Isaga esaziwa kakhulu esithi "kuleyo naleyo mfula ixhaphozi layo" sikhombisa ukuxhumana okungenakuvinjelwa kwezinyoni ezinesiziba sesici. Kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-75 zama-waders ngokulandelana okuningi kwezinyoni ezihambayo eRussia kuphela.
Ngenxa yokusatshalaliswa kwazo kabanzi kuzo zonke izifunda, izinyoni seziyindebe edume kakhulu yabazingeli.
Incazelo nezici
I-Kulikov ibalwa ngokulandelana kwe-Charadriiformes, ihlanganisa imindeni eyi-6. Ngokusho kwendawo yabo yokuhlala, izinyoni zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amahlathi, amaxhaphozi, intaba, isihlabathi. Naphezu kokwehlukahlukana, abagibeli besanti bahlanganiswa yizici ezihlukile ezikhonjiswe ngokusobala yizazi zezinyoni.
Iningi lezinyoni lixhumene namanzi, lihlala osebeni lwemifula, amachibi, amaxhaphozi, yize phakathi kwama-waders kukhona abamele ogwadule - i-avdotka, amahlathi aminyene - izingodo.
Esithombeni kunesihlungi sehlathi
Ukubukeka okujwayelekile kwes sandpiper kufana nohlaka lwejuba emilenzeni emide yokuhamba emanzini angajulile, enamathele. Kepha kukhona nabamele imilenze emifushane (ama-lapwings, snipes).
Kukhona izinzwane ezintathu emilenzeni, ukukhula kwesine kubuthakathaka. Uma inyoni iyinyoni yasemanzini, khona-ke izisekelo zixhunywe ngolwelwesi. Umzimba uminyene. Umsila mfushane, awusoze wabheka phezulu. Ezinye izinyoni ziyazinyakazisa lapho zihamba.
Kulik esithombeni kungenzeka ukuthi ugqoke izingubo ezihlukile. Iningi linombala onesizotha, onobuhlakani. Imibala emhlophe, ebomvu, emnyama, empunga igcwele. Kukhona okuhlukile - okugqamile ekuqhathaniseni izimpaphe nemilenze yombala ophuzi, obomvu, isibonelo, ama-oystercatchers, ama-turukhtans. Izingubo zabesilisa nabesifazane cishe azifani. I-Kulik ishintsha izimpaphe kabili ngonyaka.
I-sandpiper - inyoni ehamba phambili... Uqhwaku olude nomuzwa omuhle kakhulu wokuthinta kusiza ekukhipheni ukudla emthonjeni onamanzi. Ukubona nokuzwa okuhle kuneqhaza ekusebenzeni kwezinyoni ebusuku.
Indlela yokukhipha ukudla ihlotshaniswa nesimo somlomo ogoba - phansi, phezulu noma eceleni. Ama-receptors amaningi asiza ekutholeni ukudla. Le nyoni iyakwazi ukuhambisa itshe elinethuluzi eliyinhloko lokusesha imollusk, isisindo salo esingelona elingezansi kunaso. Izimpiko ngokuvamile zinde futhi zikhombe.
Isimo nobukhulu bama-waders buhluka kakhulu. Ubude bezinyoni buyahlukahluka ku-15-62 cm, isisindo singaba kusuka ku-200 g kuye ku-1.3 kg. Wonke ama-waders angabagijimi abahle kakhulu, izinyoni eziningi zingabhukuda kahle. Ukujwayela izinyoni ezimweni zezulu ezahlukahlukene kube nomthelela ekusakazekeni okusakazekile ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zomhlaba, ngaphandle kwase-Antarctica.
Izitha eziyinhloko zama-waders emvelweni yizinyoni ezidla inyama. Indlela ye-falcon idala ukwethuka, okuzibonakalisa ngokukhala okukhulu nangokuntywila. Emanzini angajulile akukho lapho zingaphunyuka khona izinyoni. Amachwane avame ukuba yizisulu zamagwababa, oklebe, ama-martens, izimpungushe ezibandayo. AmaSkua entshontsha amaqanda ezidlekeni.
Kwezinye izinhlobo ze-sandpiper, abesifazane banezimpaphe ezihlukile kwezeduna.
Izinhlobo
Abaqaphi bezinyoni bakhomba izinhlobo ezingama-214 zama-waders ezivela emindenini eyi-13. Ngaphandle kokwehlukahluka, izinhlobo eziningi zifakwe ohlwini lweRed Book, i-curlew ne-gyrfalcon zisesigabeni sezinhlobo ezisengozini yokuqothulwa.
Isizathu esiyinhloko yimisebenzi yabantu: ukugeleza kwezindunduma zesihlabathi, ukuthuthukiswa kwezindawo ezisogwini. Ukuzalisa ukuthunjwa kuyinkinga. Izinhlobo ezithile kuphela ezaziwa ngokwandiswa kwendawo yazo yokusatshalaliswa (isitaki nezinye).
Phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo zama-waders, lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo zaziwa kakhulu:
Swirls. Izinyoni ezinkulu, eziqaphelayo zokubukeka okuhle. Imilenze emide, uqhwaku lusiza ukuzizwa uqiniseka ogwini olunodaka, emaxhaphozini asemaqeleni, emadlelweni manzi. Ngokuthula hlangana nezinye izinyoni. Zindiza, zigijime, zibhukude kahle. Ingubo enemibala ifaka izimpaphe ezimnyama nezimhlophe ezinamachaphazi abomvu.
Ama-curlews. Izinyoni ezinkulu ezinomlomo ovelele omise okwesikela. Incazelo yesandpiper impela iqukethe le mininingwane okwaziwa ngayo inyoni ngokushesha. Umlomo ufinyelela ku-140 mm ubude. Umbala ungumbala ompunga, umsila uhlotshiswe ngomugqa omhlophe.
Ama-curlews ayizinhlobo zokuzingela, kepha kwezinye izingxenye zebanga azikwazi ukudutshulwa. Kuhlala amaxhaphozi, izikhukhula zemifula. Ubhukuda kahle. Ukundiza kwale nyoni kunamandla, kuyashesha, futhi kuphenduka ngokucijile. Ngesikhathi sokufuduka, izinyoni zindiza onqenqemeni, okuyinto engafani neze nezilwane zasolwandle.
Ama-sandboxes. Ama-waders amancane ezinhlobonhlobo ezinhle ahlala endaweni ye-tundra. Izinyoni zinomlomo omncane, imilenze emnyama emifushane uma iqhathaniswa. Kukhulu kunenkanyezi, ukwakhiwa kuminyene. Amehlo amancane anika ukubonakala okufiphele.
Bahlala emihlambini eminyene. Ukufana nondlunkulu kuyabonakala kwezinye izinhlobo: i-sandpiper enomsila omhlophe, i-sparrow sandpiper. Ama-sandpipers ayasebenza ebusuku.
Snipe. Izinyoni ezincane zinomlomo omude kakhulu. Kunzima ukudideka nezinye izihlobo zothotho. Uthanda izindawo ezinomswakama ophezulu: izindawo ezisogwini, amaxhaphozi, amaxhaphozi. Ababhukudi abahle kakhulu, abatshuzi.
Bachitha isikhathi esiningi emhlabathini, kodwa bandiza kahle. Uma kwenzeka kuba yingozi, badlulisela ngisho amaphuphu ngezidladla zabo endaweni entsha.
Zuiki. Izinyoni zinobukhulu obuphakathi nekhanda elincane, umlomo omfishane. Zigijima ngemilenze ephansi ngezinyathelo zokugaya. Umsila wezinyoni mude, izimpiko zinobubanzi obuyisentimitha ezingama-45. Izimpaphe zimnyama, zimhlophe, izithunzi ezibomvu ngokubomvu zenza umbala ohlukile, ohlukile ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene: ulwandle, amatshe okuphenduka, ama-lapwings.
UJulitta. Izakhamizi zezindawo eziphakathi nendawo zidwetshiwe ngamathoni ampunga, kwesinye isikhathi zinemigqa emnyama nemhlophe. Lokhu kukhethekile inyoni yokuhleleka kwama-wadersokhothama ngomzimba wakhe wonke. Umlomo omude, imilenze ephakeme nomzimba omaphakathi ngokujwayelekile kuvamile kuyo yonke iminenke. Kunabantu abakhulu abanesisindo esifinyelela ku-400 g.
Ama-Plovers. Inamathele kancane emanzini kunamanye ama-waders. Izakhamizi ze-tundra ezilingana nejuba. Imilenze ephakeme, uqhwaku oluncane, umbala omnyama-mpunga omhlophe. Ikhetha izikhala ezinkulu, ezihamba ngazo ngezindiza ezimfushane nangodwi.
UTurukhtan. Inyoni ehlobene ne-sandpiper ivelele ngemibala egqamile, engazalelwanga kulolu hlaka jikelele. Abesilisa ngenkathi yokukhwelana bacwazimula ngombala oluhlaza, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ophuzi, nobomvu.
Omunye umehluko obalulekile yizimfanelo ezilwa nezinyoni. Ukulwa kwamakhokho kuvamile phakathi kwalezi zinambuzane zakuqala. Amakhola we-Fluffy, imilomo ye-rapier, iphonsa isitha bese ishaya ngamaphiko iveza izinhlamvu zokulwa zezinyoni.
Ukulwa akuvimbi ukuphumula okulandelayo okulandelayo endaweni yesitha sakamuva.
Indlela yokuphila kanye nendawo yokuhlala
Ensimini yawo wonke amazwekazi, ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica, ama-waders atholakala kuyo yonke indawo ahlala. Lezi yizinyoni ezifundayo eziqoqa abantu abayizinkulungwane eziningana. Iningi lama-waders liyimihambuma, yize ezinye lihlala phansi.
Mayelana, yiziphi izinyoni ezifudukayo noma cha, kusho indawo abahlala kuyo nezindawo zabo zobusika. Ukwehla kwezinga lokushisa kanye nokuntuleka kokudla okujwayelekile kuphoqa ama-wader ukuthi ashiye izindawo zawo ezijwayelekile. Cishe bonke bafuduka amabanga amade besuka ezindaweni zabo zokuzalwa.
Ama-sandpipers angakwazi ukuhamba ibanga elifinyelela ku-11,000 km ngaphandle kokuma, endiza ezintabeni, ezingwadule nasemanzini amaningi. Abahlali baseSiberia bandizela e-Australia ebusika, besuka e-Alaska bandizela eningizimu ye-Argentina.
Ngesikhathi sokufuduka, izikole zama-waders zakha ukuhlangana okukhulu ezindaweni ezithile ezisogwini. Lapho, izinyoni zithola ukudla ukuze zithole amandla okuzula kude.
ERussia, izinhlobo ezahlukene zama-waders zitholakala yonke indawo. EMpumalanga Ekude, ama-plover amancane, izingodo zezinkuni, ama-lapwings bukhoma. EPrimorye, yindawo yokwakha izidudla, ogwini lwemifula esezintabeni yindawo yokuzalwa yama-Ussuri plovers.
I-Wader ayigcini nje ngokundiza kahle, kodwa futhi igijimela phansi, ibhukude, icwile. Abaningi izinhlobo zama-waders ingalawulwa. Bayasebenza futhi bayazijabulisa, bagxila kahle ekuthunjweni, bajwayele ukudla okwenziwe ekhaya.
Bazivumelanisa nesimo esisha, abamesabi umuntu, bazizwe futhi baphendule ukunakekelwa. Imizamo yokulondolozwa kweziqeshana zesihlabathi ezingavamile ezifakwe eRed Book ziyinkimbinkimbi ngobunzima bokuzizalanisa.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Sandpiper - inyoni amadamu. Ukudla kwezinyoni kuqukethe ama-invertebrate asemanzini, omhlaba - lezi yizibungu, ama-crustaceans, ama-molluscs, izinambuzane ezahlukahlukene. Izinyoni ezidla izinyoni zidla amagundane namaxoxo, izibankwa; ehlobo, izinkumbi ziba yisibiliboco sezinyoni, ezisidla kakhulu.
Izinyoni zasolwandle ezihamba emanzini zize zitshuzele inyamazane yazo. Amanye ama-waders angabadli bemifino, ngokususelwa ezinhlamvwini, imbewu namajikijolo. I-Blueberry iyindlela ekhethekile yokwelapha.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Isikhathi sokukhwelana sama-waders siqala ngo-Ephreli. Ukukhwelana kwenzeka ngokubodwa nangamaqembu amakhulu. Isiko lokuheha umlingani lihlukile emaqenjini ahlukene ama-waders.
Isibonelo, ama-sea plover andiza emoyeni ngama-trill, kuthi emhlabathini asakaze umsila wawo kufeni futhi axoshe abesifazane. Emaphethelweni, ukuheha ukunakwa kuboniswa ngoshintsho olubukhali emzileni wezindiza. Ama-curlews andizela phezulu esiyingini bese ecula kamnandi.
Ubudlelwano bomshado bama-waders buhlukile, bubonakaliswa ngezindlela ezilandelayo:
- i-monogamy - ukwakhiwa kwamabhangqa wesizini, ukuqandula amaqanda ngokuhlanganyela nokunakekela inzalo. Uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lobudlelwano bomshado;
- i-polygyny - ukukhwelana kowesilisa nabesifazane abahlukene besizini, ukuqedwa ekubambeni iqhaza ekufukameleni nasekunakekeleni izingane;
- i-polyandry - ukukhwelana kowesifazane nabesilisa abahlukene, ukubeka amaqanda ezidlekeni eziningana. Ukufukamela nokunakekela kwenziwa ngabesilisa;
- ukwakha izidleke kabili - ukubeka amaqanda ezidlekeni ezimbili. Kowokuqala, insikazi ifukamela amaphuphu uqobo, kowesibili, owesilisa uyanakekela. Usizo lwama-waders asanda kuzalwa nalo lunikezwa ngokuhlukile.
Ama-sandpipers adla phansi, amaqanda alala emigodini engenadoti. Ezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni zibamba izidleke zabanye abantu ezihlahleni.
Amachwane azalwa enamehlo, umzimba onogqinsi phansi. Yize abantwana bekwazi ukuzondla bona kusukela lapho bezalwa, abazali bakhathazeka ngenzalo: bayafudumala, bavikele, baholele ezindaweni zokudla. Uma kunengozi, izinyoni zasolwandle zivikela isidleke, zihlasela isitha.
Ngeminyaka emibili, izingane sezikulungele ukukhwelana. Isikhathi sokuphila esilinganiselwe sifinyelela eminyakeni engama-20.
Ukudonsa amanzi ezindaweni kanye nentuthuko enkulu kunciphisa izindawo ezinamaphiko, kusongela ukunciphisa inani labantu. Ukuhlala nabantu kuyalimaza izinyoni, kepha ngabantu kuphela abangahle benze izimo zokonga izinhlobo ezingandile zemifula.
