UNyazi - hhayi inyoni enkulu yokudla, kepha isabalele. Zingabonakala kaningi eRussia, ikakhulukazi engxenyeni yezwe laseYurophu. Ukuqothula amagundane, ama-buzzard awavumeli ukuba azale ngokweqile, futhi uma zimbalwa zalezi zilwane eduze kwawo, zishintshela ekudleni amaxoxo, izinyoka nezinye izinyoni. AmaBuzzard angabazingeli abanekhono kakhulu.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Buzzard
I-buzzard ejwayelekile, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-buzzard, yaziwa ngabantu kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, futhi incazelo yayo yesayensi yenziwa nguKarl Linnaeus ngo-1758. Yabizwa ngesiLatin Buteo buteo, ngaphezu kwalezi zinhlobo, uhlobo lwama-buzzard weqiniso lubandakanya abanye abayishumi nambili.
AmaBuzzard angaphansi kohlelo lwe-hawk. Ngokusho kwenguqulo evame kakhulu, abamele bayo bokuqala bavela ngemuva nje kokuqothulwa kweCretaceous-Paleogene, lapho inani elikhulu lezinto eziphilayo zemvelo zakhululwa, kufaka phakathi izidalwa ezindizayo.
Ividiyo: Buzzard
Inyoni endala kunazo zonke yezinsalela, iMasiliraptor, yayihlala emhlabeni eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-50 edlule. Kusuka kuye nezinhlobo ezalandela ezingakaze zisinde kuze kube yilolu suku, ezamanje zaqala: inqubo yokwakhiwa kwesigamu sanamuhla nabafelokazi idonswa amashumi ezigidi zeminyaka.
Njengomphumela wabacwaningi bezakhi zofuzo, ama-buzzard esimanje ayiwuhlobo olusha. Yahlukana nezinye izinhlobo ezinjengoklebe cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezinhlanu edlule, kepha izinhlobo zayo ezaziphila eMhlabeni zabe seziphela, kanti ezanamuhla zavela eminyakeni engama-300,000 edlule.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: AmaBuzzard ahlakaniphile futhi aqaphele kakhulu: ukuze angavezi indawo yesidleke sawo, andizela kuwo hhayi ngqo, kodwa ngendlela ezungezayo, nasendleleni ahlala ngayo kwezinye izihlahla.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Indlela ibhungane elibukeka ngayo
I-buzzard ingamasentimitha angama-50-58 ubude, kanti amaphiko ayo asuka kumasentimitha ayi-105 kuye kwayi-135. Kunemibala emithathu ongayikhetha kule nyoni: nsundu ngokubomvu nesisu se-motley, nsundu nge-buffy esiswini, nsundu ngokumnyama. Ngayinye yalezi zinhlobo zombala ingalandelwa kusukela ebusheni kuya ekugugeni kwebhungane. Izinyoni zohlobo lokuqala zivame ukutholakala, ezingavamile kakhulu ezesithathu. Kwesinye isikhathi ama-buzzard adideka nabantu abadla iminyovu, abacishe bafane ngombala, ungawaphambanisa nezinye izinhlobo.
Kepha kunezibonakaliso eziningi, ukuthola ezimbalwa zazo ongazibona ngokungenamkhawulo ukuthi yinyoka:
- inemilenze ephuzi, kepha ibonakala kakhulu ngombala womlomo wayo: esisekelweni impela iphuzi, bese iba luhlaza okotshani, futhi ekugcineni iba mnyama;
- unhlamvana weso lekhonyane osemncane unsundu ngombala obomvu, kancane kancane uba mpunga ngokwengeziwe. Abantu abasha ngokuvamile bahlukahluka ngokwengeziwe, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi umbala uba yisidina ngokwengeziwe;
- i-buzzard ehleli phansi ingahlukaniswa nenye inyoni ngokuma kwayo: kubonakala sengathi iyancipha yonke indawo, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, icindezela umlenze owodwa. Uhlale ekulungele ukuphuma nayo futhi aqale ukundizela inyamazane: noma ephumula, uyaqhubeka nokubuka indawo ezungezile futhi afune okuthile angazuza kukho.
Lezi yizimpawu ezisemqoka, kepha ezinye kufanele ziphawulwe kafushane: ibhungane ezindizayo licindezela ngokuqinile intamo yalo emzimbeni, umsila wayo ujikeleze ngokusobala futhi uvuleke kakhulu, izimpiko zawo zibanzi, futhi kunezindawo ezikhanyayo kuzo; inyoni ayibambi amaphiko ayo kulayini womzimba, kepha iyiphakamisa kancane; kubantu abaningi, umugqa omnyama ogijima onqenqemeni lomsila ubonakala ngokusobala, kepha abanye ababoni.
Ihlala kuphi inhlwathi?
Isithombe: I-Buzzard indiza
Bahlala ezindaweni ezinkulu, kufaka phakathi:
- cishe yonke iYurophu, kufaka phakathi ingxenye yaseYurophu yaseRussia - ayikho kuphela enyakatho yeScandinavia;
- eningizimu yengxenye yase-Asia yeRussia;
- ECaucasus;
- I-Asia Minor;
- Eduze kwaseMpumalanga;
- Iran;
- India;
- iningi le-Afrika.
Ngaphansi kwezindawo ezibalwe, i-buzzard ingatholakala emazweni aseMpumalanga Ekude - China, Korea, Japan. Eziningi zalezi zinyoni zihlala phansi, futhi kuphela abameleli be-subspecies vulpinus, okungukuthi, ama-buzzards amancane noma ama-steppe, abandiza eningizimu ekwindla. Bahlala eRussia, eScandinavia naseMpumalanga Yurophu, futhi bandizela eNdiya nase-Afrika ebusika.
Yize ezinye zazo zingase zingayi kude kangaka nobusika, ezindaweni ezingasogwini eziseduze noLwandle Olumnyama neCaspian: kulezo zindawo lapho kubanda khona ebusika, kepha alikho iqhwa. Le nyoni i-thermophilic ngokulinganisela futhi ingaphumelela ngempumelelo ebusika obubandayo baseYurophu. Engxenyeni yaseYurophu yaseRussia, ama-buzzard asatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo, ahlala kakhulu ezindaweni lapho amahlathi eshintshana khona nezimfunda namasimu lapho kulula khona ukuzingela. Bathanda namahlathi e-coniferous, ikakhulukazi lawo atholakala ezindaweni ezinamagquma.
Engxenyeni yase-Asia yaseRussia nasenyakatho yeKazakhstan, indawo yehlathi-emathafeni yakhethwa. Imvamisa bakhetha izindawo eziseduzane nezinqolobane zokuhlala, bangahlala emadwaleni, yize bekhetha izihlahla. Bathanda indawo enamagquma, kepha abahlali ezindaweni eziphakeme: ukuphakama okuphezulu lapho bahlala khona akudluli ku-2,000 m, imvamisa kungaphakathi kwamamitha ayi-200 - 1,000.
Manje uyazi lapho kuhlala khona le nyoni. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Idlani inhlwathi?
Isithombe: Inyoni yaseBuzzard
Imenyu yenkukhu ibanzi impela, kepha ifaka kuphela ukudla kwezilwane. it:
- amagundane namanye amagundane;
- izilwane zasemanzini;
- izibankwa ezincane;
- izinyoka;
- izibungu;
- izimbaza;
- izinyoni ezincane namachwane;
- amaqanda;
- izinambuzane.
Ukudla okuyinhloko kanyoni ngamagundane - amagundane nokunye, ikakhulukazi okuncane. Angabizwa ngokuthi umhlaseli okhethekile, ngoba yonke indlela yakhe yokuzingela iyadingeka ukuze abambe amagundane ngempumelelo. Kepha, uma isibalo sabo sincipha futhi kuba nzima ukuthola isisulu, khona-ke inyoni kufanele ishintshele kolunye uhlobo.
Imvamisa, ezimweni ezinjalo, iqala ukondla eduze kwamachibi, lapho kunezilwane eziningi eziphila emanzini nasemanzini, ungathola futhi izibungu nezimbungulu - kunokudla okuningi konyana buzzard. Ngokungafani namasimu namachibi, abazingeli ehlathini, okusho ukuthi kunezilwane ezimbalwa zehlathi kwimenyu yabo. Imvamisa, uma kunamagundane anele ensimini, ubhoklolo akalona usongo kwezinye izinyoni, kepha uma kukhona amagundane ambalwa, angaqala ukuzondla: abamba izinyoni ezincane, adle amatshwele namaqanda. Uma ibhungane elilambile libona inyoni edla inyama incane kunayo, indiza nesisulu sayo, bese izama ukuyisusa.
Ama-buzzard nawo ayingozi kwizibankwa nezinyoka, kufaka phakathi ukuthi aqothula ezinobuthi. Kodwa ukuzingela okunjalo kuyingozi kubo: yize ama-buzzards eshesha kakhulu, kunethuba lokuthi inyoka izokwazi ukuluma inyoni. Ngemuva kwalokho ubulawa ubuthi, ngoba akanakho ukuzivikela kukho. Yize ama-buzzard ethanda ukuzingela, uma zimbalwa izisulu, nawo angadla izidumbu. Le nyoni inesifiso esikhulu: umuntu oyedwa angadla amagundane amathathu ngosuku, futhi ngonyaka abhubhise izinkulungwane zazo. Ngenxa yalokhu, ziwusizo olukhulu, ngoba inani elikhulu lezinambuzane ezifana namagundane, ama-moles, izinyoka ezinobuthi zihlushwa. Ama-buzzard amancane abulala nezinambuzane eziyingozi.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: ISarich elinye igama lama-buzzards, futhi lisetshenziswa kaningi. Kungenzeka ukuthi yavela egameni lesiTurkic elithi "sary", elihunyushwe ngokuthi "okuphuzi".
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: I-Buzzard eRussia
I-buzzard inezitho zomqondo ezithuthuke kahle: inamehlo abukhali kakhulu, inzwa enhle yokuzwa nokuzwa okuhle. Konke lokhu kumvumela ukuba azingele ngempumelelo, futhi kunzima kakhulu ukusuka kuye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-buzzard nazo ziyizinyoni ezihlakaniphile, lokhu kubonakala ikakhulukazi lapho besekuthunjweni - bangamangaza abantu ngobuchule babo obusheshayo nobuqili. Ama-buzzard ajwayele ukundiza kancane, kepha akwenzela buthule kakhulu futhi akwazi ukusondela enyameni yakhe enganakile. Bathembele ikakhulukazi ekumangalisweni nasekuphonsweni okubukhali. Zingandiza ngokushesha okukhulu, kepha ziphansi kunezinye izinyoni eziningi, kufaka phakathi ezinkulu.
Izimpiko zazo zikulungele kangcono ukukhuphuka kancane emoyeni - ngenxa yalokhu azenzi lutho. Zingandiza kanjena amahora amaningi elandelana futhi ngaso sonke isikhathi zihlola umhlabathi ongezansi, futhi lapho ubhoklolo ebona umuntu ongaba isisulu, uwela njengetshe emhlabathini, asonge amaphiko akhe, futhi awendlale lapho selivele likhona kanye emhlabathini.
Lapho iphuma kule ntaba, iba nesivinini esikhulu, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, kuvela ukuthi ibingalindelekile, okunikeza le nyoni ithuba lokufinyelela isisulu sayo ngezinzipho zayo ngaphambi kokuba ibone okwenzekayo. Yize i-buzzard ivame ukukhombisa ubuciko obukhulu lapho izingela, kwesinye isikhathi ithathwa ngokweqile, ayiziboni izithiyo nokushayeka kuyo. AmaBuzzard nawo angahlala esihlahleni isikhathi eside, imvamisa ekhetha eyomile noma eyodwa engenamagatsha kolunye uhlangothi ukuze abuke kangcono, noma esigxotsheni alinde inyamazane. Yile ndlela abachitha ngayo isikhathi sabo esiningi, kuthi ebumnyameni baphumule.
Abantu abafudukayo bathuthela eningizimu ngemihlambi emikhulu kusukela ezinsukwini zokugcina zehlobo kuze kube sekupheleni kukaSepthemba, kuya ngesimo sendawo, ngenkathi kuvame ukubaleka ngasikhathi sinye, ukuze ngolunye usuku kube nabaningi babo abandiza bezungeza le ndawo, kuthi ngakolunye uhlangothi kungabi nalutho ngokushesha. Zibuya maphakathi nentwasahlobo, bese kuthi izinyoni ezimbalwa zibuyele emuva: abasha bavame ukuhlala ezindaweni zobusika iminyaka eminingana. Ama-buzzard ahlala isikhathi eside: iminyaka engama-22-27, futhi ekuthunjweni kuze kube ngu-35.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: I-Common Buzzard
Isikhathi sokumatanisa siqala ngokushesha ngemuva kokufika. Abesilisa bazama ukuzibonakalisa ngokukhwela izindiza nokuhlela izimpi. Lapho umbhangqwana uzimisele, wakha isidleke noma uhlale esidala umane akhe kuso. Kwesinye isikhathi lezi zidleke ekuqaleni zazingezinye izinyoni ngokuphelele, zivame ukuba amagwababa echobana. Zincamela ukwakha izidleke hhayi ekujuleni kwehlathi, kepha eduze komphetho waso, isihlahla singaba sihle noma sihlukane. Isidleke siseforkini emagatsheni aqinile aqinile ukuphakama kwamamitha ayi-7-15. Ama-buzzard azama ukukwenza kube nzima ngokulinganayo ukuzibona zombili zisuka phansi naphezulu. Kuyaqabukela, isidleke sibe sedwaleni.
Ububanzi besidleke bungu-50-75 cm, buncane ngobude - amasentimitha angama-20 kuya kwengama-40. Okwenzelwe wona ngamahlumela alukiwe ngotshani obomile - awugqinsi onqenqemeni, kanti eduze nendawo, mncane. Maphakathi nendawo kukhona ikhefu lamachwane enziwe ngamahlumela amancane kakhulu, kepha afakwa ngezinto zokwakha ezahlukahlukene: izimpaphe, ubulembu, phansi, ukukhonkotha. Uma ngaphambi kokubeka oyedwa wabalingani efa, khona-ke ngokuqinisekile kuzothathelwa indawo enye inyoni: ngemuva kokunquma lezi zibili, kusenabantu abambalwa abangashadile bobabili ubulili. Ama-clutches abekwa ngaphambi kokuphela kwentwasahlobo, imvamisa enamaqanda ama-3-5. Amagobolondo azo anombala ompunga onamabala amancane aluhlaza, amabala abomvu noma ansundu kuwo.
Inani elilinganisiwe lamaqanda ku-clutch lincike onyakeni: uma isimo sezulu sihle futhi kunamagundane amaningi endaweni, azoba maningi ngokwesilinganiso. Eminyakeni elambile, kungaba neqanda elilodwa kuphela ku-bamba, futhi eminyakeni ebi kakhulu, iningi lama-buzzard ngeke lithole inzalo nhlobo. Owesifazane ubandakanyeka kakhulu ekufukameleni, lesi sikhathi sithatha amasonto ama-5. Ngalesi sikhathi, eyeduna nayo ayizihlikihli, kepha yondla insikazi ukuze ingakwazi ukundiza iye noma kuphi ukusuka esidlekeni. Inyoni eku-clutch ayinalo ulaka, izama ukucasha lapho abantu engabazi bevela eduze, noma ikhala ngokushaqisayo lapho indiza.
Uma ngesikhathi sokufukamela uvame ukuphazamiseka, angashiya i-clutch bese enza eyesibili - imvamisa kuba neqanda elilodwa kuphela kuyo. Lapho amaphuphu evela, ambozwa ngobunsundu obumnyama phansi. Ekuqaleni, owesilisa ubandakanyeka ekutholeni ukudla kwabo, kuthi owesifazane akusabalalise, ukuze wonke umuntu athole isabelo sakhe. Lapho amaphuphu eshintsha ansundu aze abe mpunga, bobabili abazali baqala ukuthola ukudla - kudinga kakhulu. bese-ke beqala ukuphonsa ukudla esidlekeni, namachwane ngokwawo ahlukanise futhi avame ukuqala ukulwa.
Lapho unyaka ugcwele kakhulu, amatshwele amaningi ayasinda. Uma kuvela ukuthi ubengondlekile, cishe abantu abangu-1-2 bazosinda kuze kube yindiza. Ama-buzzard amancane afunda ukundiza emavikini ayisithupha kuya kwayi-6 okuphila, futhi lapho esezingeni eliphezulu lokundiza, ashiya abazali bawo bese eqala ukuzingela yedwa - imvamisa ekupheleni kukaJulayi. Amantshontsho asemva kwesikhathi angandiza aphume kuze kufike engxenyeni yokuqala kaSepthemba, imvamisa avela ku-clutch yesibili. Izinyoni ezivela kuhlobo olulodwa ziqhubeka nokuhlangana ngesikhathi esisele ngaphambi kokumuka ziye eningizimu, futhi zifuduke kuze kube phakathi nasekwindla. Amanye ama-buzzard ahlala kuze kube nguNovemba futhi angahlala ebusika.
Izitha zemvelo zama-buzzards
Isithombe: Buzzard ebusika
Ukubamba i-buzzard kuwumsebenzi onzima kakhulu ngenxa yamehlo ayo abukhali nokuzwa, ngakho-ke ngisho nezinyoni ezinkulu ezidla ezinye aziyizingeli. Kepha futhi akazizwa ephephe ngokuphelele: izinkozi, ama-gyrfalcons, oheshe bahlasela inyoni enkulu, futhi wonke umuntu uzama ukuyithatha.
Lezi zinyoni zinkulu futhi zinamandla, ngakho-ke i-buzzard ingathola amanxeba abucayi uma ilwa nayo. Kepha lokhu kwenzeka ngokungandile, maningi amathuba okuthi kungqubuzana nenye i-buzzard. Zenzeka kakhulu ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, kepha kwesinye isikhathi zingenzeka ngenxa yendawo - akuhlali kwanele wonke umuntu, futhi izinyoni ezazincishwe amathuba ziyaphoqeleka ukuzingela kwamanye amazwe.
Ezimpini ezinjalo, inyoni eyodwa noma zombili zingathinteka kakhulu ngozipho obukhali nangoqhwaku. Ohluliwe uzoxoshwa, futhi owinile uzothatha noma aqhubeke nokuba ngumnikazi wendawo. Inyoni elahlekile ayinalo ithuba lokuzingela futhi ingafa ngamanxeba nendlala - phela ukuze amanxeba akhule, idinga ukudla kakhulu.
Ababhubhisi bezidleke benza umonakalo omkhulu nakakhulu kuma-buzzards: zombili izinyoni ezinkulu, njengama-hawk nama-kites, nezinyoni ezincane, ezifana namagwababa nezimpisi, zingakuzingela lokhu; Ama-Weasel nawo athanda ukuzitika ngamaqanda namachwane. Kepha ama-buzzard awanawo umonakalo omkhulu njengezinye izinyoni eziningi, ngoba insikazi ayivamile ukulunyulwa esidlekeni.
Phakathi kwezitha ze-buzzard nomuntu: isibonelo, e-USSR babhekwa njengezinambuzane futhi kwabekwa umvuzo wokuqothulwa kwabo, ngakho-ke babulawa ezinkulungwaneni minyaka yonke. Kwamanye amazwe, nalokhu bekwenziwa, kanti kwezinye izindawo basabulawa ngendlela engalawuleki.
Kepha inani elikhulu lezinyoni eminyakeni yamuva beliphethwe imboni yamakhemikhali nokulinywa komhlaba onoshevu - ngokwesibonelo, ukubulala izinambuzane. Ukuqoqwa kobuthi obunjalo emzimbeni wama-buzzards kuholela ekufeni kwabo kwangaphambili.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani ubhungane
Inani eliphelele lalezi zinhlobo liphezulu ngokwanele ukuba libekwe njengongeyona ingozi. Uma kuqhathaniswa nesimo engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu elidlule, kube nentuthuko enkulu. Kwabe sekuqothulwa ama-buzzard ngobuningi njengezinambuzane, okwaholela ekwehleni kwamanani abo eYurophu naseRussia ngezinye izikhathi.
Kwabe sekucaca ukuthi lezi "zinambuzane" zenza umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu, zibhubhisa amagundane nezinye izinambuzane zangempela. Yize ezinye izinyoni eziningi ezidla ezinye nazo zibambe iqhaza kulokhu, ama-buzzard angenye yeziningi kakhulu futhi esebenza kahle.
Ngenxa yokwehla kwenani labo, ibhalansi yemvelo yaphazamiseka futhi kwakukhona amagundane amaningi kakhulu, ngakho-ke, cishe kuwo wonke amazwe aseYurophu, ukuzingelwa kwama-buzzards kwakungavunyelwe, ngemuva kwalokho izinombolo zawo zaqala ukubuyela esimweni.
Abantu baseYurophu abalinganiselwa ezigidini eziyi-1.5, okwenza ubhungane lube enye yezinyoni ezinkulu kakhulu ezidla inyama eYurophu. Emhlabeni wonke, ngokulinganisela okuhlukahlukene, kungaba nezinyoni ezisuka ezigidini ezine kuya kweziyishumi.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngokwenye yezinguqulo, igama lale nyoni - ibhungane, lenzeke ngenxa yokuthi ikhala ngokukhalazayo, futhi isondelene negama "ukububula". Kodwa kukhona okunye ukucabanga: ukuthi kuvela ku-Old Slavic "Kanuti", okusho ukuthi "ukuwa", ngoba yile ndlela ama-buzzards azingela ngayo. Isenzo esithi "bubula" kulokhu okuhlukile, kunalokho, sivela egameni lenyoni.
Iyashesha futhi ishesha ubhontshisi ikwazi ukunikeza izingqinamba njengomzingeli kwezinye izinyoni eziningi ezizingelayo. Njengoba sezikhethe imiphetho yehlathi, izinyoni zindiza zizungeze amasimu nezimfunda usuku lonke, zifuna amagundane, futhi zingabamba abantu abangu-30-40 ngosuku, futhi ngesikhathi sokudla kunamachwane amaningi kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ziwusizo olukhulu kubalimi, kodwa futhi ziyabaphoqa ukuba banakekele izinkukhu - nazo zingathathwa.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08/10/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09/29/2019 ngo-12: 55
