Izithelo zindiza Impukane encane evela ezindaweni lapho izithelo zibola khona. Kulesi sigaba sesikhathi, kunezinhlobo ezingaba yizinkulungwane eziyi-1.5 zalezi zimpukane, eziningi zazo ezisetshenziswa kakhulu embonini yezakhi zofuzo.
Incazelo kanye nezici ze-Drosophila fly
Ngokuqhathaniswa izincazelo zempukane yezithelo, lapho-ke akukho okungajwayelekile lapha - lokhu kuyimpukane eyaziwayo enombala ompunga noma ophuzi ompunga, ubude bomzimba obusuka kumamilimitha ayi-1.5 kuye kwayi-3. Isakhiwo sezindiza iDrosophila kuncike ngokuphelele ebulilini bakhe. Phakathi kwabesilisa kanye Izimpukane zesifazane iDrosophila lolu hlobo lunokuhluka okuningana okulandelayo:
1. Abesifazane bakhulu - usayizi wabo uxhomeke ngqo endleleni yokuphila nemikhuba yokudla ngesikhathi sokuba sesimweni sesibungu;
2. Isisu sowesifazane sinomumo oyindilinga onomphetho okhombe, kanti isisu sowesilisa sinesimo sesilinda esinomphetho obuthuntu;
3. Owesifazane unezinwele eziyisishiyagalombili zesifuba esithuthukile. Abesilisa bane-6 kuphela kubo, kanti owesithupha nowesikhombisa bahlanganisiwe.
4. Endaweni yesisu, insikazi inamapuleti amane e-chitinous, kanti owesilisa unamathathu kuphela.
5. Abesilisa banesitho sobulili esithweni sangasese engxenyeni yokuqala yezingaphambili; abesifazane abanaso.
Ama-setinous setae namapuleti ayabandakanyeka enqubeni yezindiza. Amehlo empukane abomvu ngokugqamile. Ikhanda liyindilinga, lihamba kakhulu. Njengoba lolu hlobo lwezimpukane lungelama-dipterans, isici sabo esimangazayo ubukhona besimo sembumbulu samaphiko angaphambili amaphiko. Imilenze - ihlukaniswe ngama-5.
Kwezesayensi, lolu hlobo lwezimpukane seluthathe indawo ekhethekile ngenxa yokuthi amaseli we-somatic we-Drosophila fly aqukethe Ama-chromosomes ayi-8. Le mali I-Drosophila indiza ama-chromosomes kuholela ezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zezinguquko ezibonakalayo.
Lesi sinambuzane singesinye sezidalwa eziphilayo ezifundwa kakhulu emhlabeni. I-Drosophila fly genome ilandelwe ngokuphelele futhi isetshenziswe kabanzi kwizakhi zofuzo ukutadisha imiphumela yezidakamizwa ezahlukahlukene.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ososayensi bakuqaphele lokho kuma-61% amacala lapho amagciwane esintu echayeke kuwo Amaseli endiza eDrosophila basabela ngendlela efanayo neyabantu.
IDrosophila indiza indlela yokuphila nendawo yokuhlala
Impukane yezithelo ihlala ikakhulukazi eningizimu yeRussia, ezingadini noma ezivinini, lapho abantu bengenzi mizamo yokulwa nayo. Isakazeke kakhulu eTurkey, eGibhithe, eBrazil. Esikhathini sasebusika, lesi sinambuzane sithanda ukuhlala ezindaweni zabantu, eduze kwezinqolobane zezithelo noma ezimbonini zejusi yezithelo.
Esithombeni kukhona impukane yezithelo
Zingena ezindlini noma ezindlini ngokuhlangana nezithelo ezilethwe emazweni aseningizimu, noma zihlala emgqonyeni kadoti noma ezimbalini zasendlini. Abantu abaningi bayazibuza ukuthi izimpukane zingene kanjani endlini uma bezingekho izithelo nemifino ebolile.
Impendulo ilula - abantu abadala babekela amaqanda kwimifino nezithelo ngisho nangesikhathi sokukhula kwabo. Ngemuva kwalokho le mikhiqizo ingena endlini futhi lapho kwenzeka ukonakala okuncane noma ekuqaleni kwenqubo yokuvutshelwa, izimpukane ziyakhiwa.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kunezinhlobo eziningana zalolu hlobo lwezimpukane ezihlala endaweni yasemanzini, kanti izibungu zazo zidla amaqanda nezibungu zezinye izinambuzane. Okwalabo bantu abanentshisekelo ku- kanjani ukuqeda impukane yezithelo kufanele usebenzise noma yiziphi izindlela ezine ezitholakalayo namuhla:
- Imishini. Kubandakanya ukuhlanzwa ngokuphelele kwegumbi nokubamba izimpukane kusetshenziswa amanetha akhethekile noma itheyipu yomgudu.
- Okomzimba. Mane uhambise ukudla uye endaweni epholile.
- Amakhemikhali. Ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ngendlela ye-emulsions.
- Okwezinto eziphilayo. Le ndlela ayikwazi ukubhubhisa ngokuphelele zonke izinambuzane, kepha izinombolo zazo zizokwehla kakhulu.
Izinhlobo ze-Drosophila fly
Namuhla, kunezinhlobo eziyi-1529 zezimpukane ezivela emndenini wakwaDrosophila. Ezinye zazo zethulwe ngezansi.
1. IDrosophila imnyama. Ifundwa kakhulu emndenini wonke walezi zimpukane. Unombala ophuzi noma onsundu. Amehlo abomvu ngokugqamile. Osayizi bomzimba basukela kumamilimitha amabili kuya kwamathathu.
I-Drosophila fly izibungu yalezi zinhlobo zimhlophe, kodwa shintsha umbala wazo njengoba zikhula. Abesifazane banemivimbo emnyama esiswini sabo, kanti abesilisa banendawo eyodwa emnyama. Ngesikhathi sokuphila kwayo, insikazi iyakwazi ukubeka amaqanda angaba ngu-300.
Esithombeni, impukane yezithelo ezimnyama
2. Izimpukane zezithelo. Zondla kakhulu ujusi wezitshalo zezithelo, izibungu zidla ama-microorganisms. Ubukhulu besifuba buqala ngamamilimitha angu-2,5 kuya ku-3.5. Iphiko lingamamilimitha angu-5-6. Ingxenye emaphakathi yomhlane inombala onsundu ophuzi, isisu siphuzi ngezimagqabhagqabha ezinsundu, isifuba sinombala ophuzi ngokunsundu noma ophuzi ngokuphelele.
Amehlo abomvu ngokugqamile. Abesilisa balezi zinhlobo banendawo encane emnyama ngaphansi kwamaphiko. Ukukhula komuntu kwenzeka esikhathini esisukela ezinsukwini eziyi-9 kuye kwezingama-27, cishe izizukulwane eziyi-13 zikhula ngenkathi eyodwa yonyaka. Abesifazane balezi zinhlobo bakhulu kakhulu kunabesilisa.
Esithombeni, izithelo ziyahamba
3. UDrosophila akahambi. Phakathi kwabanye abantu, bahlukaniswa ukungakwazi ukundiza, ngoba banamaphiko anganele ngokwanele, abakwazi ukuhamba ngokukhasa noma ngokugxuma. Lolu hlobo alutholakalanga ngokwemvelo, kodwa ngenxa yalokho ukuzalanisa i-drosophila ezinye izinhlobo.
Ihlukaniswe ngosayizi wayo omkhulu, cishe ngamamilimitha ama-3 kanye nomjikelezo wokuphila omude - ingafinyelela inyanga eyodwa. Ziphila ngokudla izithelo nemifino ebolile.
Esithombeni, impukane yezithelo ayindizi
4. IDrosophila inkulu. Bahlala emakamelweni lapho kunezithelo eziningi ezibolayo, ujusi abadla kuwo. Inobukhulu obusuka kumamilimitha ama-3 kuye kwayi-4. Umbala ukhanya ngokukhanyayo noma onsundu ngokumnyama. Umbala wekhanda - onsundu ophuzi.
Esithombeni, iDrosophila inkulu
Isikhathi sokuphila singaphezu kwenyanga eyodwa. Abesifazane ngesikhathi sokuphila bayakwazi ukubeka amaqanda ayikhulu kuya kwali-150. Lezi zinhlobo zezimpukane zezithelo zingatholakala unyaka wonke. Ukucwaninga ngezinhlobo ezingenhla zezimpukane ososayensi abazinikele ngesikhathi esiningi.
I-Drosophila fly umsoco
Lezi zinhlobo zezimpukane zidla imifino nezithelo ezahlukahlukene, zincela ubisi ezihlahleni, kepha isibiliboco abasithandayo siyizithelo ezonakele. Kepha konke kuya ngohlobo lwempukane.
Isibonelo, izimpukane zezithelo azinaso isakhiwo esikhethekile semishini yomlomo, ngakho-ke zingadla iziphuzo zamahhala zezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene:
- ijusi yesitshalo;
- uketshezi olunoshukela;
- izicubu ezibolayo zombili izitshalo nezilwane imvelaphi yazo;
- ukukhipha emehlweni, amanxeba, imakhwapheni yezilwane ezahlukahlukene;
- umchamo nendle yezilwane.
Ngakho-ke, ukuze ugweme ukubonakala kwalolu hlobo lwezimpukane endlini yakho, udinga ukuqapha ngokucophelela ukuhlanzeka, ikakhulukazi uma kunezilwane ezifuywayo ekhaya lakho.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila sempukane iDrosophila
IDrosophila fly reproduction, njengayo yonke iDiptera, yenzeka ngezigaba ezintathu:
- Insikazi izalela amaqanda.
- Imibungu ivela emaqandeni.
- Isibungu siphenduka sibe umuntu omdala.
Ngenxa yobukhona impukane iDrosophila inama-chromosomes ayi-8 izibungu zayo namaqanda kuyachuma endaweni enamanzi amancane. Ngakho-ke, izimpukane zesifazane zibekela amaqanda ezithelweni ezibolile kancane noma kwesinye isisetshenziswa somsoco.
Ziphethwe ebusweni kusetshenziswa amakamelo akhethekile okuntanta. Iqanda lalolu hlobo lwempukane lingamamilimitha angaba ngu-0.5 ngosayizi, futhi lapho izibungu zichanyuselwa, usayizi wazo usuvele ufinyelela kumamilimitha ayi-3.5 ubude.
Ngendlela yesibungu, impukane kufanele yondle kahle, ngoba ubukhulu bayo nezimpawu zomsebenzi obalulekile kuncike kulokhu ngokuzayo. Ngokushesha ngemuva kokubonakala kwazo, izibungu ziyabhukuda ngaphezulu kwendawo yokudla okunomsoco, kepha ngemuva kwesikhashana ziyajula ekujuleni zihlale lapho kuze kube sezifundweni.
Ezinsukwini ezine ngemuva kokuvela kwesiphungumangathi, kutholakala impukane encane kuyo, efinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi ngemuva kwamahora ayisishiyagalombili. Ngosuku lwesibili ngemuva kokuvuthwa, abesifazane baqala ukubeka amaqanda amasha futhi bakwenze impilo yabo yonke. Ngokuvamile, insikazi ingabeka amaqanda angama-50 kuya kwangama-80 ngasikhathi.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi bazama ukufuya lezi zimpukane ezimweni zaselabhorethri, ukuwela iduna iDrosophila kundiza ngomzimba ompunga nohlobo lwephiko olujwayelekile olunezinsikazi ezimnyama ezazinomzimba ofushane. Ngenxa yalokhu kweqa, kwavela izinhlobo ezingama-75% ezinomzimba ompunga namaphiko ajwayelekile, kwathi ama-25% kuphela amnyama anezimpiko ezifushanisiwe.
Isikhathi sempukane sincike ngokuphelele embusweni wokushisa. Ekushiseni okungaba ngama-degree angama-25, impukane iyakwazi ukuphila izinsuku eziyi-10, kuthi lapho izinga lokushisa lehla laya kuma-degree angu-18, le nkathi iphindwe kabili. Ebusika, izimpukane zingaphila cishe izinyanga eziyi-2,5.
