Incazelo nezici
Phakathi kombuso wezilwane, iqembu elibizwa ngokuthi amalulwane ligqamile. Abamele bayo bahlukile ngoba yibo kuphela izilwane ezincelisayo ezivela ekilasini lezilwane ezincelisayo ezikwazi ukundiza, futhi kahle kakhulu nangokuzimisela, ezinamaphiko. Leli oda lihlukile futhi lithathwa njengelesibili ngobukhulu besigaba esishiwo ngemuva kwamagundane. Amalungu ayo abonakala ngezici ezithile ezimangazayo.
Owokuqala ukushaya indiza. Kepha yehluke kakhulu kunendlela yokufana yokuhamba kwezinyoni. Le ndlela yokuhamba emoyeni ivumela amalulwane ukuthi akhombise ukuhamba okuhlaba umxhwele ne-aerodynamics, kanye nokukhulisa isivinini esikhulu ngokwedlulele kwizidalwa ezindizayo zomhlaba.
Enye impahla yabo ethokozisayo yikhono eliyingqayizivele lokuzwa isikhala esizungezile nezinto ezikulo. Ibizwa ngokuthi yi-echolocation. Lezi zidalwa zithakazelisa kakhulu kangangokuba kwavela isayensi ephelele yokufunda ngazo - i-chiropterology.
Umndeni wamalulwane ungowaleli qembu. Amalungu wesinye sohlobo lwayo (pteropus) avame ukubizwa njengezimpungushe ezindizayo. Abamele enye (i-rosetus) babizwa ngokuthi: ubusuku amalulwane, izinja ezindizayo - leli igama lesibili lalezi zidalwa.
Ososayensi, ngaphandle kwesizathu, babhekisa yomibili imikhakha esigabeni sezinto zakudala kakhulu phakathi kwezihlobo zabo ngokulandelana. Ahlukile kwamanye amalulwane ngesakhiwo sawo samathambo esidala. Futhi, amalulwane ezithelo awakwazi ukuziqhayisa ngekhono elithuthukisiwe le-echolocation. Kepha lokhu kuzoxoxwa ngakho kabanzi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Isakhiwo samaphiko ezidalwa ezinjalo sihluke ngokuphelele kwesezinyoni. Njengazo zonke izilwane ezincelisayo, zinemilenze emine, kodwa ziyaguqulwa ngokusobala futhi zisebenza njengamathambo amaphiko. Lezi zokugcina zinolwelwesi lwesikhumba olunwebekayo oluncane, omnyama, onsundu noma ophuzi ngokusawolintshi ngemithambo emnyama, yolulwe njengeseyili phakathi kwazo zonke izidladla nomsila, kodwa ngasikhathi sinye ukuzigoqa ngokukhululeka ngezikhathi zesidingo.
Ngenkathi zihamba emoyeni, lezi zidalwa zishaya amaphiko azo ngamandla, futhi ulwelwesi lwesikhumba seluleke kakhulu, futhi indawo yaso inyuka cishe amahlandla amane. Lo mklamo unikeza izinzuzo zokusuka ezinhlakeni ezahlukahlukene, futhi futhi wandisa ijubane nokusebenziseka kalula kokuhamba emoyeni. Amalulwane ahamba esikhaleni somoya ebusuku ngaphandle kokukhipha umsindo, futhi anamandla okufihla afike ku-100 km ngaphandle kwekhefu.
Igama lezilwane zoqobo: inja endizayo, ngokungangabazeki ngenxa yokufana okuphawuleka kwangaphandle nesidalwa esishiwo egameni, esijwayelene kakhulu nomuntu. Lezi zidalwa ezindizayo zinomlomo olengisiwe onekhala elifana ncamashi nenja; i-close-set, enkulu, amehlo ayindilinga; izindlebe ezincane; umzimba ombozwe izinwele ezibomvu, nsundu, phuzi, ngisho noluhlaza okotshani noma omnyama, esifundeni esingezansi somzimba ngokukhanyiseleka okubonakalayo.
Umsila wabo, njengomthetho, mfushane, futhi kungenzeka ungabikho ngokuphelele. Ezingxenyeni ezingaphambili, iminwe yenkomba ifakwe uzipho. Ubukhulu bomzimba bezidalwa ezinjalo bungahluka kakhulu: kusuka kokuncane (cishe ama-6 cm) kuye cishe engxenyeni yemitha. Izimpiko zamalulwane ezithelo ezinkulu kakhulu zingaba ngaphansi kwamamitha amabili nje.
Izidalwa ezinjalo ezingajwayelekile zihlala emazweni ase-Asia nase-Afrika, nase-Australia, futhi zihlala ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezishisayo, kepha zivame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezingaphansi komhlaba. Ububanzi babo buhlanganisa, ikakhulukazi, i-Iran, iJapane, iSyria, iMaldives, i-Oceania. Zonke izici zesakhiwo sazo ziyabonakala esithombeni senja endizayo.
Izinhlobo
Sekuvele kushiwo ukuthi amalulwane ezithelo awakwazi ukuziqhayisa ngamakhono e-echolocation amahle, ngokungafani namalulwane. Uma zinikezwe zona, ngefomu elidala kakhulu. Uhlobo lokuma esikhaleni ngokukhiqiza kabusha imvamisa ethile yamagagasi (e-ultrasonic) atholakala kuphela ezinhlotsheni ezithile.
Ukuze ube nombono wezinto ezizungezile lapho undiza ebumnyameni, abameleli bezinhlobo ezithile bakhipha amasiginali ezwi angabizwa ngaphezu kokwasekuqaleni. Isibonelo, iRousetus izala imisindo efana kakhulu nokuklanywa kwewashi. Amagagasi omsindo akhonjiswa ezintweni nasezintweni eziphilisayo esikhaleni futhi abonwa yizinto ezithunyelwe nazo. Ngenxa yalokhu, isithombe seqiniso elizungezile sivela ezingqondweni zabo.
Kepha imisindo ekhiqizwa kabusha yizinja ezindizayo, njengomthetho, akuyona eye-ultrasonic. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinhlobo zamalulwane ezithelo, angenawo amandla afiselekayo echolocation, athuthukise ngokuphelele umqondo wephunga, umbono nezinye izitho ezinhlanu zemizwa ezitholakala ezidalweni zasemhlabeni. Yibo abasiza ukuma kwabo nempilo yabo.
Inja endizayo yaseGibhithe
Wonke umndeni wamalulwane ezithelo uhlanganisa izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-170. Ngemuva kwalokho bayahlangana babe yisizukulwane, esingaba yishumi nane. Phakathi kwazo, izinhlobo zezinja ezindizayo (i-rosetus) nazo zimelwe ngendlela ebanzi kakhulu. Cabanga ngokuthakazelisa kakhulu kwezinhlobo zalezi zidalwa.
1. Inja endizayo yaseGibhithe... Abamele lolu hlobo banobude bomzimba cishe obungamasentimitha ayi-15. Banomsila omfishane, ongadluli ngisho usentimitha. Isisindo somzimba wazo singama-g ayi-130 kuphela. Maphakathi nezifinyela zomlomo wazo kunamehlo amakhulu ayindilinga abona kahle. Ijazi lithambile kakhulu futhi lizizwa lisilika lapho lithinta. Izidalwa ezinjalo zitholakala eTurkey, eMiddle East futhi, nakanjani, eGibhithe nasezindaweni ezizungezile zaseNyakatho Afrika.
Umlando wabantu baseCypriot udabukisa. Esikhathini esithile esidlule, icishe yaqothulwa ngokuphelele ngabalimi bendawo. Manje eCyprus sekukhona, njengoba wazi, ikoloni elincane lalezi zidalwa, ubukhulu bazo obulinganiselwa kubantu abambalwa kuphela. Lolu hlobo lwezidalwa ezindizayo alunakukhiqiza amasignali e-ultrasonic, kepha ngokuqondisa lukhipha imisindo, ngokunembile - luchofoza nje ulimi lwalo.
2. Inyoni yomgede. Ikhiqiza amasignali e-ultrasonic ngendlela yawo elula yokumsiza ukuthi azulazule. Ubuningi bezidalwa ezinjalo ngokuvamile abukho ngaphezu kwama-100 g.Lolu hlobo lutholakala eChina, ePakistan, eNdiya, eNepal nakwamanye amazwe anesimo sezulu esifanayo.
Njengoba lezi zidalwa zihlala emihumeni emnyama emanzi, zinezici ezithile ezizisiza zivumelane nempilo enjalo. Amehlo abo akhanya ngokukhanyayo kusihlwa futhi akhiphe ukukhanya kwe-phosphoric. Baphumula, njengamalulwane, endaweni ebheke phansi, enamathiselwe ngozipho abaqinisayo egumbini lomhume. Uma umuntu ezithola esendaweni ethile, angacosha leso silwane ngomoya ophansi. Abasabi abantu.
Inyoni yomgede
3. Kalong - inja enkulu endizayo... Ubukhulu bomzimba wabamele lezi zinhlobonhlobo bufinyelela kuma-40 cm futhi bakhulu. Izidalwa ezinjalo zitholakala eJapan, e-Iran, eSyria naseGibhithe. Umakhelwane wabo unikeza abantu inkathazo, ngoba bangadala umonakalo omkhulu emasimini ezithelo. Kepha amaKalong ahlupheke ngabantu ngenxa yokunambitheka kwenyama yabo, okubhekwa njengokufanele ukudla.
Inja endizayo yeKalong
4. Ilulwane lezithelo elincane. Igama lalesi sidalwa alidukisi. Lo impela ungummeleli omncane kakhulu wohlobo lwayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ungomncane kunabo bonke abalingani bakhe. Futhi ubukhulu bayo buyafana nobesinambuzane esikhulu. Izidalwa ezinjalo zihlala eNingizimu ye-Asia.
Ilulwane lezithelo lePygmy
Indlela yokuphila nendawo yokuhlala
Izinhlobo eziningi zamalulwane ezithelo asebusika zithanjiswa kalula ngabantu. Lokhu kufaka phakathi, okokuqala, abamele abaseGibhithe balolu hlobo lwezilwane (ngaphandle kwalesi esishiwo ekuqaleni, elinye igama livame ukusetshenziselwa izidalwa ezinjalo - amalulwane ezithelo zeNayile). Lezi zidalwa zihlukaniswa ngumlingiswa ongazethembi nobuchule bemvelo, ngaphezu kwalokho, ziyakwazi ukunamathela ngokuqinile enkosini yazo.
Izinja ezindizayo zasekhaya imvamisa abathandi bezidalwa ezingaphandle bagcinwa endaweni yezindiza evulekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bangahlaliswa egumbini lokuphumula engxenyeni ebiyelweyo. Njengoba kunikezwe isimo senhlalo yalezi zilwane ezifuywayo, kungcono ukungabi neyodwa, kepha izinja eziningana ezindizayo ngasikhathi sinye.
Ngaphandle kwalokho, kunamathuba amaningi okuthi isidalwa esinesizungu sizoqala ukuzitika ngokudangala. Utshani olujwayelekile lufanelekile njengombhede phansi endlini, ungasebenzisa futhi ukushefa okuncane kwezinkuni. Ukudla kuncike ezinhlotsheni.
Amalulwane ezithelo zeNayile ajwayele ukondliwa nge-compote, imifino eyomile, nephalishi lezithelo. Okudabukisayo kuphela ukuthi izilwane ezinjalo ezifuywayo azihlanzekile kakhulu. Laba baphangi bavame ukusabalalisa ukudla okudala kanye ne-shit noma ngabe bakuphi. Futhi indle yazo inokuguquguquka okungamanzi futhi inuka kabi.
Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, amalulwane ezithelo asebusuku athanda ukuhlala ezihlahleni zamahlathi nasemihumeni, kanye nasezakhiweni ezindala eziwohlokile, emifantwini enamadwala, ezimayini, emathuneni. Inja endizayo – isilwane, engatholakala ezindaweni eziphansi nasezintabeni.
Izidalwa ezinjalo zikhetha ukuhlala emakoloni. Zingaba zincane kakhulu, zibalwe cishe ngabantu abangamashumi amahlanu, futhi zibe zinkulu, zifinyelele kumalungu ayizinkulungwane ezimbili. Izindawo ezinjalo zenqwaba yezithelo zeNayile zivame ukutholakala ngaphakathi kwemibhoshongo endala yaseGibhithe.
Lezi zilwane ezindizayo zisebenza ikakhulu ebumnyameni. Futhi ngesikhathi esincane sosuku abakhetha ngaso, izinyawo zabo ziboshwe ngamatshe, balala kamnandi babheke phansi. Ngezikhathi zokuphumula, izinga labo lokushaya ngamandla licishe libe yingxenye. Emini, bangavuka uma bezwa ukuthi kukhona abangenayo ezintweni zabo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungalesi sikhathi sosuku lapho bezihlanza khona, behlela imizimba yabo ngokuhleleka. Phakathi kwezitha zalezi zilwane kuvame ukuba nezinyoni ezidla inyama: oheshe, izikhova zokhozi nezinye. Bacasulwa nayizinambuzane ezimunca igazi nezinye izinhlobo zemikhaza.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Ukuze zizitholele ukudla, lezi zidalwa zindiza ngokushesha nje ngemva kokushona kwelanga. Bathola okuthile okuzuzisa ngabo ngomqondo othuthukile wokuhogela nokubona. Ukudla kwamalulwane ezithelo asebusuku akunangozi kakhulu. Ingxenye yayo eyinhloko yakhiwe ngezithelo ezitholakala ezihlahleni ezingajwayelekile zaseningizimu.
Phakathi kwazo kukhona ubhanana, amadethi, amawolintshi, amakhiwane, umango. Idlani inja endizayo? okwamanje? Angadla namakhowe, imbewu, amaqabunga amancane, futhi adle nezinambuzane njengokudla. Kwesinye isikhathi izidalwa ezinjalo zizitika ngezimbali nangompe, zimunca impova, yize kungezona izinhlobo zokudla eziyinhloko.
Izinja ezindizayo zithanda ukudla izithelo
Amalulwane ezithelo asebusuku ngokuvamile anelisa indlala yawo ngokulenga elenga esihlahleni ebheke phansi. Ngasikhathi sinye, babambelela egatsheni lelinye lama-llamas agwetshiwe, futhi baphatha elinye, bekha izithelo. Kepha kwesinye isikhathi bayazibamba ngokudlula, bamane nje badlule. Bagculisa kakhulu isidingo somzimba somswakama ngokudla ujusi wezithelo. Kodwa futhi baphuza amanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwesinye isikhathi kusetshenziswa nosawoti. Lokhu kudingwa yimizimba yabo ekhethekile.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Imvamisa amalulwane ezithelo azala kanye kuphela ngonyaka. Isikhathi sokukhwelana salezi zilwane siqala endaweni ethile ngoJulayi, siphele phakathi nasekwindla. Kunzima ukubiza izinja ezindizayo zesifazane ezivundile. Ngokuvamile bazala okungaphezu kweyodwa, ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu - izingane ezimbili. Isikhathi sokukhulelwa uqobo sincike kubukhulu nohlobo. Abamele abakhulu balo mndeni bangazala izingane kuze kube izinyanga eziyisithupha.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi lezi zidalwa zizalela endaweni yazo edumile futhi ethokomele kakhulu kumalulwane anjalo - sibheke phansi. Ukuze izinyane, elishiya isizalo, lingawi phansi, umama umlungiselela kusengaphambili umbhede onethezekile wamaphiko akhe avaliwe, lapho umntwana osanda kuzalwa ethola khona ngokuphepha.
Izindiza Ezindiza Zezindiza
Njengoba kufanele izilwane ezincelisayo, ukudla kokuqala kwelulwane elincane lezithelo ubisi lukamama. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi izingane zalezi zidalwa zinexhala futhi zivumelane nempilo. Abagcini nje ngemuva kokuzalwa begibela ngokuzimela esifubeni sikamama, ngokuhaha bamba ingono, amawundlu ayakwazi ukubona ngokushesha. Futhi kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala umzimba wabo ubusuvele umbozwe ngoboya.
Esibelethweni sikamama, izingane zichitha izinsuku zazo zize ziqine futhi zithole wonke amakhono adingekayo okuphila ngokuzimela. Isikhathi esiqondile lapha futhi sincike ezinhlotsheni. Isibonelo, kusukela kululwane lwesithelo somhume, amawundlu afunda ukundiza futhi adle izithelo cishe ezinyangeni ezintathu ubudala.
Isikhathi sokuphila kwamalulwane ezithelo asebusuku emvelweni ngokuvamile kukholakala ukuthi singaphansi kweminyaka engu-8. Yize isayensi ingenalo ulwazi oluqondile ngalolu daba. Izinja ezindizayo ezibanjiwe, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zivame ukuhlala isikhathi eside kakhulu - endaweni ethile kuze kube yiminyaka engama-20, empeleni kuze kufike ku-25.
Uyini umehluko phakathi kwenja endizayo nempungushe endizayo?
Kulula ukudideka kusigama uma kukhulunywa ngamalulwane ezithelo. Iqiniso ngukuthi kaningi igama elifanayo lisetshenziselwa abamele isigaba sikaRousetus noPteropus: izinja ezindizayo. Futhi leli akulona iphutha elibi. Imvamisa ngale ndlela, idatha, abamele abacishe bafane kakhulu bomndeni wamalulwane, ibizwa ngisho nasemithonjeni yokubhala. Kepha uma ulwela ukuthola amatemu anembile, kufanele uqonde ukuthi lokhu akuyona into efanayo.
Inja endizayo
Ini umehluko phakathi kwenja endizayo nempungushe endizayo? Okokuqala, bangamalungu ohlobo oluhlukile. Kodwa-ke, banokufana okuningi esakhiweni nasekuziphatheni. Izimpungushe nezinja zidla cishe ukudla okufanayo, zichitha izinsuku zazo endaweni efanayo.
Amalungu womabili la mikhakha awanawo amakhono acacile okufunda, kepha agxile empilweni yawo ekuboneni nasekuzizweni kwephunga. Emaphikweni, ngamunye wabamele unenkomba yomunwe efakwe uzipho. Zinezakhiwo zakudala ze-vertebrae yomlomo wesibeletho nezimbambo ezihambayo. Lokhu kukhombisa ubunikazi obungangatshazwa kanye nobudlelwano obuseduze bezinja ezindizayo nezimpungushe.
Uhlobo lwepteropus lubanzi kakhulu futhi lumelwe yizinhlobo ezingama-60, ngasinye sinezici zaso ezihlukile. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi abamele bayo bangaphandle njengezimpungushe, futhi i-rosetus ifana nezinja. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuyisibonakaliso esingacacile futhi esizimele kakhulu.
Impungushe endizayo
Eqinisweni, lezi zinhlobo ezimbili ziyefana kakhulu kangangokuba zivame ukuchazwa njengebhizinisi elilodwa. Futhi kuphela ukuhlaziywa kwezakhi zofuzo okungaveza ukubalwa okuqondile. Imvamisa, noma emibhalweni yesayensi, wonke amalulwane ezithelo abizwa ngezinja ezindizayo. Kwesinye isikhathi izinja ezindizayo nezimpungushe zihlanganiswa ngokwendlela ezidla ngayo futhi zibizwa nje ngokuthi: amalulwane ezithelo.
