Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlanzi zasolwandle, kepha umlingiswa uyefana kubo bonke: lezi zinyoni zinhlanhlatha kakhulu, zinamandla futhi zinolaka, zingahamba ibanga elide ukuzitholela ukudla. Gull zivame ukutholakala emabhishi eduze kwezixuku zabantu, futhi ohambweni lomfula nolwandle, bahamba nemikhumbi, ngoba ukukhala kwabo kuyaziwa kwabaningi.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: I-Seagull
Uhlobo lwe-gull lungolomndeni we-gull futhi lubandakanya izinhlobo eziningana ezahlukahluka ngosayizi (kwesinye isikhathi kaningi), umbala, indawo yokuhlala, ukudla okuncanyelwayo nezinye eziningi. Kuchazwe emuva ngo-1758 nguKarl Linnaeus ngaphansi kwegama elithi Larus. Izinhlobo ezimbili ezivelele kakhulu zingahlukaniswa: owokuqala uyinkubela ejwayelekile, futhi ubuye ube yichibi, kanti owesibili uyinhlanzi yolwandle. Amachibi mancane ngosayizi futhi ahlala emanzini amasha. Incazelo yabo yesayensi nayo yenziwa nguLinnaeus ngo-1766, igama lesiLatini linguLarus ridibundus.
Izinhlanzi zasolwandle zinkulu futhi zihlala eduze nezilwandle, ezichazwe yiLinnaeus efanayo ngo-1766 ngaphansi kwegama elithi Larus marinus. Sekukonke, uhlobo lwe-gull lubandakanya izinhlobo ezingama-23, phambilini ezinye ezinye zazithunyelwa kulo, kepha ngemuva kocwaningo lofuzo lwadluliselwa esigabeni esihlobene nalo. Izinyoni zasendulo zazihlala eMhlabeni cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-150-160 edlule, kepha izinkukhu zingumndeni omncane kakhulu. Izinsalela zayo zasendulo ezitholakala kakhulu zazihlala emhlabeni wethu ngemuva kokuqothulwa okukhulu ekupheleni kweCretaceous - cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-50-55 edlule.
Ividiyo: I-Seagull
Ngokusobala, babephakathi kwemindeni eyakhiwe ngenxa yokuthi ngenxa yalokhu kushabalala imicengezi eminingi yemvelo yakhishwa, eyayihlala inzalo yabasindile, kubandakanya nezinyoni. Kodwa noma kunjalo, kwakukude nokubonakala kwezinhlanzi zasolwandle ngokwazo - endala kunazo zonke zahlala eMhlabeni cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-7 kuya ku-12 BC. AmaChaikov ngokuvamile abonakala ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo okunamandla: leli qembu ngesikhathi esisheshayo eliguqulelwe empilweni eduze kwamanzi. Ekuqaleni, lezi kwakuyizindikimba zamanzi ezisemaphandleni, zase ziqala ukwakha ulwandle. Kancane kancane, bathola ukuguquguquka okuqhubekayo kokuziphendukela kwempilo eduze kwamanzi nasemanzini, futhi le nqubo ngeke ibhekwe njengephelele.
Kepha abakwenzile ngokuqinisekile ukuthi banqoba umhlaba omkhulu, baqala ukuhlala ezindaweni ezimbili: izinsalela zabantu abadala kunabo bonke zitholakala eCentral Asia naseNingizimu Melika. Baphumelele ngenxa yokuzala kwabo okuphezulu kanye nokukwazi ukuzivumelanisa.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: inyoni yasolwandle
Ama-gulls anamakhanda amnyama anesisindo esingu-200-400 amagremu futhi abukeka ezacile. Ama-sea gulls anesisindo esiphindwe kaningana ngaphezulu - 1.2-2 kg, lezi yizinyoni ezinkulu, ezifika ku-80 cm ubude. Kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa zezinhlobo, ngasinye sinomehluko waso ophawulekayo: izimbungulu ezimbili zezinhlobo ezihlukile ngaphandle zingahluka kakhulu kunezinyoni ezinamagama ahluke ngokuphelele.
Ukuhlelwa kwe-gulls kuyinkimbinkimbi; izikole ezahlukahlukene ze-ornithological zingahlukanisa ngokwezinhlelo zazo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhono lezinambuzane zezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokuhlangana futhi linikeze inzalo, izimpawu zangaphandle ezivame ukuhlanganisa izimpawu zombili, liyazidida izinto.
Kungenzeka ukhethe izici ezijwayelekile ezijwayelekile zabaningi bohlobo lwezinhlobo: isibonelo, izinkukhu zinomzimba ohlanjululwe futhi omude onama-aerodynamics amahle, amaphiko amade nomsila oyisikwele. Ulwelwesi olusetshenziselwa ukubhukuda lubonakala kahle emilenzeni - ngemuva kwakho konke, le nyoni ingagxumela inyamazane, futhi kwesinye isikhathi imane ivele iqhume emanzini.
Zibonakala ngezimpaphe ezimhlophe noma ezimpunga; omaka abamnyama bavame ukutholakala ekhanda noma ezimpikweni. Izinyoni ezincane zivame ukuba nezimpaphe zombala onsundu, bese kuthi ngokuguga zibe lula, zize ziphenduke zibe mhlophe ngokuphelele ezindlekeni ezindala. Izimpaphe azinamanzi futhi zenza kube lula ukuthi i-seagull ibhukude.
Umlomo uqine futhi mude, ukuphela kwawo kugobile - inyamazane esemanzini iyashelela, futhi uqhwaku lwalesi sakhiwo lusiza ukuyigcina. Imilenze imifushane, imnyama noma ibomvu. Akulula ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwamadoda nabesifazane, ngoba lokhu udinga ukwazi izimpawu ezincane okungenziwa ngazo lokhu kuhlobo ngalunye.
Ihlala kuphi i-seagull?
Isithombe: White seagull bird
Bahlala ogwini, kokubili izilwandle nemifula enamachibi. Eminye imihosha ihlala ngisho emaxhaphozini. Ngamafuphi, ububanzi bazo bubanzi kakhulu, lezi zinyoni zitholakala kumazwekazi ahlukene nasezindaweni ezihlukene zezulu. Ezinye izinhlobo ziyafuduka, ezinye zihlala ebusika.
Uhlobo ngalunye lunendawo yalo yokusabalalisa.
Ngakho-ke, ama-gulls ajwayelekile ajwayelekile ku:
- IRussia;
- iningi laseYurophu;
- Igalikuni;
- I-Iceland;
- ingxenye eseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeGreenland;
- I-Asia Ephakathi.
Njengoba ukwazi ukubona kulokhu, bayakwazi ukuhlala ezindaweni ezihluke kakhulu, kusuka eMedithera eshisayo nase-Uzbekistan eshisayo, kuya eGreenland ebandayo, esifundeni sase-Arkhangelsk naseKolyma.
Ezinye izinhlobo zama-gulls ziyi-synanthropic, okungukuthi, zihlala eduze kwabantu futhi zihlobanise indlela yazo yokuphila nazo. Abamele zonke izinhlobo zabantu abesabi, imvamisa bandizela phezulu baqale ukucela ukudla, bangaze bakuntshontshe ngenkathi umnikazi efulathela. Bavame ukulandela imikhumbi futhi bababone behamba ngokumemeza okuthile.
Izinkumbi zingatholakali nje kuphela eduze kwezidumbu zamanzi, kepha futhi ziqhelelene nazo: zifuna ukudla, zingandiza ziye ezweni lezolimo noma emadolobheni atholakala amashumi amakhilomitha ukusuka echibini lakubo noma olwandle. Impela, awuyikuthola i-seagull ngaphandle kwasezintabeni, ehlane noma ehlathini elicinene.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: AmaColony of gulls afundiswa ngenkuthalo, kusetshenziswa isibonelo sabo ukutadisha izici zokuziphatha kwezilwane emiphakathini emikhulu kangaka. Izimiso eziningi zesayensi ye-ethology zivele ngqo ngesisekelo sokutadisha ukuthi ama-gull nezihlobo zawo eziseduze ziziphatha kanjani, futhi kwakha nemiphakathi efanayo.
Yini edla i-seagull?
Isithombe: I-Seagull indiza
Ukudla kwalezi zinyoni kuhlukahlukene, zingadla noma yini, kufaka phakathi isinkwa, isoseji no-ayisikhilimu. Abavakashi abashiya ukudla endaweni ebonakalayo bayakholelwa njalo ngalokhu. Kepha isisekelo semenyu ye-gull kuseyizidalwa eziphilayo okufanele zizingele.
It:
- izimbaza;
- izinkalankala;
- i-jellyfish;
- inhlanzi;
- ingwane;
- amagundane;
- izinambuzane;
- isidumbu.
Ukuzungeza ngaphezu kwamanzi, ukulinda inyamazane, kungaba yinde kakhulu - uma ukuzingela kungasethiwe, kwesinye isikhathi kufanele kwenziwe amahora amaningi kulandelana ngaphandle kwemiphumela. Futhi ziyakwazi lokhu - lezi zinyoni ziqinile kakhulu. Ngokushesha nje lapho bethola inyamazane, bayandiza bayilandele bese bangena emanzini, bese beyibamba ngomlomo wabo. Bangasebenzisa indlela ehlakaniphile futhi balandele izinhlanzi ezinkulu: bazingela futhi bakhombe i-seagull ezinhlanzini ezincane, ngemuva kwalokho izame ukubamba ukubanjwa. Futhi noma kungenjalo, lapho isilwane esikhulu sibamba inyamazane futhi siyidabule, inhlanzi izozama ukubamba isiqeshana sayo - ngethemba loku, bavame ukuzungeza oshaka.
Uma inyamazane ikwazile ukubaleka, i-seagull futhi kufanele ihambe iyozingela, futhi amandla ayo okulondoloza kufanele anele ukwenza ukuntywila okuningi okungaphumeleli kulandelana. Ngaphandle kobukhazikhazi balezi zinyoni, kunzima ukuzingela, ngoba izinhlanzi zasolwandle zikhetha ukucela ukudla kubantu. Kulula ngabo ukuthi babambe izinkalankala noma ama-jellyfish aphonswe ogwini - owokuqala ubaleka kancane, kanti owokugcina akakwazi ukukwenza nhlobo. Ngakho-ke, izinhlanzi zasolwandle ziyathanda ukuzijabulisa futhi zivakashela njalo izindawo ezivundile kakhulu ogwini, lapho amagagasi ephonsa khona izidalwa eziphilayo.
Futhi uma esekwazile ukubola kancane, akunandaba - izingwe zasolwandle azikudeleli ukudla izidumbu. Bangabuye bahlole nezindawo zokulahla udoti ezisendaweni eseduze nogu befuna okuthile okudliwayo. Futhi, izinhlanzi zasolwandle ezingakutholanga ukudla kwazo olwandle zingabamba izilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini, amagundane, zichithe izidleke zabanye abantu futhi zidle amaqanda.
Manje uyazi ukuthi udla ulwandle. Ake sibone ukuthi uhlala kanjani endle.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Sea gull
Bayasebenza emini, bachitha isikhathi sabo esiningi bezama ukuzitholela ukudla - futhi udinga okuningi, ngoba izinhlanzi zasolwandle ziminzile kakhulu. Kulokhu kusesha, zingandiza zisuke endaweni yazo amakhilomitha amaningi, kepha kuthi kuphela usuku ziphindele ezindaweni zokwakha izidleke ebusuku. Zivikeleke ngokwethembeka emoyeni, futhi inala yazo ivikela ezilwaneni eziyizigaxa.
Zibonakaliswa ngobuhlakani futhi zikubonisa ngezindlela ezihlukile: ngokwesibonelo, uma inyoni yasolwandle ingakwazi ukuvula igobolondo le-mollusk ngomlomo wayo, iliphonsa phansi ematsheni abukhali ukusuka phezulu ukuze iphule igobolondo. Imvamisa, izinhlanzi zasolwandle zingatholakala emigwaqweni yamadolobha aseduze nemizimba yamanzi, zinamathela kuwo wonke umuntu ezihlangana naye nokudla, ngethemba lokuthi zizokwabelana nazo. Zingandiza ukondla zodwa nangomhlambi. Inketho yokuqala igcwele ukungqubuzana phakathi kwezinyoni: balwela ukubamba inkunzi umakhelwane, lapho nje evala umlomo, khona-ke uzosebenzisa uqhwaku nezinzipho zakhe ukuziphindiselela kumenzi wobubi.
Yonke indlela yabo yokuphila isuselwa ekutheni isimo sezulu sihle kangakanani ngonyaka ozayo nokuthi banokudla okungakanani. Uma unyaka uphenduke umubi, kungenzeka angabekeli amaqanda nhlobo, kepha ngasikhathi sinye ahlala ezihlahleni ngokungathi ayawaqandusela. Uma izimo zimbi unyaka nonyaka, khona-ke lonke ikoloni lingathuthela kwenye indawo.
Ama-gulls awavumeli noma ngubani ukuthi anyathele insimu yawo ezungeze isidleke - lokhu kusebenza kuzo zombili izihlobo kanye nawo wonke umuntu. Uma kule ndawo kukhona enye i-seagull, khona-ke kuqala ukulwa, futhi uma kungenwa ngumzingeli noma umuntu othile, khona-ke lonke ikoloni le-seagulls liphakamisa ukukhala, lisuka kanye nesibhakabhaka bese lizama ukuxosha umfokazi, likukhipha ngopopayi.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izinkukhu ezinamakhanda amnyama zivame ukuthatha izinyoni ezinyoni ezincane. Bavele bababhekise phansi, baqale ukushaya ngoqhwaku lwabo futhi babenze balahle inyamazane yabo ukuze bazivikele. Ngemuva kwalokho, bavele baxoshe ompofu bazithathele bona.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Gull chick
Izinkumbi zihlala emakholoni aphelele, ngalinye linabantu abangama-500 kuya ku-5 000, izidleke zazo ezisondelene - ukusuka kwesigamu semitha kuya kumamitha ayishumi. Yize impilo kuleli koloni inezinzuzo zayo - okokuqala, ingukuvikelwa ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye, kepha futhi inezinkinga eziningi. Okuyinhloko yimvelo yokuxabana kwezinhlanzi zasolwandle uqobo. Ziyizilwane ezimbi kakhulu komunye nomunye, futhi izingxabano zihlala ziphakama phakathi kwazo ngenxa yokuhlasela komunye umsele ensimini yomunye noma ngenxa yokudla.
Ama-seagulls angabodwa futhi enza ama-pair ngasikhathi sinye iminyaka eminingi - imvamisa kuze kube sekufeni komunye wabalingani. Isikhathi sokuzalisa siqala ezindaweni ezifudumele ngo-Ephreli, nalapho kubanda khona ngoMeyi noma ngoJuni. Izinkumbi ezifudukayo ngaleso sikhathi zinesikhathi sokundiza ziqalaze, zihlukanise izindawo zokwakha izidleke - phakathi nalokhu kuqoshwa, abesilisa bavame ukulwa bodwa ngokuhamba phambili. Lapho ukulwa kudamba, abesilisa bazikhethela abesifazane, ngemuva kwalokho kwenziwa ukondliwa okungokwesiko: uma owesifazane ethatha ukudla, uyavuma ukwakha umbhangqwana, ngemuva kwalokho owesilisa umletha endaweni yakhe.
Kwakhiwe isidleke phezu kwaso. Ukuze wenze lokhu, ama-seagulls asebenzisa amagatsha, ubulembu, ulwelwe, amagobolondo. Imvamisa bavakashela abantu bezitholela izinto zokwakha, futhi ngenxa yokuthi bathambekele ekuphatheni izinto ezincane, ingaqukatha zonke izinhlobo zobuhlalu, okokufaka izinwele, imicu. Ngokuziphatha okunjalo, abahlali bezindawo ezisogwini abazithandi, kepha izingwe zasolwandle nazo zenza umsebenzi owusizo: zithwala udoti omningi emigwaqweni.
Isidleke uqobo lwaso ngokuvamile siyindilinga futhi sikhulu, sinokudangala phakathi. Zitholakala emadwaleni nasemadwaleni, noma ogwini lolwandle. Uma ugu lungafinyeleleki ezingwini zasolwandle, kufanele zidleke kude kancane, bese zizama ukuhlala ethafeni. Insikazi izalela amaqanda ama-2-3 ombala omnyama onamathoni aluhlaza, emva kwalokho yena nowesilisa bawafukamela ngokulandelana. Amaqanda adinga izinsuku ezingama-20-30 ukuze akhule, bese kuzalwa amaphuphu anomsindo futhi anomsindo - aqala ukufuna ukudla ngokushesha. Bangakwazi ukuzihambela ngokwabo ngemuva kwesonto, kepha noma ngemuva kwalokho, abazali babo bayaqhubeka nokubondla.
Bobabili abazali babamba iqhaza kulokhu, futhi ngisho behlangene kunzima kubo ukondla amaphuphu amaningi: bafuna ukudla okwengeziwe nsuku zonke, ukondla kudinga ukwenziwa izikhathi ezi-5-6 ngosuku, futhi kuhlale kudingekile ukuletha ukudla okuningi okuncane kuso. Ngasikhathi sinye, izinyoni zisadinga ukuzidla ngokwazo - aziphumeleli njalo ekwenzeni lokhu njengakuqala. Amachwane aqala ukufunda ukundiza eneminyaka eyinyanga eyodwa, futhi akwazi kahle ukuhamba ngendiza ezinyangeni ezimbili, emva kwalokho aqale ukufuna inyamazane yawo futhi azihlalele ngokwahlukana nabazali bawo. Ukuvuthwa ngokocansi kuma-gull kuvame ukwenzeka ngonyaka wesibili wokuphila, yize kwezinye izinhlobo kuza ngaphambi kwesikhathi - ezinyangeni eziyi-8-10; kukhona okumele balinde ngaphezu kweminyaka emithathu.
Izitha zemvelo zezinhlanzi zasolwandle
Isithombe: inyoni yasolwandle
Iningi lezinhlanzi zasolwandle liyizinyoni ezinkulu impela, zindiza ngokushesha futhi zinezitho zomqondo ezithuthukile. Ngenxa yalokho, abasongelwa yizilwane eziningi ezidla ezinye - ezinye izinhlobo azinazo nhlobo izitha zemvelo. Kepha kumaqhuqhuva amancane, lezi yizinyoni ezinkulu ezidla njengezinkozi noma ama-kites.
Ukuhlaselwa kwezinhlanzi zasolwandle kwenzeka ngokwethukela, ngoba kuyingozi ukundiza ungene emhlambini: imvamisa umhlaseli ubamba enye yezinyoni bese ehlehla nayo. Kuyaqabukela, izinhlanzi zasolwandle zingabulawa izidalwa zasolwandle ezinjengezingwane. Kwesinye isikhathi zisengozini phansi - ngokwesibonelo, izimpungushe ziyazizingela.
Kepha izilwane ezidla ezinye azilimazi kangako olwandle njengezihlobo uqobo. Bahlala emakoloni amakhulu, lapho isimo esinolaka nesingenangqondo salezi zinyoni ezidla inyama sibonakaliswa ngokuqinile: bahlala bentshontsha ukudla komunye nomunye, balwela lokhu noma ezinye izizathu, futhi bathambekele nasekuhlaseleni izidleke zabazalwa.
Esikhathini esiningi lokhu kwenzeka ngezinsuku lapho kunokudla okuncane futhi izinyoni ziqala ukubulawa yindlala. Kunzima impela ukugcina i-clutch iqinile, futhi nokuvikela amaphuphu, lapho kudingeka futhi ukondla bese wondla inzalo. Ngakho-ke, izinqwaba eziningi azinaso ngisho nesikhathi sokuchanyuselwa emaqandeni azo noma zife zincane kakhulu - zibulawa nje yizihlobo zazo.
Abantu baphinde baqothule izinkumbi: kwezinye izindawo babhekwa njengenyoni eyingozi eqothula izinhlanzi ezibalulekile, yize lokhu cishe kungenzeki ngaso sonke isikhathi - cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi bazingela izinhlanzi ezincane ezingabizi kangako kwezentengiselwano. Kwezinye izindawo, baningi kakhulu babo abahlukanisile, bese beqala ukugxambukela.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: I-bird seagull eRussia
Ama-seagulls ajwayela kahle, kufaka phakathi ukuthi akwazi ukujwayela ukuthuthuka okukhulayo kweplanethi ngumuntu. Uma ezinye izinyoni eziningi zihlushwa yizo futhi zizithole sezisengozini yokuqothulwa, ama-seagull, ngokuphambene nalokho, akwazi ngisho nokwandisa inani labantu ngenxa yabantu.
Isici esiyinhloko ukuthi bashintshela ngokwengxenye ekuqoqeni okuphakelayo kwemvelaphi ye-anthropogenic. Okungukuthi, badla izibi ezahlukahlukene, noma balandela imikhumbi yokudoba futhi bacoshe izinhlanzi nokunye ukudla okuphonswe kubo. Uma isikhathi sokulima sifika, bandizela emasimini futhi, ngemuva kokulima, bacosha izibungu nezinambuzane esezithole ngaphezulu.
Ngenxa yakho konke lokhu, akukho lutho olusongela izinhlobo eziyinhloko zama-gulls, kunalokho, zisakazeka kabanzi nangaphezulu. Kepha kunezinhlobo ezingavamile kakhulu, kwezinye izindawo zivikelwe nomthetho. Isibonelo, lona ngumhlanga onamehlo amhlophe ohlala eduze noLwandle Olubomvu, iNew Zealand Bullerian gull kanye ne-lava gull, etholakala kuphela eziqhingini zaseGalapagos.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ama-seagull ahlotshaniswa nezimpawu zamatilosi: uma behlala emansini noma emanzini, khona-ke isimo sezulu siyoba sihle, futhi uma bememeza futhi bezulazula osebeni, isiphepho sisondela. Lezi zibonakaliso zisungulwe kahle - uma ingcindezi yasemkhathini iphakeme, khona-ke ayikho imisinga yomoya enyukayo ngaphezu kwamanzi futhi kunzima ukuthi ama-seagulls akwazi ukundiza, ngakho-ke akhetha ukuhlala osebeni.
Gull unesimo esinolaka futhi ulwa njalo, konakalisa izidleke zabanye abantu futhi uthatha inyamazane yabanye abantu - ngeke nakancane babizwe ngezinyoni ezinhle. Kepha azidali monakalo omkhulu kubantu, ngaphandle uma bengakhipha okuthile okuncane. Bayakuqonda ukuthi bangakuthola kanjani futhi kuphi ukudla, futhi bangakucela kubantu noma bakuthathe kwezinye izinyoni.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 18.07.2019
Usuku lokubuyekeza: 09/25/2019 ngo-21: 14
