Iqiniso lokuqala lokusetshenziswa kwezikhali zamakhemikhali laqoshwa ngo-Ephreli 24, 1915. Leli kwakuyicala lokuqala lokubhujiswa kwabantu abaningi ngezinto ezinobuthi (i-OM).
Kungani ungafakanga isicelo ngaphambili
Ngaphandle kokuthi izikhali zamakhemikhali zasungulwa eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane edlule, zaqala ukusetshenziswa kuphela ngekhulu lama-20. Phambilini, ibingasetshenziswanga ngezizathu ezimbalwa:
- kukhiqizwa ngamanani amancane;
- izindlela zokugcina nokusabalalisa amagesi anobuthi bezingaphephile;
- amasosha ayekubheka njengokungafanele ukufaka ushevu kubaphikisi bawo.
Kodwa-ke, ngekhulu lama-20, konke kwashintsha kakhulu, futhi izinto ezinobuthi zaqala ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi. Okwamanje, isitoko esikhulu kunazo zonke sabasebenzi bamakhemikhali empi siseRussia, kepha iningi lazo lalahlwa ngaphambi kuka-2013.
Ukwahlukaniswa kwezikhali zamakhemikhali
Ochwepheshe bahlukanisa izinto ezinobuthi ngamaqembu ngokomphumela wazo emzimbeni womuntu. Izinhlobo ezilandelayo zezikhali zamakhemikhali ziyaziwa namuhla:
- amagesi emizwa yizinto eziyingozi kakhulu ezithinta uhlelo lwezinzwa, zingene emzimbeni ngesikhumba nezitho zokuphefumula, futhi ziholele ekufeni;
- amabhamuza esikhumba - athinta ulwelwesi lwamafinyila nesikhumba, afake ushevu kuwo wonke umzimba;
- izinto ezi-asphyxiant - zingena emzimbeni ngohlelo lokuphefumula, okufaka isandla ekufeni kobuhlungu;
- kuyacasula - kuthinta umgudu wokuphefumula namehlo, kusetshenziswa izinsizakalo ezahlukahlukene ezikhethekile ukusabalalisa izixuku ngesikhathi sezidubedube;
- i-poisonous ejwayelekile - iphazamisa ukusebenza kwegazi ukuthwala i-oksijini iye kumaseli, okuholela ekufeni okusheshayo;
- I-psychochemical - ibangela ukuphazamiseka kwesistimu yezinzwa ephakathi, ekhubaza abantu isikhathi eside.
Emlandweni wesintu, imiphumela emibi yokusetshenziswa kwezikhali zamakhemikhali iyaziwa. Manje sebeshiyile, kepha, maye, hhayi ngenxa yokucatshangelwa ngabantu, kepha ngoba ukusetshenziswa kwayo akuphephile kakhulu futhi akukuthetheleli ukusebenza kwayo, ngoba ezinye izinhlobo zezikhali zivele zasebenza kakhulu.
