EMpumalanga yeLake Baikal, emngceleni weMongolia neChina, iTrans-Baikal Territory itholakala. Isifunda, esilinganiswa nendawo ezweni elikhulu laseYurophu, siyikhaya labantu abangaphezudlwana kwesigidi esisodwa. Insimu yesifunda ihlelwe yimifantu eminingi kanye nokudangala.
Isimo sezulu esifundeni sinezwekazi elibukhali, kubanda ubusika nokushisa kwehlobo. Amazinga okushisa aphakathi nendawo ehlobo kusuka ku- +13 ° С kuya +20 ° С, ebusika - kusuka -20 ° С kuya -37 ° С. Irekhodi lokushisa okuphansi okurekhodiwe kungu -64 ° С. Ezimweni ezinzima zaseMpumalanga Ekude, izinhlobo zezinhlobo ezivamile eMpumalanga Siberia, iTransbaikalia, i-Priamurye kanye namathafa aseMongolia ahlangana ndawonye.
Izidalwa Ezincelisayo ZaseTransbaikalia
Izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingu-80 zezilwane ezinemilenze emine nezinambuzane ezidla utshani zihlala ngaphesheya kweLake Baikal. Abaningi izilwane zaseTrans-Baikal Territory zikhula kahle, ukulondolozwa kokubukeka kwazo akungatshazwa. Ezinye zivame ngokwedlulele, onqenqemeni lokuqothulwa.
Ibhere elinsundu
Esinye sezilwane ezidla umhlaba ezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu. Kuyingxenye yomndeni webhere. Kulezi zinsuku, kunezinhlobo ezingaphansi kwe-16 zebhere. Iningi selifikile ezingeni lapho elizokhulunywa ngalo kuphela esikhathini esedlule.
AmaSiberia, izinhlobo ezingasenyakatho zebhere elinsundu, ahlala eTrans-Baikal Territory. Ukukhula kwesilwane kungafinyelela kumamitha ayi-2,5.Isisindo esijwayelekile cishe singama-400-500 kg, abesifazane balula ngo-100 kg. Abesilisa bangakhuluphala kuze kufike ku-700 kg ekwindla.
Amabhere, kufaka phakathi amabhere aseSiberia, omnivorous. Ukudla kwabo kuqukethe izimpande, amajikijolo, amakhowe. Njengoba beyizilwane ezihambahambayo, bangazingela ngempumelelo ama-artiodactyls. Abazihluphi ngokuwa. Ehlobo, abesilisa nabesifazane bayahlangana: banakekela ukuqhubeka komjaho webhere.
Ekwindla, sebesebenze inani elanele lamafutha, balale basebusika. NgoFebhuwari, kusuka ku-1 kuya ku-3 amawundlu azalwa nebhere ngesikhathi sokulala. Izingane zikhula kancane, kuze kube yiminyaka emithathu zihlala nonina. Isikhathi sokuphila sebhere laseSiberia osehlathini asidluli eminyakeni engama-30. Ekuthunjweni, ngokunakekelwa kahle, ibhere liphila isikhathi esisodwa nohhafu ubude.
Impisi ejwayelekile
ETrans-Baikal Territory, izinhlobo ezihlala phansi kakhulu zomzingeli zihlala - impisi ejwayelekile noma yase-Eurasia. Eningizimu yesifunda kunomngcele wezinhlobo: impisi yaseMongolia isakazeke ezindaweni eziseduze. Ububanzi bayo buhambisana kahle, kepha buhlala ngaphandle kweTransbaikalia.
Impisi yase-Eurasia yisilwane esakhiwe kahle esinekhanda elikhulu, imihlathi enamandla, izindlebe ezicijile kanye nomsila olengayo njalo. Uboya besilwane ehlobo bufushane ngenxa yalokhu, umhlaseli ubukeka ezacile, ezacile. Ebusika, impisi igcwele ijazi loboya obukhulu.
Ebusika kanye nasehlobo, impisi izingela zonke izilwane ngaphandle kwengwe nebhere eliqinile. Izilwane ezidla ezinye zisebenza ngendlela ehlelekile, ngokuya nge-oda elisungulwe yimpisi ebangwayo kanye nempisi eyimpisi. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi ubambe izilwane ezinkulu kakhulu, ezisheshayo.
Ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, isikhathi esinzima siqala ukucacisa ubudlelwano phakathi kwabesilisa. Ngenxa yalokho, lo mbhangqwana ovelele uthola ithuba lokuzala amawundlu. Ngasekupheleni kwentwasahlobo kuzalwa amawundlu ama-5-10.
Ngemuva kokuphela kobisi, ukondla komama, wonke umhlambi uqala ukuhlanganyela inyama nabo. Ngaphezu kwengxenye yezingane zifa ehlobo lokuqala lokuphila. Kepha ukukhathazeka okuvamile kuqinisekisa ukukhula kwamanani komhlambi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimpisi ziphila isikhathi eside ngokwanele, ngokwesilinganiso, iminyaka eyi-15.
Ngenxa yokusebenza kwempisi ephezulu, bahlupheka hhayi nje kuphela izilwane zasendle zaseTrans-Baikal Territorykodwa nemfuyo. Ukulungisa lesi simo, kuhlelwe ukudubula kwezimpisi. Kepha izimpisi kuvele ukuthi ziyakwazi ukumelana nezimo, ukuhlasela kwazo izilwane ezifuywayo kuyaqhubeka.
Ikati likaPallas
Izilwane ezivela emndenini omncane wamakati amancane, izilwane ezivikelekile zeTrans-Baikal Territory... Ikati elidala likaPallas lesilisa lingaba nesisindo esingaba ngu-5 kg. Umzingeli wakheke kancane: ikhanda elincane elinezindlebe ezincane, umzimba osindayo, imilenze emifushane, umsila ojiyile. Uboya obukhulu, obude bunikeza isisindo esithe xaxa.
ETransbaikalia, inani elikhulu lekati likaPallas lahlala endaweni yamahewu eboshwe yimifula iShilka neArgunya. Amakati angakhuphuka izintaba, aphakeme ngokwanele, amamitha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-3-4. Uhlala phansi, uhlala emigodini yabanye abantu elahliwe, i-void voids.
Amandla wesilwane ahambelana nokubukeka kwawo: i-manul ingummeleli we-feline ocashile kakhulu. Ukuhamba kancane akuphazamisi ukuzingela ngempumelelo izilwane ezincane: amagundane, izinyoni, izingwejeje zomhlabathi. Ukuhlasela ngokuhlasela nokuzuma kungamaqhinga amakhulu e-manul.
Ikati likaPallas liqala ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo. Ngenyanga kaMeyi, insikazi iletha amazinyane angu-3-6 angaboni. Ekuqaleni kwekwindla, intsha iboshelwe kunina, isebenzisa izindlela zokuzingela. Lapho esenezinyanga eziyi-10, amakati amancane kaPallas asevele ekwazi ukuzala. Izilwane ezidla ezinye azihlali ngaphezu kweminyaka eyi-12.
Izinyamazane zaseSiberia
Uhlobo lwezinyamazane ze-roe lubandakanya izinyamazane ezimbili ezincane: Izinyamazane zaseYurophu naseSiberia. Ezintabeni zeTrans-Baikal, kunezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu - zaseSiberia. Ezinduna ezindala zingakhula zifike kuma-90 cm lapho zibuna futhi zibe nesisindo esingaphezu kuka-45 kg.
Izinyamazane zeRoe zidla emahlathini aseTrans-Baikal ahlukanisiwe futhi ahlanganisiwe, nasezindaweni ezibuswa yihlathi. Bangaklaba emithambekeni yezintaba eduze komngcele weqhwa elihlala njalo. Izinyamazane zeRoe ngabantu abadla imifino kuphela, ukudla okuyinhloko utshani, amaqabunga, amahlumela amancane. Ukudla kwansuku zonke kwesilwane esikhulile kuqukethe okungenani u-3 kg wobunzima obuluhlaza obuphezulu.
Engxenyeni yesibili yehlobo, i-rut iqala. Ukukhulelwa kuhlala isikhathi eside. Amathole azalwa lapho utshani obuncane buthambile futhi bunomsoco - ekupheleni kukaMeyi. Kwesinye isikhathi insikazi ayizali eyodwa, kepha amathole ama-2-3. Indlela esemqoka yokulondoloza impilo yezingane ezisanda kuzalwa yimfihlo, ukufihla, ukufihla.
Amathole afihla isikhathi esithe xaxa, alala otshanini, yize ekwazi ukuhamba ngokuzimela emahoreni ambalwa ngemuva kokuzalwa. Lapho zinezinyanga ezingama-2-3, izingane ziqala ukulandela njalo inyamazane yomama. Kulayini weminyaka eyi-10, izinyamazane ze-roe ziyaguga.
Ama-pikas
Isilwane esifana ne-hamster esivela emndenini wepika. okukhona kulo uhlobo olulodwa kuphela, kepha kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingama-30. Izinhlobo ezimbili sezizinze eTransbaikalia:
- I-Manchurian pika. Le ndawo iyisitsha semithombo emikhulu yama-Amur: iShilka neArgun. Isisekelo sokudla esikhulu se-manul.
- I-Altai noma i-alpine pika. Ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi i- pika esenyakatho. Ngo Transbaikalia yena kahle izifunda mpumalanga.
Zombili izinhlobo zinkulu ngokwanele, isisindo sazo singafinyelela ku-300 g. Isifonyo nesikhundla sekhanda kukhombisa ubudlelwane nonogwaja, kepha izindunduma ziyindilinga. Umzimba uyindilinga, umsila mfushane kakhulu, imilenze yangaphambili neyangemuva icishe ilingane.
Ama-pikas ahlala emithambekeni yezintaba ezinamadwala, lapho kungenzeka khona ukucasha ezitheni, lapho izilwane ziningi khona. Enye yezindlela zokonga impilo ukuhlala ndawonye kwamakholoni. Izinqwaba, amakhulu ezilwane abheke isimo, amasiginali womsindo uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi.
Ngenkathi yasentwasahlobo-ehlobo, ama-pikas angaletha ama-broods afinyelela ku-3, ngalinye, ngokwesilinganiso, amawundlu amahlanu. Inzalo imbozwe ngoboya, ngokuzimela, nonina uhlala izinyanga ezingama-2-3. Impilo yonke yama-pikas yiminyaka eyisithupha.
I-chipmunk yaseSiberia
Ezinhlotsheni ezingama-25, lokhu kungukuphela kohlobo lwe-chipmunk olukhona e-Eurasia. I-chipmunk emaphakathi enomsila wayo ifinyelela kuma-20 cm, inesisindo cishe esingu-100 g. Ama-Chipmunks angahle adidaniswe nezingwejeje. Kepha izilwane zinesici esimangazayo - imivimbo emi-5 emnyama kuwo wonke umzimba, ihlukaniswe izikhala ezimpunga noma ezimhlophe.
Ama-Chipmunks ahlala endaweni ye-taiga yaseTransbaikalia. Emahlathini nasemahlathini amancane zondla imbewu, amahlumela, ama-acorn, amajikijolo. Yenza izinto zasebusika. Njengama-squirrels, bachitha isikhathi esiningi ezihlahleni, kepha, ngaphezu kwezindawo zokukhosela izihlahla, basebenzisa imingxunya eyindida yobumba.
Ama-chipmunks alala ebusika. Ngemuva kokuvuka, bhanqa isikhashana. Insikazi iletha izinyane lokuqala ekuqaleni kwehlobo. Isizukulwane esilandelayo sezilwane singavela ngo-Agasti. Inzalo inxephezela impilo emfushane yegundane - iminyaka emithathu.
UZokor
Igundane elimangalisayo liyanothisa izilwane zasendle Trans-Baikal Territory Ingabe i-zokor. Uhlala ngaphansi komhlaba, ungowomndeni wamagundane emvukuzane. Ngesilwane esihlala simatasa ngemigodi yokumba kanye nemihubhe, i-zokor inobukhulu obuhle. Umzimba oyindilinga wegundane labantu abadala unwetshwa ngo-17-27 cm, umsila awudluli ku-7 cm, amehlo mancane, izindlebe azikho.
Imilenze efushanisiwe, uzipho kuzidladla, lisebenza njengethuluzi eliyinhloko lokumba. Ijazi elincane, elifushane livikela umzimba lapho umba. Umbala wejazi unombala ompunga-nsundu, umfaniswano.
Ama-Zokors angabadli bemifino. Njengoba besemigodini yabo, badla izimpande zezitshalo, bazigcinele ubusika. Ama-zokors awafihli ubusika, adla ngalokho akuvunile ehlobo. Entwasahlobo, owesifazane uletha kusuka ezinganeni ezi-2 kuye kwezi-5, ezingashiyi unina kuze kube ekwindla.
ETransbaikalia, kukhona ama-subspecies ama-2 we-zokors: ama-zokori amaDaurian namaManchurian. Womabili ama-subspecies ane-morphology efanayo, indlela efanayo yokondla nokukhwelana. Ama-Zokors we-Far Eastern subspecies aphila kusuka eminyakeni emi-3 kuya kwengu-8.
Izinyoni Zendawo YaseTrans-Baikal
I-Steppes, i-taiga, amahlathi omsedari, izinkulungwane zemifula namachibi zinikeza indawo yokuhlala nokudla kwezinhlobo zezinyoni ezingamakhulu amathathu. Zonke zidleke eTransbaikalia. Cishe isigamu sasebusika sifudukela eningizimu ye-Asia, emahlathini nasezixhaphozini zase-Afrika.
I-Upland Buzzard
Amabhara - izilwane zencwadi ebomvu yeTrans-Baikal Territory, ayingxenye yezinhlobo zama-buzzard weqiniso, umndeni we-hawk. Isisindo senyoni esikhulile sidlula u-2 kg, amaphiko ayimitha eli-1.5. Umzimba wezinyoni unsundu nomsila omthende. Kukhona ukuhlukahluka okukhanyayo. Imvamisa kudoti owodwa kunezinyoni ezinombala omnyama futhi okhanyayo.
Ukudla okuyinhloko kweBuzzard enemilenze emide ngamagundane, kufaka phakathi izingwejeje zomhlaba. Inyoni ingabamba unogwaja, ibambe iqhaza esigabeni sesidumbu. Kusetshenziswa amaqhinga amabili ukuthola inyamazane: ukubuka esihlahleni esivelele noma ukufuna inyamazane endiza.
Inyoni le iyodwa. Izithandani zakha isidleke egqumeni elinamadwala. NgoMeyi, insikazi izalela amaqanda ama-buffy ama-2-4. Amachwane avela ngoJuni. Ngemuva kwenyanga eyodwa nohhafu kuya ezinyangeni ezimbili, isikhathi sempilo esidlekeni siyaphela. Ebusika, ngokusho komcabango we-ornithologists, izinyoni zenza ukufuduka okuqondile: kusuka ezifundeni ezinzima kakhulu ezinezintaba ziyehla, lapho ubusika bungehli kahle khona.
I-Nutcracker
Kungokwesigaba sohlobo lwe-nutcrackers, umndeni we-corvids. Le nyoni incane, ama-specimens angaphezu kuka-200 g wesisindo awavamile neze. INutcracker ingavula amaphiko ayo ngo-65-75 cm.Izimpaphe zale nyoni zinsundu, zinamabala amhlophe. Umsila namaphiko kumnyama kunomzimba, okwenziwa ngaphansi kukhanya. Ukuphela komsila kumakwe ngomngcele omhlophe.
Ukudla okunomsoco kuphakeme kakhulu kuma-calories. Ukhipha imbewu yama-conifers, aqoqe ama-acorn, amajikijolo, azingele izinambuzane nama-vertebrate amancane. E-taiga yaseTransbaikal, amantongomane ephayini yisisulu saso esikhulu. Ebusika, izinyoni zenza izinqolobane zokusanhlamvu, okufaka isandla ekutshalweni komsedari waseSiberia, ezinye izinhlobo zezihlahla ezinamakhaza nezinqumayo.
Izidleke ze-Nutcracker zakhiwe emahlathini e-taiga, emagatsheni ama-firs nemisedari. Insikazi izalela amaqanda amane aluhlaza okomhlophe noma oluhlaza okotshani. Ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-18 zifukanyelwa, kuvela amaphuphu angenakuzisiza. Cishe izinsuku ezingama-25, abazali babo bayabondla, ngemuva kwalokho ama-nutcrackers amancane aqala ukuhola impilo yenyoni ye-taiga ezimele.
Isikhova
Umndeni wesikhova uhlanganisa izinhlobo ezingama-214. Isikhova esivamile sokhozi sihlala eTransbaikalia. Le nyoni enkulu kunazo zonke emndenini wonke. Umbala ojwayelekile wezimpaphe u-ocher, wawo wonke ama-shades, onemigqa.
Izikhova ziyamangalisa izilwane zaseTrans-Baikal Territory. Esithombeni uqhwaku oluxhunyiwe lunikeza izinyoni ukubukeka okwesabekayo. Amehlo agqamile ewolintshi, “amashiya” aphenduka amachopho ezimpaphe ekhanda, afana nezindlebe, aqedela ukubonakala okuyinyoni okumangazayo kwalenyoni.
Izikhova aziboshelwe kuzwe oluthile. Zitholakala e-taiga, emahlathini asemthambekeni wezintaba nasepaki yedolobha. Okungukuthi, kuzo zonke izindawo lapho kunezilwane ezincane nezinyoni. Izikhova zokhozi azinakho okunamathiselwe okuqinile kokudla: ziguquka kalula zisuka kumagundane ziye kumajuba, izinhlanzi noma izinambuzane.
Ngo-Ephreli, owesifazane ulungele ukubeka amaqanda ama-2-4. Ngenxa yalokhu, kukhethwa i-niche enamadwala, indawo eyimfihlo ngaphansi kwesihlahla sonwele, phakathi kwezihlahla eziwile. Asikho isidleke, kanjalo, kunendawo yokufukamela, ehlala izinsuku ezingama-30-35. Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbili, amaphuphu azama ukusuka. Ngemuva kwenyanga, baba yizikhova zangempela ezizophila iminyaka engama-20.
I-Daursky crane
Kuwo wonke uMfula i-Ussuri, kukhona kakhulu izilwane ezingavamile zeTrans-Baikal Territory - Ama-daurian noma ama-cranes angaphambili amhlophe. Bangabomndeni we-crane. I-crane yabantu abadala ikhula ize ifike cishe ku-2 m futhi inesisindo esingu-5.5 kg. Izimpaphe ziyimpunga emnyama, ithinti lesiliva liyabonakala emaphikweni. Imilenze ye-crane ibomvana, okukuhlukanisa nezinye izinyoni zomndeni.
I-crane i-omnivorous ngokwanele. Kudliwa amahlumela nezimpande zezitshalo zasolwandle, izinambuzane, onoshobishobi, nezinhlanzi ezincane. Ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa kokusanhlamvu, ama-cranes avakashela amasimu erayisi, amabhali namasoya. Izitshalo ezitshaliwe ngakolunye uhlangothi zondla i-crane, ngakolunye uhlangothi zisusa kuyo izindawo ezilungele ukwakha izidleke.
Ama-cranes kaDaurian ayathanda ukwakha izidleke zawo emaphethelweni amaxhaphozi. Ngo-Ephreli, ngesikhathi sentwasahlobo ebandayo ngoMeyi, insikazi izalela amaqanda ama-2 amhlophe amaphakathi, amabi. Ngemuva kwalokho, inzalo ifukamela inyanga.
Ama-cranes amancane akhula ngokushesha. Ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyi-2,5, sezivele zihlola izimfanelo zazo ezindizayo. Ebusika, ama-cranes ngemihlambi yabantu abayi-15-25 abalekela eningizimu yeKorea naseJapan. Isikhathi se-crane siyiminyaka engama-20.
Kancane, ngamazinga aseSiberia, iTransbaikal Territory, kuye kwagcinwa izindawo ezi-2 - iDaursky neSokhondinsky. Zombili ziyinkimbinkimbi, ziyindalo emvelweni, ezisungulwe ngekhulu elidlule. Indawo yaseSokhondinsky ingamahektha angama-211,000, eDaursky - amahektha angama-45,000. Usizo nezimo zezulu zivumela ukulondolozwa kwazo zonke izinhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane zaseTransbaikalia.
