Kusukela entwasahlobo, abantu bazama ukuchitha isikhathi esiningi emvelweni, eduze nemifula nemizimba yamanzi. Umoya ohlanzekile, ukububula kwamanzi, ilanga - konke lokhu kunomthelela omuhle empilweni, esimeni senhliziyo nasenhlalakahleni. Okunye ukuhlanganiswa kokuzilibazisa okunje kuyithuba lokwazi kangcono izilwane eziyingqayizivele. Ikakhulu, lokhu umgibeli wamanzi, ebizwa nangokuthi imbungulu yamanzi. Ungathola okuningi ngalezi zinambuzane nendlela yazo yokuphila kule ncwadi.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Umgibeli wamanzi
Umgibeli wamanzi yisinambuzane esinomusa, esilula esihlala ebusweni bemifula, amadamu, amaxhaphozi. Imvamisa ididaniswa nezicabucabu ngenxa yemilenze yayo emincane nemide. Kwesinye isikhathi isiphazamisi samanzi senziwa ngephutha njengomphela noma ibhungane nje. Ama-striders wamanzi igama elihlanganisa wonke umndeni wezinambuzane ze-hemiptera. Zihlukaniswa njengezimbungulu. NgesiLatin, igama lezilwane ezinjalo lizwakala njenge- "Gerridae".
Ividiyo: Umgibeli wamanzi
Kuze kube manje, kuyaziwa ngokuba khona kwezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwamakhulu ayisikhombisa ezinhlanzi zamanzi ezihlala emanzini. Lolu uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwezinambuzane ezinjalo.
Izinhlobo ezidume kakhulu nezisabalele zifaka ezintathu:
- umgibeli wamanzi echibi. Isici saso esihlukile umbala okhanyayo, ocebile wemilenze;
- izimbungulu ezinkulu zamanzi. Bacishe babe ngabakhulu emndenini. Ubude bomzimba walezi zinambuzane bungafinyelela kumamilimitha ayishumi nesikhombisa;
- umgibeli wamanzi onensimbi omncane. Lesi silwane sathola igama laso ngenxa yokubukeka kwaso nemikhuba yaso. Ngaphandle, le bug ikhumbuza kakhulu induku, ihlala eSiberia, ihola indlela yokuphila elinganisiwe.
Kulula kakhulu ukubona abameleli bomndeni ohambisa amanzi. Zilinganiselwe ngosayizi wezinambuzane, imilenze emikhulu futhi emincane. Uma ukude, zingafana nesicabucabu. Izimbungulu zamanzi zihlala emanzini. Imilenze yabo imbozwe izinwele ezinzima kakhulu ezingangeni amanzi. Kungakho umgibeli wamanzi ekwazi ukushibilika kalula emanzini futhi angacwila.
Onke amalungu alo mndeni anezici eziningi ezifanayo, esinye sazo izigaba zentuthuko. Zonke izigaxa zamanzi zihamba ngezigaba ezimbili: isibungu nabantu abadala. Esigabeni sokuqala, izihlungi zamanzi zihlala cishe inyanga. Ngalesi sikhathi, umzimba wabo ukhula ngenkuthalo, ushintsha umbala wawo. Kusuka kwisinambuzane esiluhlaza okotshani esinemilenze emifushane, kancane kancane baphenduka isinambuzane esikhulu esinsundu esinemilenze emide, emincane, okubavumela ukuba bahambe ngokukhululeka ebusweni bamachibi namachibi.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Umgibeli wamanzi ezinambuzane
Umgibeli wamanzi yisinambuzane esidlayo, ubukhulu bawo buxhomeke kohlobo. Izinhlobo eziningi zalezi zilwane zinosayizi omncane womzimba - ngamamilimitha ambalwa nje ubude. Kodwa-ke, imicibisholo eminingi yamanzi inkulu ngosayizi wesinambuzane. Ezinye izinhlobo zingafinyelela kubude obungamamilimitha ayishumi nesikhombisa. Umbala womzimba futhi uncike kakhulu kohlobo. Isukela kokuluhlaza okotshani kuye kobunsundu obumnyama. Ingxenye engezansi yesisu nemilenze yesinambuzane imbozwe ngama-bristles aqinile. Ayidingi manzi. Isisu sivame ukuba nsundu noma mpunga.
Izinambuzane zinekhanda elincane, lapho i-proboscis nezimpondo zivelele kakhulu. I-Antennae iyingxenye ebalulekile yomzimba wezinsimbi zamanzi. Zisiza isilwane ukuthi sithathe iphunga elihlukahlukene futhi sikhonze ukuthinta. I-proboscis ibamba iqhaza ekuzingeleni. Ngosizo lwayo, lesi sinambuzane sijova i-enzyme esiswini saso. Le enzyme incibilikisa ingaphakathi lesisulu.
Ukunakwa okukhethekile kwabantu ekubukeni kwezimbungulu zamanzi kuhlala kudonswa yizidladla. Zibukeka zinde ngokwesabekayo. Izikebhe zamanzi zinamabhangqa amathathu emilenze, ngamunye unikezwe amakhono okusebenza. Imilenze emibili yokuqala (emifushane kakhulu) isetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokuzingela ukubamba inyamazane, amabhangqa aphakathi nendawo nangemuva ayadingeka ukusekela nokunyakaza. Ama-bristles asezidladleni agcina umoya, okwenza lesi sinambuzane "singacwila". Ezinye izinhlobo zabantu abadala nazo zinamaphiko. Ngosizo lwabo, ama-strider amanzi ahamba amabanga ahlukahlukene eyofuna ukudla.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: I-Lacustrine, izimbungulu zamanzi omfula azinawo amaphiko. Abazidingi nje. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, izinhlobo zemicibisholo yamanzi ezihlala emanzini ziyazidinga. Ngosizo lwamaphiko azo, lezi zinambuzane zingahamba, ngoba amaxhaphozi ayoma ngokushesha noma kamuva.
Uhlala kuphi umgibeli wamanzi?
Isithombe: Umgibeli wamanzi echibini
Ama-striders wamanzi angumndeni omkhulu wezinhlobo ezingaba ngamakhulu ayisikhombisa. Ngakho-ke, indawo yabo yemvelo ibanzi impela. Lezi zinambuzane zitholakala cishe yonke indawo lapho kunemizimba emile khona yamanzi, amachibi ngisho namadamu. Okuwukuphela kwezindawo ezibandayo kakhulu ezinezikhathi zobusika ezinzima. Umgibeli wamanzi uhlala ePoland, eSweden, eFinland, eRussia, e-Ukraine, eBelarus, eMelika nakwamanye amazwe amaningi.
Umgibeli wamanzi ubeka phambili izidingo ezimbalwa zendawo yabo yokuhlala. Badinga isimo sezulu esipholile esinobusika obufudumele namanzi - ichibi, ichibi noma umfula ohamba kancane. Ezinye zalezi zinambuzane zihlala emanzini. Izicucu zamanzi ezinjalo zinamaphiko, ukuze kuthi lapho izidaka zoma, ziye kwenye indawo. Imilenze yezimbungulu zamanzi yinde, kodwa intofontofo. Lokhu kuvumela isilwane ukuba sisheshe sihambe hhayi kuphela emanzini, kodwa nasemhlabeni.
Kunezinhlobo zezimbungulu zamanzi ezingaphila emzimbeni omkhulu wamanzi anosawoti. Isibonelo, lawa angabahlukanisi bamanzi olwandle. Bahlukile ezihlotsheni zabo ngobukhulu obuncane. Enye imfuneko ebalulekile yendawo yokuhlala ubukhona bezimila eduze komthombo wamanzi. Kuwo, izinambuzane zilala ubusuku bonke, zilala ubusuku bonke. Kwesinye isikhathi zilala enhlabathini engasogwini. Abahamba ngamanzi bavuka kuphela lapho kuqala ukushisa.
Manje uyazi lapho lesi sinambuzane sihlala khona. Ake sibone ukuthi yini abadla amanzi.
Udlani umgibeli wamanzi?
Isithombe: Umgibeli wamanzi wesiphazamisi
Ama-striders wamanzi angabazingeli abahle kakhulu. Banamehlo abukhali, athuthukiswe ama-receptors wokunyakaza. Ama-Movement receptors atholakala ezimpondweni nasemilenzeni, evumela izinambuzane ukuthi ziphendule ngokushesha kunoma ikuphi ukushintshashintsha kwamanzi. Banikeza ukusabela okucishe kube khona lapho kuhamba emanzini, ngakho-ke bazitholela kalula ukudla. Lezi zinambuzane ezincane zamanzi ziyizilwane ezizingelayo zangempela. Ukudla kwabo kwansuku zonke kunenqwaba yezinambuzane, izinhlanzi, amabhungane nabanye abamele abancane bezilwane.
Imilenze emibili yangaphambili ibamba iqhaza elibambile ekubambeni inyamazane. Inama-hook okhethekile. Izimbungulu zazo zamanzi zisetshenziselwa ukubamba ngokuqinile isisulu. I-proboscis nayo ibamba iqhaza elibalulekile kunqubo yokuphakelwa. Umgobhozi wamanzi ungena esisisulu sakhe ukuze amunce izakhi zomzimba noma ukujova ushevu. I-proboscis yinde, kepha ayiphazamisi ukunyakaza. Ngemuva kokudla, isilwane sisigoqa ngaphansi kwesifuba.
Ukuphathwa kwezintandokazi zabagibeli bamanzi yilokhu:
- izimpukane, izimpukane omiyane. Lezi zinambuzane ziba ukudla kwezimbungulu kuphela ngenxa yobudedengu bazo. Kwesinye isikhathi andiza asondele kakhulu emanzini noma awe ngephutha lapho;
- amaqanda ezinambuzane ezincane, i-fish roe. Umgibeli wamanzi uthola ukudla okunjalo ogwini lwamaxhaphozi;
- i-jellyfish, inhlanzi ethosiwe, i-physalia. Ukudla okunjalo yikho okuyinhloko ekudleni kwama-strider amanzi olwandle;
- izinsalela zabashonile abamele izilwane. I-Water Strider isidalwa esiyingqayizivele futhi esisebenziseka kakhulu. Abamele lo mndeni badla inqwaba yezinsalela, bahlanza imizimba yamanzi kanye nogu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngenxa yokudla, abahluzi bamanzi bavame ukuba nezingxabano baze balwe bodwa. Imvamisa izinambuzane zithatha ukudla komunye nomunye ngosizo lwemilenze engaphambili eqinile.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Umgibeli wamanzi webhungane
Ama-striders amanzi yigama leqembu lonke lezinambuzane ezincane ezihambisa ngokuphelele indlela yazo yokuphila. Lezi zilwane zilinganisa indawo engaphezulu kwamanzi ngemilenze yazo emincane futhi emide. Ngamanzi ayingxenye ebalulekile yendawo yokuhlala yalezi zinambuzane. Ama-striders wamanzi ahamba kalula emanzini futhi awaminzi ngenxa yesikhumba esikhethekile esiswini nasemilenzeni. Emini, zingashelela ngaphezulu kwamanzi amahora amaningi, zizingela izinambuzane ezincane, gazinga, izimpukane ngisho nomiyane.
Ekubambeni inyamazane, izilwane zisebenzisa konke ezinikezwe yimvelo: ukubona okubukhali, izidladla eziqinisayo, i-proboscis ebukhali yokugwaza, ama-receptor receptors. Njengomhlali wamachibi nezindawo zokugcina amanzi, izimbungulu zamanzi zihlala zibonakala. Kodwa-ke, nalapha imvelo yabasiza, yabanikeza umbala onsundu omnyama ongabonakali. Umbala onjalo nomzimba omncane ubenza bacishe bangabonakali ezitheni.
Izinhlobo eziningi zabahluzi bamanzi zinamaphiko. Kodwa-ke, izinambuzane ezinjalo zindiza ngokungavamile kakhulu. Izinhlobo ezimbalwa kuphela ezidinga amaphiko ukuze zisinde. Sikhuluma ngalezo zinambuzane ezihlala emadakeni amancane. Noma imuphi umdaka uyoma ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngakho-ke izimbungulu kufanele zizifunele entsha. Zindiza ziye kwesinye isiziba ngamaphiko azo. Isikhathi esisele amaphiko awasetshenziswa.
Ehlobo, abagibeli bamanzi bachitha usuku lonke emanzini, ebusika - ezihlahleni eziminyene noma enhlabathini. Ebusika, lezi zilwane zilala ubusuku bonke. Ngenkathi efudumele, inani labantu abafinyelela emanzini emzimbeni, emaxhaphozini, emifuleni nasemachibini liphezulu impela. Ukuphumula emvelweni, mhlawumbe, wonke umuntu wabona lesi sinambuzane endaweni eseduze. Izimbungulu zivame ukuphuma ziye ezweni - kuphela uma kunesidingo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi imilenze yabo ayilungiselelwa kahle ukunyakaza phansi naphansi.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Umgibeli wamanzi amakhulu
Ngemuva kokulala ubusika, ama-strider wamanzi aselungele inqubo yokuzalanisa. Kubo, le nqubo yenzeka cishe masinyane ngokuqala kwemfudumalo naphakathi nehlobo. Ngalesi sizathu, ngenkathi eyodwa yehlobo, izinambuzane ezinjalo zeminyaka ehluke ngokuphelele zingabonakala kumadamu. Ngokukhwelana, owesilisa ukhetha owesifazane bese ekhwela kuwo ngqo emanzini. Kungakapheli isonto ngemuva kokukhwelana, insikazi ingabeka amaqanda.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Ama-striders wamanzi ayizinambuzane ezizala kakhulu. Isinambuzane samanzi singabeka amaqanda afinyelela kumashumi amahlanu ngasikhathi sinye. Lokhu kuvumela izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane ukuthi zigcine inani lazo eliphakeme emvelweni yize kunomthelela wezinto eziningi ezingezinhle.
Imbungulu yesifazane izalela amaqanda emaqabungeni ezitshalo ezahlukahlukene ezisemanzini. Ukwakhiwa kwamatshe kunokubukeka okungajwayelekile - kuyintambo ende efana nejeli. Wonke amasende abekwe ngobunono kuwo. Izinhlobo ezincane zemicibisholo yamanzi zibekela amaqanda ngaphandle kwamafinyila. Bazifaka ezinqwabeni noma bazinamathisele emaqabungeni ezitshalo.
Ngemuva kwamasonto ambalwa, izibungu ziyavela emaqandeni. Zikhula ngokushesha okukhulu futhi ngemuva kwenyanga ziphenduka ngokuphelele zibe ngabantu abadala. Kodwa-ke, abasha bahlala behlukile kunabazali babo. Imicu yamanzi esencane incane ngosayizi futhi inesisu esivuvuke kancane. Isikhathi sokuphila salezi zilwane sifushane - unyaka owodwa kuphela. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akuvimbeli umndeni ukuthi ube ngesinye sezinambuzane eziningi kakhulu emhlabeni futhi ulondoloze ngokuqinile inani lawo.
Izitha zemvelo zabahluli bamanzi
Isithombe: Umgibeli wamanzi
Umgibeli wamanzi uchitha iningi lempilo yakhe emanzini, akuvamile ukuvela emhlabeni. Yingakho zonke izitha zalo zemvelo zihlala emachibini nasezinqolobaneni. Noma kunjalo, azikho eziningi zazo. Ngokuyisisekelo, lezi zilwane zidla izinhlanzi kanti amanye amaxoxo, amaxoxo ezihlahla, amasele. Bazingela ngobuciko izimbungulu zamanzi. Isitha esibi kunazo zonke sabagibeli bamanzi yi-mite water. Izibungu zomkhaza onjalo ziletha ukulimala okukhulu esilwaneni. Ziluma emzimbeni womgibeli wamanzi futhi ziphuze igazi lazo.
Ama-striders wamanzi akulula ukuba izisulu zezilwane ezizingelayo. Lezi zidalwa zihlanzekile futhi zishesha. Bangama-jumpers amahle futhi bangahamba ngejubane elikhulu. Ukubona ingozi, izimbungulu eziningi zamanzi zinesikhathi sokushiya insimu ngokushesha. Banama-receptors athuthukile wokuhamba, ngakho-ke ngisho nokuchaphazeleka okuncane kwamanzi kuzobaxwayisa.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Bambalwa abantu abazi ngezinzuzo ezilethwa izimbungulu zamanzi ku-ecosystem. Zivame ukubizwa ngokuhleleka kwemizimba yamanzi, amaxhaphozi nemifula. Lezi zilwane ziyakwazi ukuhlanza amanzi eziwombeni ezimunca igazi. “Bangabalawuli” besibalo salezi zinambuzane.
Umuntu akakwazi ukubizwa ngesitha semvelo sabantu abahlukanisa amanzi. Abantu abazibulali ngqo lezi zinambuzane, ngoba zinenzuzo enkulu. Izimbungulu zamanzi, ngaphezu kwezinzuzo zazo, ziphephe ngokuphelele kubantu. Lesi sinambuzane singaluma kuphela esimweni esehlukile, lapho sisengozini yangempela evela kubantu.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Umgibeli wamanzi emanzini
Ama-striders amanzi angomunye wemindeni emikhulu yezinambuzane. Kubandakanya izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingamakhulu ayisikhombisa zezilwane, ngakho-ke inani labantu eliphelele alisona isizathu sokukhathazeka. Ama-waterbugs aqokelwe ukukhathazeka Okuncane. Lesi simo sikhombisa ukuthi lo mndeni wezinambuzane awusongelwa ngokuqothulwa maduze nje.
Izici ezahlukahlukene zinomthelela omuhle enanini eliphakeme labamele abahlukumezi bamanzi:
- izinzuzo zemvelo nabantu. Abantu abazami ukuqeda abahlukanisi bamanzi, ngoba bayazi ukuthi bahlelekile echibini. Lesi silwane sinenzuzo enkulu ekulawuleni inani lezimpukane ezimunca igazi;
- ukuzala okuphezulu kwemvelo. Ama-strider wamanzi azala kaningana ngonyaka. Ngesinye isikhathi, insikazi izalela cishe amaqanda angamashumi amahlanu, okuvela kuwo izibungu;
- izinga lokusinda eliphakeme. Izimbungulu zamanzi zinempilo emfushane - unyaka owodwa kuphela. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, noma kunjalo, abantu abadala abavamile ukufa. Ziyizinambuzane ezihlanzekile, ezisheshayo nezixakile. Kuyaqabukela babe izisulu zezitha zemvelo, cishe abaguli.
Ngaphandle kwesithombe esiphelele, izinhlobo ezithile zomndeni wama-strider wamanzi zifakiwe kwiRed Books zamazwe ngamadolobha. Isibonelo, sikhuluma ngomgibeli wamanzi we-sphagnum. Lesi silwane singaphansi kwezinhlobo ezingavamile.
Ukuvikelwa kwabagibeli bamanzi
Isithombe: Umgibeli wamanzi ovela eRed Book
I-sphagnum water strider iyinhlobo engavamile enendawo encane yemvelo. Izinambuzane ezinjalo zihlala e-Ukraine, eRussia, eSweden, ePoland, eFinland, eBelarus. Lezi zinhlobo zithathwa njengezingafundwanga kahle futhi zisengozini. Ifakiwe kwiRed Data Books yezifunda eziningi zaseRussia: iChelyabinsk, iVoronezh, iTobolsk, njll. Lesi silwane sifakiwe naseRed Book of the Republic of Belarus.
Kuze kube manje, kuncane okwaziwayo ngama-sphagnum striders amanzi. Lolu hlobo lunokubukeka okudala, okuvela kuzo zonke izimbungulu zamanzi. Ubude, izilwane azidluli amamilimitha ayi-9.7, zinombala onsundu onsundu. Zihlukile kwezinye izinhlobo ngamathanga aqine emilenzeni yangaphambili, lapho kukhona khona umugqa omnyama obanzi ngaphandle. Futhi isici esivelele indawo yokuhlala. Izinambuzane ezinjalo zikhetha ukuhlala nokuzala emabhokisini e-sphagnum. Kwezinye izici, ama-sphagnum striders amanzi awahlukile kwabanye abazalwa nabo.
Yini ethinta kabi inani lama-sphagnum water striders? Isici esikhulu esikhawulela ukungcoliswa kwemizimba yamanzi namaxhaphozi. Ama-Sphagnum bogs aya ngokuncipha, kanti lawo akhona awazifanele izinambuzane. Futhi, inani labantu lithinteka kabi yizinguquko ezinkulu kwesimo sezulu, izici zezwe lendawo yemvelo yalezi zilwane. Ngaphandle kwalesi simo, njengamanje akukho zinyathelo ezikhethekile ezisetshenziswayo ukuvikela ama-sphagnum water striders.
Emhlabeni wethu, sonke isidalwa sidlala indima. Umgibeli wamanzi - hhayi okuhlukile. Lesi yisinambuzane esingajwayelekile kepha esisebenziseka kakhulu. Isiphathimandla sezokuhlanzeka samachibi, imifula, amaxhaphozi, okuqeda imvelo yezinambuzane ezahlukahlukene. Kubantu nezinye izilwane, izimbungulu zamanzi azibeki bungozi. Abahluzi bamanzi bachitha cishe impilo yabo yonke emanzini.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 13.07.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 25.09.2019 ngo-9: 44
