth yizilwane zethu. Abaphenyi bavame ukuthola izinsalela zabo, ngakho-ke ama-mammoths afundwe kangcono kunomunye umkhakha wezindlovu ongasekho. Okudume kakhulu yilokhu:
- Umammoth kaColumbus ungenye yezilwane ezinkulu kakhulu zezindlovu. Ngokwezibalo ze-paleontologists, isisindo sayo sasicishe sifinyelele kumathani ayi-10.Lesi sigebenga sasihlala eNyakatho Melika. Sekudlule iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-10 000 selokhu wanyamalala.
- I-mammoth yensimbi - ithole usayizi omncane ngenxa yesifunda esilinganiselwe sendawo yokuhlala. Ukuphakama kwaso bekungeqi ku-1.2 m Ubungako besilwane buthintwe yilokho okuthiwa yi-insular dwarfism. Ngisho ezinkulungwaneni eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-12 ezedlule, lesi silwanyana esincanyana besitholakala ePacific Islands of the Channel.
- I-Imperial Mammoth iyimammoth enkulu kakhulu. Ukuphakama kwayo emahlombe kwafinyelela ku-4,5 m.Yavela eNyakatho Melika eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-1.8 eyedlule. Sekudlule iminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyi-11 selokhu lo mdondoshiya wanyamalala.
- I-mammoth yaseNingizimu - yayifana kakhulu nendlovu phakathi kwama-mammoths, ngakho-ke ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi indlovu yaseningizimu. Ijografi yokusatshalaliswa kwayo ivela e-Afrika.
Ngemuva kwalokho i-mammoth ihlala e-Eurasia, ngemuva kwalokho ingena eNyakatho Melika ngeBering Strait engekho. I-mammoth yaseningizimu yayinesikhathi sendawo yokuhlala ebanzi: yayikhona cishe iminyaka eyizigidi ezimbili futhi yanyamalala ekuqaleni kwePleistocene.
- Umammoth onoboya yindawo yokuzalwa yalesi silwane, eSiberia. Izinsalela zokuqala ezitholakele, ososayensi babela iminyaka yobudala engama-250,000. Wanyamalala ebusweni Bomhlaba ngeNkathi Yamatshe.
Umammoth wayevikelwe emakhazeni aqatha ngoboya obunoboya obemboziwe obungamasentimitha angama-90 nengubo yangaphansi eminyene nongqimba lwamafutha olungu-10 cm. Ngokuya ngendawo, ukukhula kwalesi silwane kusuka ku-2 kuye kumamitha ama-4.
- I-steppe mammoth yizinhlobo ezinkulu kakhulu zezilwane ze-proboscis ezake zaba khona eMhlabeni. Izazi ze-paleontologists zicabanga kanjalo. Ngokusho kwamathambo abuyiselwe, ukuphakama kwamammoth ekushoneni kufinyelele ku-4.7 m. Ubude bezimpondo zowesilisa bufinyelela ku-5 m.
Ngaphezu kwama-mammoths, babekhona futhi bafa ngasikhathi sinye nabo:
- Ama-stegodonts yizilwane zezindlovu ezinkulu njengama-mammoths, anezici eziningi, ngokusho kwawo athathwe ohlangothini oluhlukile. E-Asia (kusuka eJapane kuya ePakistan), izinsalela zama-stegodonts zatholakala, ezazibangelwa izinhlobo ezi-11 ezahlukahlukene.
- I-Primelefas - izinsalela ezisetshenziselwe ukwakha lesi silwane zatholakala eCentral Africa. Babekhethwe njengohlobo oluhlukile. Ososayensi banqume ukuthi ama-mammoth nezindlovu zaseNdiya zaqhamuka kuma-primaelephases, sekudlule iminyaka eyizigidi eziyisithupha kusukela lapho.
- Indlovu encane - lolu hlobo kuthiwa ludalwa uhlobo lwezindlovu zase-Afrika. Le ndlovu yayivamile eziqhingini zaseMedithera: iSicily, Cyprus, Malta nezinye. It, njengemammoth encane, yathinteka ngomphumela wesiqhingi: indawo yokuhlala elinganiselwe, ukuntuleka kokudla kwehlisa ubukhulu besilwane. Indlovu encane yafa ngasikhathi sinye nezimammoth.
Ngeshwa, uhlu lwezinhlobo zezindlovu ezilahlekile alugcini lapho. Umbuzo "indlovu ingeyiphi inhlobo"Kaningi kunempendulo edabukisayo -" ekushabalaleni. " Izizathu zokunyamalala kwama-mammoth nokunye okunjalo, izimo ezaphoqelela ukuthi bashiye izilwane zethu cishe ngasikhathi sinye azikaziwa.
Kukhona izinguqulo eziningana: ukushaqeka kwesimo sezulu, izinhlekelele zesikhala, ithonya labantu bakudala, i-epizootic. Kepha konke ukucabanga akunasisekelo ngandlela thile, awekho amaqiniso okusekela okucatshangwa ososayensi. Lolu daba lusalinde isisombululo salo.
Izindlovu zakwaBush
Zingaki izinhlobo zezindlovu kwesokunxele emhlabeni wethu? Impendulo emfushane ithi 3. Abokuqala ohlwini yizindlovu ze-savannah. Uhlobo lohlobo lohlobo lwezindlovu zase-Afrika. Kusatshalaliswa ngokuhlukaniswa ezindaweni ezishisayo zase-Afrika. Uhla olukhulu lwehliselwa ezindaweni lapho izindlovu zithathwa ngaphansi kokuvikelwa okusebenzayo. Amapaki kazwelonke abe yinsindiso yalolu hlobo olukhulu lwezindlovu ezikhona.
Ngemuva kwenkathi yemvula, abesilisa abadala bathola isisindo esiseduze kwamathani ayi-7, abesifazane balula - amathani ama-5. Ukuphakama emahlombe kufinyelela ku-3.8 m kwabesilisa, indlovu yesifazane iphansi kancane - 3.3 m.Ikhanda likhulu kakhulu ngisho nangamazinga ezindlovu.
Umuzwa wamandla, isisindo sithuthukiswa ngezindlebe ezinkulu kanye nesiqu eside, esithuthuke kahle. Lesi sitho esisendlovu endala singakwazi ukufika ku-1.5 m futhi sibe nesisindo esingu-130 kg. Isiqu sinamandla amakhulu emisipha, sisebenzisa indlovu yaso sikwazi ukuphakamisa umthwalo wekota yethani.
Izama ukupholisa kancane, izindlovu zisebenzisa izindlebe zazo njengethuluzi lokudlulisa ukushisa. Ubuso bonke bezindiza zezindlebe bugcwele imithambo yegazi nemithambo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindlebe zezindlovu zisebenza njengabalandeli. Ososayensi basebenzisa iphethini ye-venous, ukuma, nokusika okuzungeze emaphethelweni endlebe ukukhomba abantu.
Umzimba wendlovu umbozwe ngesikhumba, ukushuba kwawo okuphakathi kuka-2 cm, kwezinye izindawo kufinyelela kumasentimitha ama-4. Isikhumba sendlovu akusona isivikelo, kepha isitho esibucayi kakhulu. Ukuyigcina iphephile, ukunciphisa izindleko ezihambisana nokulunywa yizinambuzane nokunye ukulimala, izindlovu zihlala ziyithela uthuli, ziphonsa udaka, zigeze kuyo yonke imizimba yamanzi ekhona. Ngakho-ke i-Afrika izinhlobo zezindlovu esithombeni bavame ukuba matasa ngokugeza.
Umsila wendlovu ehlathini nawo uyamangalisa. Ingaphezulu kuka-1.2 m ubude futhi inama-vertebrae angama-26. Ngomzimba omkhulu kangako, ngisho nomsila omude wamamitha awenzi kangako ukuqeda izimpukane, izimpukane nemikhaza, kepha ingasebenza njengesitho sesiginali, inkomba yemizwelo, isibani.
Imilenze yendlovu ihlelwe ngokumangalisayo. Izinzwani zangaphambili ezithweni zezindlovu zigcina ngezinselo. Indlovu inezinselo ezi-4, kwesinye isikhathi ezinhlanu ezinhlangothini zombili. Ilungu ngalinye langemuva linezinselo ezinhlanu. Ngokubuka, izinzwane, izinselo nomlenze ongezansi kuvela njengeyunithi eyodwa.
Okuthakazelisa kakhulu kunezinzwani ezinenselo ngunyawo lwendlovu. Yisikhwama sesikhumba esigcwele into enwebeka, ijeli elinamafutha. Lo mklamo unezakhiwo ezisezingeni eliphakeme zokumangala. Lapho udlulisa isisindo emlenzeni, unyawo luyabhabha futhi lunikeze indawo enkulu yokusekela.
Ukudla kwezindlovu kungukudla okususelwa ezitshalweni. Udinga okuningi. Indlovu enkulu ehlathini nsuku zonke ibeka esiswini sayo kufika ku-300 kg yotshani namaqabunga angondlekile kahle. Isisu silula, asihambisani nhlobo. Ayidluli imitha eli-1 ubude, futhi ivolumu yayo icishe ibe ngamalitha ayi-17.
Ukugaya isisindo esiluhlaza nokugcina ukulinganisela kwamanzi, umzimba wendlovu udinga amalitha amanzi afinyelela ku-200 nsuku zonke. Ngaphezu kokudla namanzi, ukudla kwendlovu kuhlanganisa namaminerali atholwa yindlovu ekukhothweni kasawoti.
Izindlovu zasehlathini zase-Afrika ziyizilwane ezihambahamba. Bagwema izingwadule namahlathi amade asezindaweni ezishisayo. Izwe lesimanje likhawulele izindawo zabo zokuhamba okungaphazanyiswa ezindaweni zamapaki kazwelonke.
Izindlovu ezindala zesilisa ziphila impilo ye-bachelor, zihamba zodwa. Izinsikazi, izindlovu kanye nezindlovu ezisakhula zihlangene eqenjini lomndeni, eliholwa yi-matriarch - indlovu enamandla kakhulu futhi enolwazi.
Izinhlobo ezahlukene zezindlovu, kufaka phakathi ama-Afrika, awakhuli ngokushesha okukhulu. Izingane zingasebenzisa ubisi lwebele kuze kube yiminyaka emihlanu. Cishe isigamu sentsha siyafa singakafiki eminyakeni engu-15. Baba ngabantu abadala abakwazi ukuzala beneminyaka eyi-12. Cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yezindlovu ze-savannah zifinyelela kumkhawulo weminyaka engama-70.
Izindlovu zasogwadule
Ukuma kwalezi zilwane kusihlukanisi semvelo akukaze kutholakale ekugcineni. Abanye ososayensi babheka izakhamuzi zasogwadule njengezidalwa ezizimele, kuyilapho abanye bephikisa ukuthi lokhu kumane kungabantu abahlukene bezindlovu ze-savannah.
Kukhona iSkeleton Coast ehlane laseNamibia. Igama likhuluma ngohlobo lwensimu. Kule ndawo eyinyumba, engenamanzi, enkulu, izindlovu ziyatholakala. Isikhathi eside, izazi zezinto eziphilayo zazingakholelwa ukuthi izilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu kangaka zingaba khona ku-biotope eyindlala kangako.
Ukubukeka kwezindlovu, ezizulazula ogwadule, zihluke kancane ekubukekeni kozakwabo abahlala e-savanna. Yize zilula ngandlela thile, ziyakwazi ukusebenzisa amanzi kancane. Okusemqoka ukuthi bayazi ukuthi bangayithola kanjani ngokudla izinto zezitshalo eziluhlaza nokumba izimbobo emibhedeni yemifula engenamanzi. Zimbalwa kakhulu izindlovu zasogwadule ezisele. Balinganiselwa ku-600 abantu abahlala kule ndawo ngegama elingakhuthazi - iSkeleton Coast.
Izindlovu zasehlathini
Ososayensi babheka lezi zakhamuzi zase-Afrika njengezinhlobo zezindlovu ze-savannah. Izakhi zofuzo zenze ukuthi kufinyelelwe esiphethweni esingagudluki: izindlovu zasehlathini zinezici ezibanika ilungelo lokuthi babhekwe njengamatekisi azimele. Izinhlobo zezindlovu zase-Afrika igcwaliswe ngendlovu esehlathini.
Ububanzi bendlovu yehlathi buqondana nemingcele yehlathi lemvula lase-Afrika. Kepha umhlaba wanamuhla ubeke imingcele endaweni yokuhlala yezindlovu zasehlathini. Njengezihlobo ze-savannah, iziqhwaga zasehlathini zingatholakala ikakhulukazi emapaki kazwelonke, ezindaweni ezivikelwe.
Ngokuya ngezici zokwakheka nezokuziphatha, indlovu yasehlathini ayihlukile kakhulu kwi-savannah. Ngaphandle kosayizi. Impilo yasehlathini yenza indlovu yaba mfushane. Emahlombe, owesilisa omdala akweqi kumamitha ayi-2,5. Bonke abanye ubukhulu nabo buguqule phansi.
Inhlangano yezenhlalo yezilwane zemithi yehlathi ihlukile kakhulu kwi-savannah. Matriarchy nayo ibusa ngamaqembu. Abesifazane abanolwazi bahola amaqembu emindeni akha imigwaqo emisha yehlathi. Imisebenzi enamandla yokuncishiswa kwehlathi, ukusakazwa kwembewu yezitshalo ngokungenhloso ehlathini inomphumela omuhle emahlathini ase-Afrika ashisayo.
Namuhla izindlovu ezingamahlathi ezingaba ngu-25 000 zihlala emahlathini ase-Afrika. Izinga lokuzalana kwezindlovu liphansi. Indlovu izala izinyane elilodwa eminyakeni emihlanu noma eyisithupha. Lokho ngeke kunxephezele ukulahleka ngisho nasekuzingelweni ngokungemthetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani lezindlovu lingaphansi kwengcindezi yokuncipha kwendawo yokuhlala ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa komhlaba wezimboni nezolimo.
Izindlovu zasehlathini zihlala isikhathi eside njengama-savanna: iminyaka engama-60 noma ngaphezulu. Futhi, njenge-savannah, akuwona wonke umuntu ofinyelela ebudaleni. Ingxenye yezindlovu iyafa ingakafiki eminyakeni engu-15. Ukufa okuphezulu usemncane kuhlotshaniswa ikakhulu nezifo.
Izindlovu zase-Asia
Lezi zilwane zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi izindlovu zaseNdiya. Bezilokhu zivamile esifundeni se-Indo-Malay. Eminyakeni eyi-2 eyedlule, uhla lwezindlovu luye lwancipha, lwaqala ukubonakala ngeziqephu. I-India ibizwa ngokuthi yindlala enkulu yendlovu yase-Asia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, itholakala eNepal, eMyanmar nakwamanye amazwe angomakhelwane.
Izinhlobo zezindlovu zaseNdiya bamele uhlu olubuhlungu - lena engu-1 ekhona futhi engu-9 ayisekho. Ukuhlala esifundeni esifanayo se-zoogeographic, kodwa ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene, indlovu yase-Asia iguqukele ezinhlotsheni eziningana.
- Indlovu yaseNdiya. Kusabalele kakhulu. Uhlala emagqumeni amaHimalaya, eningizimu yeNdiya, eChina enhlonhlweni yase-Indochina. Kepha zonke izindawo zokusabalalisa azixhunyanisiwe, azimele ndawo eyodwa.
- Indlovu yaseCeylon. Lesi silwane se-proboscis sihlotshaniswa ngokukhethekile neSri Lanka. Angahlali kwezinye izindawo. Inezici ezimbili. Phakathi kwezindlovu, unekhanda elikhulu kunawo wonke elihlobene nomzimba. Abesilisa, ikakhulukazi abesifazane, abanawo amabele.
- Indlovu eBornean. Uhlala esiqhingini saseMalay Kalimantan (Borneo). Ubuningi. Ama-subspecies amancane kakhulu ase-Asia.
- Indlovu yaseSumatran. Kutholakala kuphela eSumatra. Ngenxa yobukhulu bayo obuhlangene, yathola isidlaliso "indlovu ekhukhwini".
Ngaphezu kwalezi zinhlobo ezingezansi, izindlovu ezihlala eVietnam naseLaos zivame ukuhlukaniswa zibe yi-taxa ehlukile. Iqembu labantu abangaba yikhulu selizinze eNyakatho Nepal. Lezi zindlovu zibuye zihlukaniswe njengezinsikazi ezihlukile. Mude kunezindlovu zonke zase-Asia, ngenxa yalesi sizathu ubizwa ngokuthi "yisigebenga".
Izindlovu zasendle zase-Asia zihlala ehlathini. Bathanda ikakhulukazi amahlathi oqalo. Izifunda ezisemaqeleni sezingangeneki ezindlovu ngenxa yomsebenzi wezomnotho womuntu. Izilwane zizizwa zikhululeke ngokwengeziwe ezindaweni ezinezintaba. Azesabi indawo engalingani namakhaza ahambisana nesimo sezulu esinezintaba.
Njengezindlovu zase-Afrika, izilwane zaseNdiya zakha amaqembu lapho kubusa khona imishado. Abesilisa asebefinyelele ekuvuthweni bahola impilo yezilwane ezihlala zodwa. Bajoyina iqembu lomndeni lapho omunye wabesifazane ekulungele ukuqhubeka nohlobo. Izindlovu zinesikhathi eside sokukhulelwa, esedlula izinyanga eziyi-18 futhi sifinyelela ezinyangeni ezingama-21.5. Indlovu izala indlovu eyodwa, kuyaqabukela ezimbili. Usana olusanda kuzalwa luvame ukuba nesisindo esingama-100 kg.
Isici esiphawuleka kakhulu sezindlovu zase-Asia yikhono lazo lokuthambisa. Indlovu yaseNdiya iqeqeshwe kahle. Abantu bendawo basebenzise le ndawo amakhulu eminyaka. Ngokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe, isidingo sokusebenza kwezindlovu sesinyamalele, ikakhulukazi ngoba azidingeki njengezilwane ezilwayo.
Namuhla, izindlovu eziqeqeshiwe zinomsebenzi olula. Zisebenza ukuheha izivakashi. Ziyizihlobiso zezinqubo namasiko amaholide. Kwesinye isikhathi kuphela benza umsebenzi wangempela bethutha abantu nezimpahla ezindaweni ezingadluleki kahle.
