Isikhonyane uthathwa njengomzala ongekude kakhulu wezintethe ezinhle. Kodwa-ke, umonakalo odalwe yimihlambi yabo ebuthana mkhulu kakhulu. Izingadi ezilahliwe, amasimu okusanhlamvu anezimpande, amasimu acekiwe - umphumela wokugcina ngemuva kokuvakashela umhlambi wazo onamandla.
Incazelo nezici
Imvelo inikeze isikhonyane umzimba owenwetshiwe nezitho eziyisithupha, okukhona kuzo amabhangqa amabili amafushane futhi abuthakathaka, elilodwa (ngemuva) linamandla futhi lide kakhulu. Kwezinye izimo, kunezibonelo "ukukhula" kwazo okusondele ku-15 cm.
Lezi zinhlayiya ezinekhanda elikhulu elinamehlo abonakalayo. Ipheya elilodwa lama-elite aqinile limboza amaphiko ama-2 asobala, angabonakali uma ugoqiwe. Kusho izinkumbi ku-oda eselivele likhona le-Orthoptera, lapho kunezinhlobo zezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili.
Imibala ngokuvamile ayihlangene nofuzo, kuphela izimo lapho umuntu aphila khona nesigaba sokwakheka kwakhe kuthinta umbala. Izimo ezivela kudoti ofanayo zizofakwa umbala ohlukile uma zikhuliswe ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukile.
Isigaba sokwakheka sinomthelela ngqo ekutheni isinambuzane sibukeka kanjani - ama-loners aqoshwe ngemibala yokufihla (okuluhlaza okotshani noma ophuzi), athonywe yisifunda ahlala kuso. Lapho kwakhiwa umhlambi, wonke umuntu uthatha umbala, ofana ncamashi nawo wonke umuntu. Ukuhlukaniswa kobulili sekuvele kuyanyamalala ngalesi sikhathi.
Ijubane lapho umhlambi uhamba khona ufinyelela ku-120 km ngosuku. Inkumbi esithombeni ibukeka njengentethe ejwayeleke ezinganeni zonke. Ukuze ungaphazami futhi ungaphuthelwa ukuvela kweqhinga elibi kakhulu, kufanele unake izici ezilandelayo:
- isikhonyane nentethe ibonwa ngosayizi wezimpondo. Amadevu entethe awakhudlwana kunosayizi wawo, intethe inamadevu amafushane, ayilutho olunye ngaphandle kwekhanda layo;
- izinkumbi zinemikhono engaphambili emincane kunezintethe;
- izintethe zithanda ukuphola kobusuku futhi ziqala ukusebenza kusihlwa, kanti isikhonyane siyasebenza emini;
- izintethe zingabantu bodwa, azikaze zihlangane ngamaqembu amakhulu ukuze zizivikele;
- intethe ejwayelekile iyisilwane esidla izinambuzane ezincane kuphela, isikhonyane sidla izimila (ingxenye enkulu, ngokungakhethi, izodla noma yini ehlangabezana nayo).
Izinhlobo
Izinhlobo zezinkumbi ezidume kakhulu yilezi:
1. Ukufuduka noma i-Asia.
Itholakala ngobuningi obukhulu emazweni aseYurophu nasemazweni asentshonalanga ye-Asia, ezindaweni zaseMedithera zezwekazi lase-Afrika, emazweni ase-East Asia. Ubukhulu bomzimba kumuntu omdala kuvame ukuba ngama-40-60 mm.
Izimpiko zinethoni engacacisi mpunga nemithambo emnyama. Umbala uphinda imibala yendawo ezungezile - i-emerald eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ompunga onsundu noma isihlabathi. Izitho zangemuva zalezi zinambuzane zinombala omnyama ngokuqhathanisa nomzimba.
2. EMorocco.
Lezi zinhlobo zivamile endaweni yesimo sezulu saseMedithera esenyakatho ye-Afrika. Izinambuzane zingabonakala nasengxenyeni eseningizimu yamazwe aseYurophu, kanye nasemazweni asenhlonhlweni yaseBalkan naseningizimu yeRussia.
Abantu abadala abaphakathi nendawo, ezimweni eziningi, abekho ngaphezu kwama-20 mm, umbala uvame ukungabonakali, ube mpunga ngokunsundu. Isici esihlukile ongababona ngaso yisibonelo esifana nesiphambano somthunzi okhanyayo ngemuva nezindawo ezimnyama ngokungahleliwe ezitholakala emzimbeni wonke.
3. IsiNtaliyane.
Indawo esemqoka yokuhlala yiziNhlonhlo zase-Iberia ne-Apennine. Izinambuzane zingatholakala ezindaweni ezisentshonalanga ye-Urals nasemazweni ase-Asia, e-Altai Territory nasemazweni ase-Arab East.
Ubukhulu obukhulu lapho kukhula khona isinambuzane esikhulile ngama-40 mm. Abantu besikhonyane sase-Italy banombala wezitini noma onsundu, ngemuva, amachashaza noma imivimbo yomthunzi okhanyayo ibonakala ngokusobala.
4. Ifilidi laseSiberia.
Ingatholakala cishe kuzo zonke izifunda zengxenye yase-Asia yeRussian Federation (ngaphandle kwezindawo ezinefrostrost) naseKazakhstan. Inani elikhulu lamafilidi aseSiberia angatholakala ezindaweni ezisenyakatho zaseMongolia naseChina, indawo enezintaba eCaucasus. Abantu abavuthiwe banesizotha ngosayizi, ubude babo abudluli kuma-25 mm. Umbala wezinambuzane ubunsundu ngombala onsundu noma umthunzi wekhaki.
5. Ifilidi laseGibhithe.
Ungahlangana nalezi zinhlobo emazweni aseYurophu, ezifundeni ezisenyakatho zezwekazi lase-Afrika, nasemazweni aseMpumalanga Ephakathi. Lesi ngesinye sezinambuzane ezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu. Abesifazane bangakhula bafike kuma-60-70 mm. Abantu besilisa bancane, ubukhulu bomzimba wabo abudluli ku-40-45 mm.
Isikhonyane esinjalo ngokuvamile sipendwa ngombala wegundane noma kumbala wesihlabathi esimanzi. Imilenze yangemuva yesinambuzane inombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kwesinye isikhathi ifakwa ngokubomvu okuphuzi. Isici sesici yimigqa ebonakalayo ebonakalayo - emnyama nomhlophe, ingabonakala ngamehlo aqhakazile.
6. I-filly enamaphiko aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Kuhlala emahlanzeni nasezifundeni ezinamahlathi ase-Asia naseYurophu, iCaucasus, izifunda ezisentshonalanga yeSiberia naseKazakhstan. Akusebenzi ezinhlotsheni ezinkulu. U-20 mm ukuphela kwesinambuzane esinamaphiko amahle esingakhula sibe yiso. Umbala walesi sinambuzane uyamangalisa.
Izimpiko ziyi-turquoise noma eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka esinamanzi, lapho kubonakala khona iphethini kanokusho yemivimbo emnyama emnyama. Imilenze yangemuva inezinsipho ezincane zomthunzi okhanyayo futhi inombala ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka okhanyayo.
7. Isikhonyane sothingo lwenkosazana.
Uhlala esiqhingini saseMadagascar. Lo ngumuntu osebenza kahle futhi odonsa amehlo, kodwa ngasikhathi sinye, unobuthi obedlulele. Zonke izitho zakhe zigcwele ngokoqobo izinto ezinobuthi futhi ezinobuthi, ngoba udla kuphela izitshalo ezikhiqiza ujusi onoshevu.
Ukudla okuthandayo - amaqabunga e-milkweed nezithelo. Ukubukeka kuyancomeka - yonke imibala iqoqene ezimpikweni zayo, futhi lokhu kuyaqondakala, ngoba uhlala phakathi kwezimila ezikhanyayo. Ubuhle bunobukhulu obuhle - kufika ku-70 mm.
Indlela yokuphila nendawo yokuhlala
Isici esihlukile sesikhonyane yikhono laso lokuhlala lodwa nokuhlangana emiphakathini emikhulu. Uma lowo muntu enesizungu, uziphatha ngokuthula ngokwanele, akenzi lutho futhi akaminzi. Imiphumela ebhubhisayo yokuhlala kwakhe ngokuvamile ayibonwa.
Lapho ukudla kunyamalala, izinambuzane zizama ukubeka amaqanda amaningi ngangokunokwenzeka, okuvela kuwo abantu abanobungane, bakulungele ukuhamba ezindaweni ezinkulu. Le nzalo inkulu, futhi amaphiko ayo alungiswa kangcono ezindizeni ezinde. Ezixukwini zesikhonyane ezinkulu, ngezinye izikhathi abantu abangaba uhhafu wezigidigidi bayabuthana. Imihlambi enjalo inokuhamba okumangazayo futhi iyasebenzisana njengesidalwa esisodwa.
Kukholakala ukuthi ukungabi bikho kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nama-amino acid emzimbeni wabantu ngenxa yokudla okunganele eminyakeni eyomile kungasebenza njengesibonakaliso sokubanjwa okukhulu kwamaqanda.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Abantu bebodwa abulethi inhlekelele ezindaweni eziluhlaza. AbakwaLoners banesifiso esilinganiselwe kakhulu. Empilweni yabo yonke, abadli ngaphezu kwamagremu angamakhulu amahlanu wobunzima obuhlaza. Inkinga enkulu ukubuthana kwesikhonyane.
Ukugcwalisa ibhalansi yamandla nobungqabavu, abantu abaqoqwe emhlambini baphoqeleka ukuba badle ngaphandle kokuma, ngaphandle kwalokho bazobulawa ukoma nokushoda kwamaprotheni. Izinkumbi, zizithola zikanye nezihlobo eziningi, ziqala ukukhombisa ukuminza okumangazayo. Umuntu oyedwa uyakwazi ukumunca cishe amagremu angamakhulu amane wobukhulu obuluhlaza ngosuku, kepha kunezigidi zazo emhlambini.
Ngokushoda kwamaprotheni emzimbeni, izinambuzane ziqala ukonakala zibe yizilwane ezidlayo, bese kuqala inqubo yokudla uhlobo lwazo. Kulokhu, umhlambi uhlukaniswe waba amaqenjana amabili angokomfanekiso, elinye ligijima ngaphambili, bese kuthi eyesibili izame ukubamba idle. Kokubili okubalekayo kanye nokubamba phezulu kudla konke okusendleleni yabo, kuqothula ngokuphelele izitshalo namasimu ezithelo.
Isikhonyane – inkathazo engathobekile. Umphakathi obiza izigidi zamadola uzoshiya umhlaba ongenalutho ngemuva kokuhlala kwawo nezinsalela ezingavamile zeziqu eziphumayo. Abantu bahlukile ngesifiso esihle ngokungabikho kokushisa (ekuseni nakusihlwa).
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Isikhonyane yisinambuzane esivundisa futhi sizala ngokocansi. Indoda edidayo, ukuheha owesifazane, ikhiqiza i-hormone ethile, ngokusho kwephunga lapho owesifazane efuna umlingani ofanele.
Ukhangwe ngephunga, uthola owesilisa bese ezama ukusondela kuye eduze ngangokunokwenzeka. Owesilisa unamathele kowesifazane futhi uzama ukufaka i-capsule enesidoda engxenyeni engemuva kokuphela kwesisu (ovipositor). Ukukhwelana kuvame ukuthatha isikhathi eside futhi kungadlulela emahoreni ayi-13.
Insikazi ishiya i-ovipositor ngqo emhlabathini bese iyimboza ngoketshezi olubandayo, oluba yiqhwa luyiphendule lube lukhukhunathi onzima. I-clutch eyodwa enjalo ingaqukatha amaqanda angama-60-80. Ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, insikazi yenza ama-clutches ayisithupha kuya kwayishumi nambili, okukhona kuwo amaqanda angamakhulu amane.
Ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyishumi nambili, izibungu ezimhlophe ziphuma ziphuma emkhukwini onjalo, ezithathwa ngokushesha ziyondliwe ngamandla. Isibungu sidlula ezigabeni eziningana zokuthuthuka bese siphenduka sibe yisibonelo somuntu omdala ezinsukwini ezingama-35-40.
Isikhathi esiphila isikhonyane sincike ezimweni zezulu zendawo yazo futhi kungaba kusuka ezinyangeni eziyi-7-8 kuye eminyakeni emi-2. Ezindaweni ezinobusika obunzima, izinkumbi ziyafa lapho kuqala isithwathwa. Ukuqaphela endaweni yabo Isinambuzane esifana nesikhonyane, kufanele unisele indawo kaningi ngangokunokwenzeka, ngoba ifilidi ayizali kahle kumswakama ophakeme.
Izitshalo zilashwa kahle ngosawoti owakhelwe lezi zinambuzane. Izilwane ezidle amaqabunga anobuthi kufanele zife ezinsukwini ezingama-2-3. Ukunakekelwa okukhethekile kufanele kukhokhwe ekutholeni izindawo lapho amaqanda angabekwa khona, nokuzama ukuvimbela ukubonakala kwezibungu.
Amaqiniso Athandekayo
Phakathi kwezici zesakhiwo nempilo yesikhonyane, kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo:
- Ngenxa yokuthi lesi sinambuzane sinemilenze yangemuva eseyithuthuke kahle, ingahamba ngejubane elilodwa ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezingamashumi amabili ubukhulu bomzimba wayo.
- Lapho zidla izinkumbi, zidla konke okuluhlaza okombala. Ngokushesha nje lapho ukudla okunombala oluhlaza kuphela egumbini elivaliwe, isikhonyane siqala ukudla imisuka yaso uma sinombala oluhlaza okotshani.
- Izinambuzane zingandiza izindawo ezinkulu ngaphandle kokufika - kuze kufike kumakhilomitha angamakhulu amane. Ukundiza okude kakhulu kwebutho lesikhonyane kusuka ezwenikazi lase-Afrika kuya eziqhingini zoLwandle lweCaribbean. Umhlambi wezinkumbi ezihamba ngezinyawo unqoba indawo engamakhilomitha angamashumi amabili ngezikhathi zasemini.
- Amathani ayi-7,000 ama-citrus ezinsukwini ezinhlanu agwinywa umphakathi wesikhonyane ohlasele amasimu ezihlahla zamawolintshi eMorocco. Ukunganeliseki okumangalisayo - ithani elilodwa ngomzuzu.
- Isikhonyane – isinambuzane, ohlala kuwo wonke amazwekazi omhlaba, okuhlukile kuphela yi-Antarctica. Lokhu kungenxa yezimo zezulu ezinzima nokuntuleka kokudla okuphelele. Kepha iqiniso elithandekayo, abekho naseNyakatho Melika. Kugcine ukwaziwa Ukuhlasela kwesikhonyane kuleli zwekazi lisukela emuva ku-1875.
- Indlela engajwayelekile yokulawula izinkumbi yabhalwa ngekhulu le-15 leFrance. Ijaji, ebelibheka icala lokonakaliswa kwezivinini yizinambuzane, lenze isinqumo ngokwabiwa kwaso indawo, eyayinqatshelwe ngokuphelele ukushiya izinambuzane.
- Izinkumbi zifakiwe kwimenyu yabantu abaningi emhlabeni. Lezi zinambuzane zidliwa ezifundazweni ezingamashumi amathathu nesithupha ezikhona ezwenikazi lase-Afrika, amazwe angamashumi amabili nesishiyagalolunye ase-Asia kanye namazwe angamashumi amabili nantathu ezwenikazi laseNingizimu Melika. Ucwaningo lukhombisile ukuthi izinkumbi ukudla okunomsoco okungathatha indawo yenyama, zinamafutha amancane futhi zinamavithamini amaningi.
