Isicabucabu yachazwa okokuqala emibhalweni kaKarl Linnaeus ngekhulu le-18. Lezi zinambuzane zinegama lazo kwabesifazane abafihle izigaxa zezinhlanga. Ngosizo lwayo, bayazivikela kanye nenzalo yabo ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye, ukushintshashintsha kwamazinga okushisa, uthuli, umswakama, imimoya enamandla. Izibungu zingaphinde zihambe amabanga amade ngenxa yobulembu nomoya.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Spider mite
I-spider mite ingeyohlobo lwe-arthropod, isigaba se-arachnid, isigaxa somkhaza. Lawa amancane kakhulu (0.2-1mm) ama-arthropods adla izitshalo. I-dimorphism yabo yezocansi ivezwe kahle: abesifazane bakhulu kakhulu kunabesilisa, banomzimba oyindilinga ngokwengeziwe; abesilisa ngokufanayo bancane futhi banomzimba ovulekile kakhulu.
Ukubukeka kwabantu abadala kubonakala ngesakhiwo somzimba esiqinile. Umzimba wabo, ngokungafani nezibungu nama-nymphs, uhlukaniswe ngemibandela kuphela, futhi imikhondo yokuhlukaniswa kwemisipha ibonakala kuphela ekuhlelweni kwama-setae (amaHeti). Ama-bristles anomsebenzi othintekayo futhi ahlelwe ngemigqa eguqukayo. Zihluke kakhulu ngesimo sazo, kuya ngokuthi zitholakala kuphi (emqhele, emhlane, emhlane ongezansi, kwi-sacrum, emsileni).
Ividiyo: Isicabucabu
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zesibucabu:
- okuvamile - kuthinta cishe zonke izinhlobo zezitshalo;
- okubomvu - kudla zonke izitshalo ze-nightshade, kanye nama-citrus;
- i-hawthorn - ihlala ezihlahleni zezithelo, zombili izithelo zamatshe nezithelo zepome (iplamu, i-cherry, i-cherry enoshukela, ipentshisi, i-blackthorn, isihlahla se-apula, ipheya, i-hawthorn);
- I-Turkestan yisinambuzane esine-polyphagous esithinta izitshalo ezinemilenze, izithelo zamatshe kanye nezihlahla zezithelo zepome;
- cyclamen - uhlala kuphela emakamelweni noma ezindlini zokugcina izithombo, ngeke umthole emgwaqweni; ihlala kuma-cyclamens, ama-geraniums, ama-chrysanthemums, i-gloxinia, ibhalsamu;
- i-gallic - ithanda ukuhlala emaqabungeni amancane, phakathi nokuphila kwayo yakha ama-warts akhethekile (ama-galls) kuwo;
- impande (i-bulbous) - ihlala ngaphakathi kwama-flower, idla izicubu zayo;
- ububanzi - incamela ukuhlala kuzithelo ezisawolintshi, i-cacti, i-ficuses, i-saintpaulias, i-aucuba;
- Amanga - ahlala kuphela ezindlini zokugcina izithombo, ezincane kakhulu (0.3 mm), ayeluki iwebhu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ososayensi muva nje bathole izinhlobo eziningana zemikhaza yomndeni omkhulu i-Tetranychoidea futhi abekho abesilisa abatholakala phakathi kwabo.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Sibukeka kanjani isicabucabu
Umzimba wonke wesicabucabu uvalelwe kusikezi elincanyana noma eliminyene elenziwe ngamafolda, amachashazi noma ama-tubercles. Izembozo ze-cutens denser zingakha uhlobo lwamahawu. Umbala womzimba wemikhaza, kuya ngohlobo lwawo, ungaguquguquka, uphuzi-luhlaza, o-orenji, ubomvu ngokugqamile. Kungakhathalekile ukuthi unjani umbala womzimba, izitho zangaphakathi zihlala zivela ngesembozo sangaphandle salesi sinambuzane esimweni sendawo emnyama.
Imikhaza yabantu abadala kanye nezimpungushe zinamabhangqa amane emilenze emincane, kanti izibungu zinezintathu kuphela. Ekupheleni kwemilenze yabo, banamadivayisi ayinkimbinkimbi ngendlela yozipho. Ngosizo lwabo, imikhaza inamathela ngokuqinile kuziqu namaqabunga. Izitho zangasese zemikhaza yabesifazane zitholakala esiswini, kanti kwabesilisa, ngemuva komzimba. Izinsimbi zomlomo zalezi zinambuzane zohlobo lohlobo lokuncinza futhi zilungele kahle ukubhoboza isikhumba sezitshalo ngokushesha nokumunca ujusi ofihliwe.
I-gland, ebhekele ukukhiqizwa kwewebhu, isekhanda (kuphela kwabesifazane nakuma-nymphs) futhi itholakala ngaphakathi kwezingxenye ezimfushane (ama-pedipalps), akhule ndawonye ngesikhathi sokuvela. Kwesesibili ukusuka engxenyeni yekhanda lomzimba, imikhaza inamehlo amane alula abomvu aphendula ngokukhethekile ebangeni elifushane lomkhathi wokukhanya.
Manje uyazi ukuthi yiziphi izinyathelo ezikhona zokulwa nezibungu zesicabucabu. Ake sibone ukuthi lesi sinambuzane sitholakalaphi.
Ihlala kuphi i-spider mite?
Isithombe: Isicabucabu eRussia
Izibungu zesicabucabu zitholakala yonke indawo ngaphandle kwase-Antarctica. Ngemuva kwakho konke, imingcele yendawo yabo yokuhlala ayikhawulwanga yizimo zezulu, kepha ngamazinga okushisa aphakathi nonyaka, okuhlanganisa no-4.5 ° C. Izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwekhulu zalezi zinambuzane zichazwe eRussia kuphela. Lapho kuneziqubu ezikhulayo zokwanda kwamanani ngezikhathi ezithile, imikhaza ingahamba ifune izindawo ezondla amabanga amade. Kulokhu bavame ukusizwa ngumoya. Izibungu ezilambile zikhasa ziye emaphethelweni amaqabunga bese zakha amabhola aphilayo ahanjiswa ngumoya.
Izibungu zesicabucabu zisebenza kakhulu esimweni sezulu esifudumele nesomile. Ngesikhathi semvula ngisho nangokwanda okuncane komswakama, bavinjelwa. Into ukuthi uhlelo lwe-excretory of arthropods aluhlinzeki ngokususwa koketshezi oluningi olungena emzimbeni wabo nokudla. Ngenxa yalokhu, bayayeka ukondla futhi bande, ngenxa yalokho okubizwa ngokuthi yindlala yomzimba.
Ekwindla, lapho ubude bamahora emini bancipha buba ngamahora ayi-16, iningi lesibungu sesicabucabu sowesifazane esikhulelisiwe licwila emhlabathini bese liwela esimweni esikhethekile - ukwedlula. Ngalesi sikhathi, zonke izinqubo zabo zokuphila ziyehla. Njengoba zinganyakazi futhi zingadli lutho, zisebenzisa umoya-mpilo omncane ophindwe kahlanu. Ngalesi sikhathi, umzimba womkhaza uyamelana nezinguquko ezingazelelwe zokushisa, umswakama owedlulele, kanye nemiphumela yezibulala-zinambuzane.
Yini edliwa yisicabucabu?
Isithombe: Spider mite esitshalweni
Imenyu yesicabucabu iqukethe ubisi lweseli lwezitshalo ezahlukahlukene. Esikhathini esiningi zihlasela izitshalo ezincane, yize zishoda kakhulu (ikakhulukazi ngasekupheleni kwehlobo noma ekuqaleni kokwindla), azideleli ezindala. Ngezeluleko zemilenze yabo, imikhaza inezinzipho ezikhethekile ezikhomba izimbobo eziningi ngemuva kwamaqabunga. Ukuphuma kwamaseli kuphuma kule mingxuma, okuyizinambuzane ezimunca izingxenyana zomlomo wazo.
Izindlala zesibungu sezibungu ziqukethe i-enzyme ekhethekile enobudlova ebulala ama-chloroplast (amaseli aluhlaza) ezitshalo bese kugaya ukudla kwazo kancane. Imvamisa, la ma-arthropod adla ngotshani bezinhlobonhlobo zotshani nezihlahla ezinamakhaza, kepha kwesinye isikhathi kukhona abathandi bezimila ze-coniferous.
Ezinye izinhlobo zezibungu zesicabucabu ama-polyphages, okungukuthi, angadla ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezitshalo, ezinye - ngama-oligophages (inani elilinganiselwe lezinhlobo zezitshalo, ngokwesibonelo, emndenini ofanayo - i-nightshade, imidumba, amakhabe, ama-geraniums, njll.); kanti ezinye zingama-monophage (phila ngohlobo olulodwa lwesitshalo).
Ikakhulukazi ukuhlaselwa yizibungu zesicabucabu:
- ukotini;
- amakhabe nemithambo;
- izihlahla zezithelo;
- izitshalo ze-herbaceous zokuhlobisa ezindlini zokugcina izithombo, kuma-windows sills, endle.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Spider mite engadini
Naphezu kobukhulu bazo obucishe bube bukhulu kakhulu, izibungu zesicabucabu ziyizinambuzane eziyingozi ngempela kuzo zombili izitshalo zasendle nezitshaliwe. Esikhathini esifushane, abakwazi ukulimaza amaqoqo asekhaya kuphela ezitshalo, kodwa futhi nezinkulisa ezinkulu ezibandakanya ukutshalwa kwezimbali ezimbonini. Imikhaza emincane inamapheya amathathu emilenze. Ngemuva kwama-molts amabili, bathola elinye ibanga futhi babe ngabantu abadala - abantu abadala. Abesifazane baphila ngokwesilinganiso sezinsuku ezinhlanu kuya kwezingama-40.
Izinga lokushisa elinethezekile kakhulu empilweni nasekwakheni izibungu zesicabucabu lisukela ku-25-30 ° C. Ngalesi sikhathi, ukukhula kwabo okugcwele (kusuka eqanda kuya komdala) kuthatha izinsuku eziyi-7-8. Lapho izinga lokushisa lehla, inqubo yokuthuthuka ithatha izinsuku ezingama-28-32. Isicabucabu ngokuvamile sihlala ngemuva kwamaqabunga. Lapho wenza izimbobo eziningi ezincane futhi amunce ujusi.
Amaqabunga alimele ngale ndlela aphelelwa amanzi, abune futhi ome. Ngisho nokutheleleka okuncane ngalezi zinambuzane kungathinta kakhulu ukukhula kwesitshalo. Ngempela, ngokuhlaselwa isikhathi eside kwemikhaza, amandla esitshalo okuyi-photosynthesize ancipha kakhulu. Futhi ngaphandle kwale nqubo ebalulekile, izitshalo ziba buthaka futhi zingafa nokufa.
Ngokuncipha kwamahora emini kuya emahoreni ayi-14, izinambuzane zesifazane zasebusika kuphela ezingakhula. Ngenxa yokwehlukaniswa, bangakwazi ukubekezelela kalula ukwehla kwezinga lokushisa kuze kufike ku-28 ° C.
Ngentwasahlobo, lapho izinga lokushisa lomoya likhuphukela ku-12-14 ° C, imikhaza yesifazane iyavuka, ikhase inhlabathi ihlale ngemuva kwamaqabunga ezitshalo, ibaluke ngobuningi ngama-cobwebs.
Lapha futhi zibekela amaqanda, ngoba ebusika zishiya sezivundisiwe. Eyokuqala - inzalo yasentwasahlobo yezinambuzane zesicabucabu ikhula kwi-swan, nettle, plantain. Maphakathi noJulayi, ama-arthropods aya kancane kancane ezitshalweni ezilinyiwe.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Isinambuzane sesicabucabu sezinambuzane
Izibungu zesicabucabu zizala kuphela ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle - izinga lokushisa lomoya lingaphezu kuka-25 ° C nomswakama ophansi (ongadluli kuma-40%). Ngokuncipha kwezinga lokushisa nokwanda komswakama, imikhaza ivame (yize kungenjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi) ukuwela ekudleni kwesikhathi esifushane noma ibe yingozi kakhulu futhi ivinjelwe. Ezindaweni ezishisayo nasezindaweni zokugcina izithombo, ukukhiqizwa kwabo kungenzeka ngokuqhubekayo unyaka wonke.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izibungu zesicabucabu ziyakwazi ukuzala kuze kube izikhathi ezingama-20 ezinyangeni eziyi-12.
Ukufakelwa kwezinambuzane zesicabucabu kwenzeka ngaphandle kokufaka amaphilisi nge-fluid fluid, kodwa ngokungena kwesitho sangasese sowesilisa ekuvulekeni okukhethekile esiswini sowesifazane. Ukuvundisa kwenzeka ngokungavamile ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza kwamangqamuzana egciwane lesilisa (intombi).
Umkhaza wesifazane ovundisiwe ubeka amaqanda awo ngamaqembu amancane (1-2-3 pcs.), Ukuwafaka ngezindwangu. Amaqanda e-mite ayindilinga, acabalele phansi nangaphezulu ngensimbi ekhanyayo, ecwebezelayo ye-beige elula. Iqanda ngalinye linomsila omncane phezulu. Insikazi ingabeka amaqanda ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene: ezimpandeni zezitshalo, ngaphansi kwamaqabunga awile, emhlabathini, ngaphakathi kwamaqabunga amancane, nasezindongeni zezimbiza zezimbali.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngaphansi kwezimo ezingezinhle, amaqanda angaba yiqhwa iminyaka engu-3-5, bese eqhubeka nokukhula kwawo futhi.
Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezi-3, izibungu ziyaqanduselwa emaqandeni, eziba izigaxa ngosuku. Kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-3-4 ama-nymphs ukuncibilika nesigaba 1-2 sentuthuko. Ngemuva kwesonto, ama-nymphs ekugcineni ancibilika abe ngabantu abadala ngokuphelele futhi abavuthiwe ngokocansi.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kuye kwafakazelwa ukuthi ezinhlotsheni eziningi, abesifazane baqanduselwa emaqandeni avundisiwe, kusuka kulawo angenamvundiso - abesilisa.
Umjikelezo wokuphila wezinambuzane zesicabucabu uxhomeke ngqo ekushiseni kwama-ambient. Isibonelo, ngokuhlanganisa u-20 ° C, zonke izigaba zazo zentuthuko zidlula ezinsukwini ezingama-20, ku-25 ° C okuhlanganisiwe - ngezinsuku eziyi-10-14, ku-30-33 ° C - ngezinsuku ezi-5-8 nje. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhathi se-spider mites singaphila izinsuku eziyi-16-30.
Lapho ithempelesha yasemini yehla ingaphansi kuka- + 18 ° C, izibungu zesicabucabu zibheka indawo ecashile bese zingena ebusika (ukukhubazeka).
Izitha zemvelo zesicabucabu
Isithombe: Sibukeka kanjani isicabucabu
Njengoba i-spider mite uqobo iyisidalwa esinonya, ukukhuluma ngezitha zayo zemvelo kungabonakala kungafanelekile. Kodwa-ke, lo gciwane unezitha eziningi zemvelo. Ngokwemvelo, isitha esibaluleke kunazo zonke se-spider mite yisilwane esidlayo i-Phytoseiulus persimilis, esingumndeni okhethekile wezinambuzane ezibizwa ngokuthi i-Phytoseiidae.
Izwe lakubo liyizindawo ezishisayo, lapho alethwa khona emazweni amaningi asenyakatho kudala (ngo-1963). Isetshenziselwa ngenkuthalo ukulawula izinambuzane ezindlini zokugcina izithombo ezinkulu zezimboni kanye nezindawo zokugcina izithombo. Isidlakudla siyakhubazeka emzimbeni wesicabucabu, empeleni sisidla sisaphila.
Futhi, izibungu zesicabucabu zidla izinhlobo ezimbili zemikhaza - i-Amblyseius neMetaseiulus occidentalis. Ezingxenyeni ezisenyakatho, amabhungane ajwayelekile e-ladybug awaphikisi ekuzingeleni izinambuzane. Esikhathini esingengakanani esidlule, eminyakeni eyi-10-15 edlule, kwatholakala igciwane elikhethekile lomhlabathi iBacillus thuringiensis elingabulala izibungu zesicabucabu.
Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, imvamisa abafinyeleli ekugxileni okufunwayo okungathinta imikhaza, kepha ezimweni zelebhu, kunjalo impela. Ngesisekelo sezinhlamvu zaleli bhaktheriya, imikhiqizo ekhethekile yezinto eziphilayo ikhiqizwa namuhla esiza ukuqeda izibungu zesicabucabu ngesilinganiso esincane nesikhulu.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Spider mite
Indawo yokusatshalaliswa kwezibungu zesicabucabu ihlanganisa insimu enkulu kakhulu: wonke amazwekazi, ngaphandle kwase-Antarctica. Sekukonke, lesi sinambuzane emvelweni sihlala yonke indawo lapho izinga lokushisa lingehli ngaphansi kuka-4.5 ° C. Ngaphezu kwalokho, endaweni evikelekile (izindlu zokugcina izithombo, izindlu zokugcina izithombo, emafasiteleni), umkhaza ungatholakala e-Arctic, e-Alaska ngisho naseFar North.
I-spider mite incane kakhulu, cishe i-arthropod arachnid encane kakhulu. Kuyisinambuzane esiyingozi, ngoba "imenyu" yaso iqukethe izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingama-200 zezitshalo ezitshaliwe. Kusuka ezitshalweni zezithelo namajikijolo, kungathinta cishe zonke izinhlobo zezithelo zamatshe nezinhlobonhlobo zezithelo zepome, kanye nemidumba namakhabe. I-mite incane kakhulukazi kukotini futhi ekuphakameni kokukhiqizwa kwayo (ngokushisa nesomiso) iyakwazi ukubhubhisa yonke imikhakha yamakhulu amahektha.
Ukuzaliswa kwemikhaza kuvame ukuba ngabobulili obubili, kwesinye isikhathi i-parthenogenetic. Abesifazane abavundisiwe kuphela abangena ebusika, obungena ekushoneni, bonke abanye abantu abadala, kubandakanya nabesilisa, bayafa. Ukuthuthukiswa kwama-arthropods akuphelele futhi ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle kuthatha isikhathi esifushane kakhulu - kufika ezinsukwini eziyi-8. Ezimweni zezulu ezahlukahlukene, i-spider mite iyakwazi ukunikela kusuka ezizukulwaneni eziyisishiyagalombili kuya kwezingamashumi amabili ngonyaka owodwa.
Enye yezinambuzane eziyingozi kakhulu ezitshalweni ezilinyiwe yilezi isicabucabu... Zincane kakhulu, zanda ngokushesha futhi ngesikhathi esifushane zingadala ukulimala okukhulu ezitshalweni. Phakathi kwazo zonke izinambuzane ekukhiqizeni izilimo, izibungu ziyingozi kakhulu futhi kunzima ukuzilawula, ngakho-ke, izindlela zemvelo zokulawula cishe azisebenzi kuzo, futhi kaningi kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa ama-fungicides.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 17.10.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 08/30/2019 ngo-22: 08
