Ingqamuzana lesilwane lisuselwa kuseli lesitshalo. Lokhu kucabanga kososayensi kusekelwe ekubhekweni kuka-Euglena Zelena. Kule-unicellular, izici zesilwane nesitshalo ziyahlanganiswa. ngakho-ke U-Euglena kubhekwe isigaba sesikhashana kanye nokuqinisekiswa kombono wobunye bazo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Ngokwalo mbono, umuntu wehla hhayi kuphela ezinkawini, kodwa nasezitshalweni. Ngabe kufanele sicindezele iDarwinism ngemuva?
Incazelo kanye nezici ze-Euglena
Esigabeni esivele sikhona U-Euglena Zelena kubhekisa ku-algae unicellular. Njengezinye izitshalo, isitshalo se-unicellular siqukethe i-chlorophyll. Ngokufanele, ku izimpawu zika-Euglena Zelena kufaka phakathi ikhono le-photosynthesis - ukuguqulwa kwamandla alula abe yikhemikhali. Lokhu kujwayelekile ezitshalweni. Ingabonakala kuphela ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu, esingathengwa esitolo se-microscope.
Isakhiwo sika-Euglena Zelena isikisela ukuba khona kwama-chloroplast angama-20 esitokisini. Kukuzona lapho i-chlorophyll igxile khona. Ama-chloroplast angamapuleti aluhlaza futhi atholakala kuphela kumaseli ane-nucleus enkabeni. Ukudla kwelanga kubizwa nge-autotrophic. U-Euglena usebenzisa okunjalo emini.
Isakhiwo sika-Euglena Zelena
Isifiso sezinto ezingama-unicellular ekukhanyeni sibizwa ngokuthi yi-phototaxis enhle. Ebusuku, i-alga iyi-heterotrophic, okungukuthi, imunca into ephilayo emanzini. Amanzi kufanele ahlanzeke. Ngakho-ke, i-Euglena itholakala emachibini, emachibini, emaxhaphozini, emifuleni, ikhetha lawo angcolisiwe. Ezinqolobaneni ezinamanzi ahlanzekile, ulwelwe luncane ngesibalo noma alukho nhlobo.
Ukuhlala emizimbeni yamanzi engcolile, u-Euglena Zelenaya angathwala ama-trypanos neLeishmania. Lesi sakamuva yi-agent ebangela izifo eziningana zesikhumba. Ama-Trypanosomes avusa ukukhula kwezifo zokulala zase-Afrika. Ithinta i-lymphatic, uhlelo lwezinzwa, futhi iholele kumkhuhlane.
Uthando lwamanzi amile nezinsalela ezibolile ze-euglena luhlobene ne-amoeba. Iqhawekazi le-athikili nalo lingaqala e-aquarium. Kwanele ukukhohlwa ngokuhlunga, ukushintsha amanzi kuwo isikhashana. Uma u-Euglena ekhona e-aquarium, amanzi ayaqhakaza. Ngakho-ke, ama-aquarists abheka ulwelwe lwama-unicellular njengohlobo lwe-parasite.
Kufanele sicoshe amadamu asekhaya anamakhemikhali, ngenkathi sifaka izinhlanzi kwezinye iziqukathi. Kodwa-ke, amanye ama-aquarists abheka i-heroine ye-athikili njengokudla kwefry. Lesi sakamuva sibona u-Euglene njengezilwane, siqaphela ukunyakaza okusebenzayo.
I-Euglena isakazwa ekhaya njengokudla kwefry. Ungayi echibini ngaso sonke isikhathi. I-Protozoa yanda ngokushesha kunoma yisiphi isidlo esinamanzi angcolile. Into esemqoka ukukhipha izitsha emini. Ngaphandle kwalokho, inqubo ye-photosynthesis izoma.
Ukudla okunomsoco, okuhlala kuwo u-Euglena ebusuku, kuyisibonakaliso sezilwane. Esinye isilwane esineseli elilodwa sifaka:
- Ukunyakaza okusebenzayo. Ikheji lika-Euglena Green ine-flagellum. Ukuhamba kwayo okujikelezayo kunikeza ukuhamba kwe-algae. Ihamba ngokuqhubekayo. Lokhu kwehlukile Isihlangu se-Euglena Green ne-Infusoria... Lesi sakamuva sihamba kahle, sinama-cilia amaningi esikhundleni se-flagellum eyodwa. Zimfushane futhi ziyagwedla.
- Ukushayela i-vacuoles. Zifana nezindandatho zemisipha.
- Umsele wamlomo. Kanjalo, u-Euglena akanawo umlomo wokuvula. Kodwa-ke, ngomzamo wokubamba ukudla okungokwemvelo, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, kucindezela ngaphakathi ingxenye yolwelwesi olungaphandle. Ukudla kugcinwa kuleli gumbi.
Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi iGreen Euglena inezimpawu zombili zezitshalo nezilwane, ososayensi baphikisana ngokuthi i-heroine ye-athikili ingeyombuso othile. Iningi lokubalwa kwe-Euglena kuflora. Izilwane ezingama-Unicellular zibhekwa cishe ngo-15% wososayensi. Bonke abanye babona u-Euglene njengefomu eliphakathi.
Izimpawu zika-Euglena Zelena
Umzimba we-unicellular unesimo se-fusiform. Unegobolondo elinzima. Ubude bomzimba busondele kumamilimitha angu-0.5. Ngaphambi komzimba ka-Euglena kufiphele. Kukhona iso elibomvu lapha. Kuyabukeka, kuvumela izidalwa ezingama-unicellular ukuthola izindawo "zokondla" emini. Ngenxa yobuningi bamehlo ezindaweni lapho i-Euglene iqongelela khona, indawo yamanzi ibukeka ibomvu, nsundu.
U-Euglena Green ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu
I-flagellum ibuye inanyathiselwe ekugcineni kwangaphakathi komzimba weseli. Abantu abasanda kuzalwa kungenzeka bangabi nayo, ngoba iseli lihlukana kabili. I-flagellum ihlala kwenye yezingxenye. Okwesibili, isitho semoto sikhula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukuphela kwangemuva komzimba Isitshalo se-Euglena Green inephuzu. Lokhu kusiza ulwelwe ukungena ngaphakathi emanzini, kuthuthukise ukuhleleka, kungakho ijubane.
I-heroine ye-athikili ibonakala ngokugcwala komzimba. Yikhono lokuguqula ukwakheka komzimba. Yize imvamisa imile okokuphotha, ingaba:
- njengesiphambano
- ukugoqa
- eyindilinga
- Isigaxa.
Noma ngabe uluphi uhlobo u-Euglena, i-flagellum yakhe ayibonakali uma iseli liphila. Inqubo ifihliwe emehlweni ngenxa yemvamisa yokuhamba. Iso lomuntu alikwazi ukukubamba. Ububanzi obuncane be-flagellum nabo buba nomthelela kulokhu. Ungayihlola ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu.
Isakhiwo sika-Euglena
Ukufingqa lokho okwashiwo ezahlukweni zokuqala, U-Euglena Green - isilwane noma izitshalo eziqukethe:
- I-Flagellum, ubukhona bayo obabela u-Euglena ekilasini lama-flagellates. Abamele bayo banezinqubo ezivela ku-1 kuye ku-4. Ububanzi be-flagellum bucishe bube yi-0.25 micrometer. Le nqubo imbozwe ulwelwesi lwe-plasma futhi yakhiwa ama-microtubes. Zihamba zihlobene. Yilokhu okwenza ukunyakaza okujwayelekile kwe-flagellum. Inamathele emizimbeni engu-2 eyisisekelo. Bagcina i-flagellum esheshayo ku-cytoplasm yeseli.
- Imbokodo. Kubizwa nangokuthi ukucwaswa. Kuqukethe imicu ye-optic nokwakheka okufana nelensi. Ngenxa yazo, iso liyakubamba ukukhanya. Ilensi yayo ikhombisa i-flagellum. Ethola umfutho, uqala ukunyakaza. Isitho esibomvu ngenxa yamaconsi anemibala ye-lipid - fat. Inemibala nge-carotenoids, ikakhulukazi, i-hematochrome. Izingulube zemvelo zamathoni abomvu asawolintshi abizwa ngokuthi ama-carotenoids. I-ocellus izungezwe ulwelwesi olufana nolwe-chloroplast.
- AmaChromatophores. Leli yigama lamaseli anombala nezakhi zezitshalo. Ngamanye amagama, sikhuluma ngama-chlorophyll nama-chloroplast aqukethe. Ukubamba iqhaza ku-photosynthesis, zikhiqiza ama-carbohydrate. Ukuqongelela, okwakamuva kungavimba ama-chromatophores. Ngemuva kwalokho u-Euglena uba mhlophe esikhundleni sokuluhlaza.
- I-Pellicula. Siqukethe ulwelwesi oluyisicaba. Baqamba ifilimu ye-protozoan integumentary. Ngendlela, ngesiLatini, amaphilisi ayisikhumba.
- Inkontileka vacuole. Kutholakala ngezansi kwesisekelo se-flagellum. NgesiLatini, i-vacuole isho okungenalutho. Ngokufana nohlelo lwemisipha, uhlelo luthola izinkontileka, luphusha amanzi amaningi ngokweqile aphume esitokisini. Lokhu kugcina ivolumu engaguquki ka-Euglena.
Ngosizo lwe-contractile vacuole, hhayi kuphela ukuxoshwa kwemikhiqizo ye-metabolic, kodwa futhi nokuphefumula. Uhlelo lwabo luyafana U-Euglena Zelena no-Amoeba... Umnyombo weseli yi-nucleus. Ihanjiswe endaweni yokugcina yangemuva yomzimba we-algae, imisiwe kumicu ye-chromatin. I-nucleus iyisisekelo sokuhlukanisa, esiphindaphindayo U-Euglena Green. Isigaba okulula kakhulu kubonakala ngale ndlela yokuzala kabusha.
Ukugcwaliswa ketshezi kweseli le-Euglena yi-cytoplasm. Isisekelo salo yi-hyaloplasm. Siqukethe amaprotheni, polysaccharides kanye nucleic acid. Kuphakathi kwabo lapho kufakwa khona izinto ezifana nesitashi. Izithako zintanta ngokoqobo emanzini. Lesi sixazululo yi-cytoplasm.
Ukwakheka kwephesenti kwe-cytoplasm akuzinzile futhi akunanhlangano. Ukugcwaliswa okubonakalayo kweseli akunambala. U-Euglene unemibala kuphela nge-chlorophyll. Empeleni, i-cytoplasm ikhawulelwe ngamaqoqo ayo, i-nucleus nolwelwesi.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Umsoco ka-Euglena Zelena hhayi isigamu se-autotrophic kuphela, kodwa isigamu se-heterotrophic. Ukumiswa kwento efana nesitashi kunqwabelana ku-cytoplasm yeseli. Lesi yisiqiwu sokudla okunomsoco osukwini olunemvula. Uhlobo lokudla oluxubile lubizwa ngokuthi yi-mixotrophic ososayensi. Uma u-Euglena engena emizimbeni yamanzi efihlekile ekukhanyeni, ngokwesibonelo, emigedeni, kancane kancane ilahlekelwa yi-chlorophyll.
Ngemuva kwalokho i-algae engafani nenye iqala ukubukeka njengesilwane esilula, sondla kuphela ezintweni eziphilayo. Lokhu futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuba nobudlelwano phakathi kwezitshalo nezilwane. Lapho kukhona ukukhanya, i-heroine ye-athikili ayisebenzisi "ukuzingela" futhi ayisebenzi. Kungani uphephezelisa i-flagellum lapho ukudla okukuhlobo lokukhanya kuwela kuwe? U-Euglena uqala ukuhamba ngenkuthalo kuphela ezimweni zokuhwalala.
Ulwelwe alunakudla ngaphandle kokudla ebusuku, ngoba lincane kakhulu. Akunandawo yokwenza imithombo eyanele yamandla. Imali enqwabelene isetshenziswa ngokushesha ezinqubweni zokuphila. Uma u-Euglena ebulawa yindlala, ehlangabezana nokushoda kokukhanya nokuntuleka kwezinto eziphilayo emanzini, uqala ukudla into efana nesitashi. Ibizwa ngokuthi yi-paramil. Izilwane zisebenzisa amanoni agcinwe ngaphansi kwesikhumba.
Ukunikezwa kwamandla kagesi i-protozoan Euglena Green izindawo zokungcebeleka, njengomthetho, ku-cyst. Igobolondo elinzima elenziwa yi-algae lapho licindezelwe. Iphilisi lifana nebhamuza. Empeleni, umqondo we "cyst" uhunyushwe kusuka esiGrekini.
Ngaphambi kokwakheka kwe-cyst, ulwelwe lulahla i-flagellum. Lapho izimo ezingezinhle zingena ezimweni ezijwayelekile, i-cyst iyahluma. I-Euglena eyodwa ingahle iphume ku-capsule, noma eziningana. Ngamunye utshala iflagellum entsha. Emini, u-Euglens uphuthuma ezindaweni ezikhanyiswe kahle echibini, egcina phezulu. Ebusuku, izidalwa ezingama-unicellular zisatshalaliswa kuyo yonke indawo echibini noma emfuleni obuyela emuva emanzini.
Ama-Organoids we-Euglena Green
Ama-Organoids ayizinhlaka ezihlala njalo nezikhethekile. Lezi zitholakala kumaseli wezilwane nezitshalo. Kukhona elinye igama - organelles.
Ama-Organoids we-Euglena Greenempeleni, zibhalwe esahlukweni "Isakhiwo". I-organelle ngayinye iyinto ebalulekile yeseli, ngaphandle kwayo engeke:
- nande
- yenza uketshezi lwezinto ezahlukahlukene
- synthesize okuthile
- khiqiza futhi uguqule amandla
- ukudlulisa nokugcina izinto zofuzo
Ama-Organelles yisici sezinto ze-eukaryotic. Lezi zinomgogodla wangaphandle oyisisekelo nowokumila. U-Euglena Zelenaya uhambisana nencazelo. Ukufingqa, ama-organelles eukaryotic afaka: i-endoplasmic reticulum, i-nucleus, i-membrane, i-centrioles, i-mitochondria, i-ribosomes, i-lysosomes, kanye nezinto zikaGolgi. Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, iqoqo lama-organelles ka-Euglena lilinganiselwe. Lokhu kukhombisa ubukhulu be-unicellular.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kuka-Euglena Zelena, njengoba kushiwo, kuqala ngokuqhekeka kwenuzi. Ezimbili ezintsha ziyahlukana ezinhlangothini eziphambene zekheji. Ngemuva kwalokho iqala ukuhlukaniswa ohlangothini olude. Ukuhlukaniswa kwesiphambano akunakwenzeka. Umugqa wekhefu lika-Euglena Zelena ugijima phakathi kwalezi zinhlamvu ezimbili. Igobolondo elihlukanisiwe, njengokungathi, livaliwe engxenyeni ngayinye yeseli. Kuvela ezimbili ezizimele.
Ngenkathi ukuhlukaniswa kwe-longitudinal kwenzeka, i-flagellum ikhula "engxenyeni engenamsila". Le nqubo ingenzeka hhayi emanzini kuphela, kodwa naseqhweni, eqhweni. U-Euglena ubekezelela amakhaza. Ngakho-ke, iqhwa eliqhakazayo litholakala e-Urals, eKamchatka naseziqhingini zase-Arctic. Yiqiniso, imvamisa ibomvu klebhu noma imnyama. Izihlobo ze-heroine ye-athikili - u-Red no-Black Euglena - zikhonza njengohlobo lwe-pigment.
Ukuhlukaniswa kuka-Euglena Zelena
Impilo ka-Euglena Zelena, empeleni, ayipheli, njengoba i-unicellular izala ngokuhlukana. Iseli elisha liyingxenye yakudala. Owokuqala uyaqhubeka "nokunikeza" inzalo, isele uqobo.
Uma ikhuluma ngempilo yeseli elithile eligcina ubuqotho bayo, cishe izinsuku ezimbalwa. Unjalo unyaka wezinto eziningi eziphilayo ezinama-unicellular. Impilo yabo incane njengosayizi wabo. Ngendlela, igama elithi "Euglena" liqukethe amagama amabili esiGreki - "eu" nelithi "glene". Owokuqala uhunyushwa ngokuthi "muhle", bese owesibili uthi "ichashazi elicwebezelayo". Emanzini, ulwelwe luyakhanya ngempela.
Kanye namanye ama-protozoa, u-Euglena Zelenaya uya kwikharikhulamu yesikole. Ulwelwe olunamaseli owodwa lufundwa ebangeni lesi-9. Othisha bavame ukunika izingane uhlobo olujwayelekile lokuthi i-Euglena isitshalo. Imibuzo ngaye itholakala ekuhlolweni ku-biology.
Umuntu angazilungiselela zombili izincwadi zemfundo yezitshalo nezilwane. Zombili zinezahluko ezinikezelwe ku-Euglene Zelena. Ngakho-ke, abanye othisha bafundisa izingane ngobumbili be-unicellular. Ikakhulukazi inkambo ejulile inikezwa emakilasini akhethekile ezinto eziphilayo. Ngezansi kukhona ividiyo ekhuluma ngo-Euglene Zelena, owethusa izicucu zezicathulo.
