IGuidak - lokhu kungenye yezidalwa ezingavamile kakhulu emhlabeni wethu. Igama layo lesibili yi-burrowing mollusk, futhi lokhu kuzichaza kahle izici ezihlukile zalesi sidalwa. Igama lesayensi le-mollusk yi-Panopea generosa, okusho ukuthi "limba ujule." I-Guidaki ingummeleli we-oda le-bivalve molluscs futhi ithathwa njengenye yezinkulu ngohlobo lwazo.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Guidak
Lolu hlobo lwama-molluscs seludliwe kusukela kudala. Kodwa incazelo yesayensi kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwesiqondiso kwenziwa kuphela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakungenzeki kuphela ukuchaza ngokuphelele ukubukeka kwesidalwa, kodwa futhi nokuqonda ukuthi sondla futhi sikhiqiza kanjani.
Ividiyo: Guidak
Khonamanjalo, i-tataiso, njengohlobo oluthile, yazalwa eminyakeni eyizigidi eziningana eyedlule, futhi ososayensi be-malacological baphikisa ngokuthi le mollusk ineminyaka efanayo nama-dinosaurs. Kunemibhalo emidala yamaShayina ekhuluma ngala ma-mollusk, ukubukeka kwawo okungavamile, ngisho nezindlela zokupheka zokwenza i-tataiso.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kukholakala ukuthi esikhathini seCretaceous kwakukhona iziqondiso, osayizi wazo udlula amamitha ama-5. Ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu okusheshayo emhlabeni kanye nokunyamalala kokuphakelwa kokudla kuholele ekutheni ama-molluscs amakhulu aphela phakathi neminyaka eminingana. Kodwa izinhlobo zazo ezincane zikwazile ukuzivumelanisa nezimo eziguqukile futhi zisaphila kuze kube namuhla.
IGuidak inezici ezilandelayo ezizibeka eceleni kwamanye ama-bivalve molluscs:
- usayizi wegobolondo lemollusk cishe ungamasentimitha angama-20-25;
- ubude bomzimba bungafinyelela kumamitha ayi-1.5;
- isisindo semikhombandlela sisuka ku-1.5 kuye ku-8 kilograms.
Lesi yisidalwa esingajwayelekile kakhulu, futhi ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo eziningi zezimvukuzane kuleli qembu, igobolondo alivikeli ngaphezu kwengxenye yesine yomzimba.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Sibukeka kanjani isiqondiso
Akusizi ngalutho ukuthi isiqondisi sithole isihloko sesidalwa esingavamile kakhulu emhlabeni. Iqiniso ngukuthi imollusk ngaphezu kwakho konke ifana nesitho sangasese esikhulu sowesilisa. Ukufana kukhulu kangangokuthi isithombe se-guideak asizange sifakwe ku-encyclopedia isikhathi eside, ngoba izithombe zazibhekwa njengezinhlamba.
Igobolondo le-bivalve liqukethe izingqimba eziningana (i-keratinized organic matter ngaphandle nomama weparele ngaphakathi. Umzimba we-mollusk mkhulu kangangokuba ngisho nasezibonelweni ezinkulu kakhulu uvikela ingubo kuphela. Ingxenye enkulu yomzimba (cishe u-70-75%) ayinakho ukuzivikela ngokuphelele.
Ingubo, embozwe yigobolondo, inezingxenye ezingakwesobunxele nangakwesokudla. Zihlanganiswe ngokuqinile ndawonye futhi zakha lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "yisisu" se-guidaka. Munye kuphela umgodi engutsheni - lesi yindawo yokungena lapho umlenze wemollusk uhamba khona. Iningi lomzimba we-tataiso libizwa nge-siphon. Kusebenzela kokubili ukudla kanye nokususa imfucuza.
Njengamanje, kunezinhlobo ezilandelayo zeziqondiso ezihlukanisiwe:
- Pacific. Nguye othathwa njengowakudala, futhi lapho igama elithi "guidak" liphinyiswa, zisho kahle izinhlobo zasePacific zemollusk. Lolu hlobo lwe-mollusk lufinyelela kuma-70% wabantu bonke. IGuidak ehlala olwandle iPacific ithathwa njengezibonelo ezinkulu kakhulu futhi ezivame ukubanjwa zifinyelela kumitha ubude futhi zinesisindo esingaba amakhilogremu ayi-7;
- Wase-Argentina. Njengoba ungaqagela, lolu hlobo lwemollusk luhlala ngasogwini lwase-Argentina. Ihlala ekujuleni okujule kakhulu, ngakho-ke ubukhulu besiqondisi esinjalo buncane. Angabi ngaphezu kwamasentimitha ayi-15 ubude futhi cishe isisindo esingu-1 kilogram;
- O-Australia. Ukuhlala emanzini ase-Australia. Futhi incane ngosayizi. Isisindo nokuphakama kwemollusk yabantu abadala akudluli kuma-kilogram ayi-1.2 namasentimitha angama-20, ngokulandelana;
- IMedithera. Uhlala eLwandle iMedithera, eduze nePortugal. Ngokobukhulu, cishe ayihlukile ePacific. Kodwa-ke, inani labantu liyabhubhisa ngokushesha, ngoba i-Mediterranean ledirectak iyisisulu esifiselekayo sabadobi kanye nesidlo esihlwabusayo ezindaweni zokudlela;
- IsiJapane. Uhlala eLwandle lwaseJapan, kanye nasengxenyeni eseningizimu yoLwandle i-Okhotsk. Usayizi wemollusk yabantu abadala awudluli ngamasentimitha angama-25 futhi cishe isisindo esingu-2 kilograms. Isikhungo sokudoba silawulwa ngokuqinile yiziphathimandla zaseJapan naseChina, njengoba maphakathi nekhulu lama-20 lolu hlobo lwalusengcupheni yokuqothulwa.
Kumele ngithi zonke izinhlobo zama-bivalve molluscs ziyahlukahluka komunye nomunye kuphela ngosayizi nesisindo. Ziyafana ncamashi nendlela yokuphila nokubukeka.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ososayensi beMalacological bathi ngokunengqondo kule minyaka eyikhulu edlule, cishe izinhlobo eziyishumi zezinhlobo zezikhombisi seziphelile noma zaqothulwa. Lokhu bekungumphumela wenguquko kubhalansi yemvelo olwandle nasolwandle, kanti ngokwengxenye imollusks ibivele ibanjwe ngabantu futhi bengakwazi ukubuyisa imfuyo yabo.
Uhlala kuphi umhlahlandlela?
Isithombe: Guidak mollusk
Abaphenyi bayavuma ukuthi amanzi asogwini lwase-Asia kwakuyizwe lasekhaya le-guideak, kepha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, imollusk yahlala kulo lonke ulwandle nolwandle.
Ngendlela, le mollusk ye-bivalve ayiyona into ehlekisayo kakhulu. Isimo esiyinhloko sokuba khona kwayo sifudumele futhi asinamanzi amaningi olwandle. I-mollusk izizwa kahle ensimini eqala ukusuka ogwini olusentshonalanga ye-United States futhi idonsa uLwandle olufudumele lwaseJapan namanzi asogwini lwasePortugal. Imvamisa, amakoloni amakhulu e-malangizoak atholakala emanzini angajulile eziqhingini ezingaphandle futhi akwazi ukuhlala ngokuthula nezixhobo zamakhorali.
Enye imfuneko yokuba khona kwe-guideaka ukujula okungajulile. I-mollusk izizwa kahle ekujuleni kwamamitha ayi-10-12 ngakho-ke iba isisulu esilula sabadobi abangochwepheshe. Iphansi elinesihlabathi lingesinye isimo esibalulekile sokuhlala kwe-bivalve mollusk, ngoba iyakwazi ukuzingcwaba ekujuleni okukhulu.
Kuyafaneleka ukusho ukuthi emanzini aseNew Zealand nase-Australia, isiqondisi asizange sivele ngezizathu zemvelo. Iziphathimandla zalezi zifundazwe zangenisa ngokukhethekile izimbaza zazihlalisa emapulazini akhethekile, futhi kulapho-ke izinkombandlela zahlala zodwa. Njengamanje, ukubanjwa kwe-shellfish kuyisilinganiso esinqunyelwe futhi kulawulwa iziphathimandla ezilawulayo zase-Australia.
Manje uyazi ukuthi uhlala kuphi isiqondisi. Ake sibone ukuthi le mollusk idlani.
Yini edliwa yi-direction?
Isithombe: Marine Guidak
Imvukuzane ayizingeli ngomqondo oqondile waleli gama. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akahambi ngisho nasendaweni yakhe, ethatha ukudla. Njengawo wonke amanye ama-bivalve molluscs, i-Guakak idliswa ngokuhlunga njalo kwamanzi. Ukudla kwayo okuyinhloko nokuwukuphela kwayo i-plankton yasolwandle, etholakala ngobuningi kakhulu olwandle olufudumele nolwandle. UGuidak udonsela kuye wonke amanzi olwandle bese eyihluza ngesiphon. Ngokwemvelo, uhlelo lokugaya lunezici eziningi ezihlukile futhi kufanele kuxoxwe ngalo kabanzi.
Okokuqala, amanzi olwandle angena emilonyeni emikhulu engunxande (i-guidak inezimbili zazo). Ngaphakathi emilonyeni kunamahlumela okunambitha adingekayo ukuhlaziya amanzi ahlungiwe. Uma kungekho plankton kuyo, khona-ke iphonswa emuva nge-anus. Uma kukhona i-plankton emanzini, khona-ke ingena emlonyeni ngokusebenzisa ama-grooves amancane, bese ungena emqaleni nasesiswini esikhulu.
Kamuva, ukuhlunga kwenzeka: izinhlayiya ezincane kakhulu zigaywa ngokushesha, bese kuthi konke okunye (okungaphezu kwamasentimitha angu-0.5) kungene emathunjini bese kukhishwa ngaphandle nge-anus. Kubaluleke ngokukhethekile ukuphawula iqiniso lokuthi ukudla kwe-guideak kuncike ekunciphiseni nasekugelezeni, kanti imollusk ihlala ngesigqi esiqinile nalezi zimo zemvelo.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Guidak ngokwemvelo
Ngemuva kokuthi isiqondisi singene ebusheni, uqala ukuhola indlela yokuphila, cishe yemifino. Njengomthetho, lokhu kwenzeka ngonyaka wesibili wokuphila, lapho imollusk ekugcineni yakhiwa futhi ikwazi ukukhulisa igobolondo eligcwele.
IGuidak ingcwatshwe emhlabathini ukujula kwemitha elilodwa. Ngakho-ke, akagcini ngokuzilungiselela phansi olwandle, kepha futhi uthola nokuvikelwa okunokwethenjelwa ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye. I-mollusk ichitha impilo yayo yonke endaweni eyodwa, ihlale ihlunga amanzi ngayo, ngaleyo ndlela ithole iplankton nomoya-mpilo odingekayo ekusebenzeni komzimba.
Esinye sezici eziyingqayizivele ze-tataiso ukuthi ukuhlunga amanzi ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka, imini nobusuku, ngamandla afanayo. Ukuhlunga amanzi kuthinteka kuphela ekunciphiseni nasekugelezeni, kanye nasendleleni yezilwane ezidlayo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: IGuidak ibhekwa ngokufanele njengesinye sezidalwa eziphila isikhathi eside emhlabeni. Isilinganiso seminyaka yemollusk cishe siyiminyaka eyi-140, kanti isifanekiso esidala kunazo zonke esitholakele saphila cishe iminyaka eyi-190!
IGuidaki ayenqeni ngokweqile ukushiya indawo ehlala phansi. Lokhu kwenzeka kuphela ngaphansi kwethonya lezinto zangaphandle. Isibonelo, isiqondisi singanquma ukufuduka uma kunesidingo sokudla, ukungcola okukhulu kolwandle, noma ngenxa yenani elikhulu lezilwane ezidlayo.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Guidaki
UGuidak uyisidalwa sokuqala ngokwedlulele esinezimfanelo ezingavamile ezingagcini endleleni yokudla, ukubukeka nokuphila isikhathi eside. Imollusk ibuye izalane ngendlela engeyona into encane. Ukuqhubeka kohlobo lwale mollusk kwenzeka ngendlela engaxhumani nayo. IGuidaki ihlukaniswe yaba ngabesilisa nabesifazane, kepha akukho mehluko wangaphandle. Ukuthi nje amanye ama-mollusk aqukethe amaseli abesifazane, kanti amanye aqukethe amaseli wesilisa.
Ekupheleni kobusika, lapho amanzi efudumala ngokwanele, ama-molluscs aqala inkathi yawo yokuzalanisa. Ukuphakama kwayo kwenzeka ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi nasekuqaleni kukaJuni. Ngalesi sikhathi, ama-mollusk amaduna adedela amangqamuzana awo okuzala emanzini. Abesifazane basabela ekubukekeni kwamaseli, okuthi ekuphenduleni kudedele inani elikhulu lamaqanda abesifazane. Ngakho-ke, ukuvundisa okungathintwa kwama-guides kwenzeka.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Phakathi nokuphila kwabo okude, abantu besifazane abangama-malangizo baveza amaqanda angama-5 billion. Inani lamaseli wegciwane lesilisa akhululiwe alinakulinganiswa nakancane. Inani elikhulu kangaka lamangqamuzana egciwane kungenxa yokuthi amathuba okukhulelwa ngengozi endaweni yasemanzini mancane, futhi ngenxa yalokho, azalwa ama-mollusk amasha angadluli kweshumi nambili.
Ezinsukwini ezine ngemuva kokukhulelwa, imibungu iphenduka izibungu futhi ikhukhuleke amagagasi kanye nazo zonke ezinye izakhi zeplankton. Ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyishumi kuphela, umlenze omncane wakha umbungu futhi uqala ukufana nemollusk encane.
Kungakapheli nenyanga, umbungu uzuza isisindo futhi kancane kancane uhlale phansi, uzikhethele indawo engenalutho. Ukwakheka kokugcina kwesikhombisi kuthatha amashumi ambalwa eminyaka. Njengoba kukhonjisiwe ekubonweni kwesikhathi eside, ngaphandle kwenani elikhulu lamaseli wegciwane akhishiwe, awekho ngaphezu kwe-1% lama-mollusks afinyelela ekuvuthweni.
Izitha zemvelo zeziqondiso
Isithombe: Sibukeka kanjani isiqondiso
Endle, umkhombandlela unezitha ezanele. Njengoba i-siphon yemollusk inamathela enhlabathini futhi ingavikelwe igobolondo elinokwethenjelwa, noma iyiphi inhlanzi noma isilwane esincelisayo singayilimaza.
Izitha eziyinhloko zesikhombisi yilezi:
- i-starfish enkulu;
- oshaka;
- moray eels.
Ama-otter asolwandle nawo angaba yingozi enkulu. Lezi zidalwa ezincane ziyabhukuda futhi zicwile ngokuphelele, futhi ziyakwazi ukufinyelela ku-direction noma ngabe zingcwatshwe ekujuleni okuphawulekayo. Phezu kokuthi ama-mollusk awanazo izitho zokubona, abona ukusondela kwesilwane ngokuguquguquka kwamanzi. Uma kunengozi, i-guideak iqala ukukhipha ngokushesha amanzi aphume ku-siphon, futhi ngenxa yamandla asebenzayo, iyazimbela ngokushesha ingene emhlabathini, ifihle ingxenye yomzimba esengozini. Kukholakala ukuthi iqembu lezikhombisi ezihlala eduze komunye nomunye lingadlulisa imiyalezo emayelana nengozi futhi ngaleyo ndlela, livikele izitha.
Kodwa-ke, abantu benza umonakalo omkhulu ku-tataiso. Eminyakeni engama-50 edlule, inani lezinhlanzi elincishisiwe linciphe ngesigamu. Isizathu salokhu kwakungekhona ukudoba kuphela ngezinga lezimboni, kodwa futhi nokungcola okukhulu kwamanzi asogwini, okuholela ekwehleni kwenani le-plankton. I-mollusk imane nje ayinakho okudliwayo, futhi inganciphisa kakhulu ukukhula kwayo, noma ifa ngokuphelele yindlala.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Guidak mollusk
Ososayensi be-malacology abazibopheli ukusho ngqo ukuthi bangaki abantu abangabaqondisi olwandle lomhlaba. Ngokwezibalo ezinzima, okungenani kunezigidi ezingama-50 zazo, futhi esikhathini esizayo esiseduze, lezi zinhlwathi ze-bivalve azisongelwa ngokuqothulwa.
Ingxenye enkulu yabantu ihlala emanzini oLwandle i-Atlantic. Futhi, amakoloni amakhulu ahlala emanzini ase-Australia naseNew Zealand. Kodwa ikoloni lasePutukezi eminyakeni yamuva lilimale kakhulu futhi lehla ngaphezu kwengxenye. Ama-molluscs abanjwa nje, futhi inani labantu alinaso isikhathi sokululama ngokwemvelo.
Kube nezinkinga ezifanayo oLwandle lwaseJapan, kepha inani lama-guides libuyiselwe ukubonga kuma-quota aqinile wokubamba i-shellfish. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuholele eqinisweni lokuthi izindleko zezitsha zokudlela ezindaweni zokudlela zaseChina naseJapan ziphindwe kabili.
Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, ama-guidelines akhuliswe ngokungeyikho. Endaweni yamaza aphakeme, amamitha ambalwa ukusuka ogwini, izinkulungwane eziningi zamapayipi zimbiwa ngaphakathi bese kufakwa isibungu semollusk kulowo nalowo wabo. Ngaphandle kwezitha zemvelo, izinga lokusinda kwezibungu lifinyelela kuma-95% kanti imollusk ihlala cishe kuwo wonke amashubhu.
Amanzi asolwandle ahlinzeka ngokudla kwe-guideaka, ishubhu lepulasitiki linikeza ikhaya eliphephile, futhi umuntu uvikela ezitheni zemvelo. Ngakho-ke, kungenzeka njalo ngonyaka ukuthola ukubanjwa okuqinile kweziqondiso ngaphandle kokulimala kwabantu.
IGuidak - imollusk engavamile kakhulu enokubukeka okungajwayelekile. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, inani lama-molluscs lehlile, kepha ngenxa yokuthi ukulima okufakelwayo kweziqondiso sekuqalile, isimo siyathuthuka kancane kancane. Eminyakeni eyishumi ezayo, inani lala ma-molluscs kufanele libuyele kumanani aphephile.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 19.09.2019
Usuku lokuvuselela: 26.08.2019 ngo-21: 29
