Adelie Penguin isidalwa esiyingqayizivele. Wonke umuntu uthintwa yindlela yakhe ehlekisayo yokugingqika esuka esidladleni kuya esidladleni nokushaya amaphiko abo ezinhlangothini zabo. Futhi izigaxa zamantshontsho ezibabazekayo nabazali bazo, zishibilika eqhweni, njengasesileleni, zibukeka zizinhle ngokukhethekile. Kwakuyimpilo yamaphengwini ka-Adélie e-Antarctica okwaphoqa ama-animators aseJapan nawaseSoviet ukuthi enze ikhathuni ethi The Adventures of Lolo the Penguin and Happy Feet.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Adelie Penguin
I-Adélie penguin (ngesiLatini ibizwa ngokuthi yiPygoscelis adeliae) iyinyoni engandizeli engohlelo lwama-penguin. Lezi zinyoni zingenye yezinhlobo ezintathu zohlobo lwePygoscelis. I-DNA yeMitochondrial neyenuzi iphakamisa ukuthi lolu hlobo lwehlukane nezinye izinhlobo zephengwini cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-38 edlule, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezi-2 ngemuva kokhokho bohlobo lwe-Aptenodyte. Ngokulandelayo, ama-penguin akwa-Adélie ahlukana namanye amalungu ohlobo cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-19 edlule.
Ividiyo: Adelie Penguin
Abantu bokuqala bama-penguin baqala ukuzulazula eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingama-70 edlule. Okhokho babo balahlekelwa ikhono lokundiza esibhakabhakeni futhi baba ukubhukuda okuhlukahlukene. Amathambo ezinyoni asesisindisile, okusiza ekutshuzeni kangcono. Manje lezi zinyoni ezihlekisayo "zindiza" ngaphansi kwamanzi.
Izinsalela zePenguin zatholwa okokuqala ngo-1892. Ngaphambi kwalokho, ososayensi babecabanga ukuthi lezi zidalwa eziyindida ezinamaphiko amancane kwakuyizinyoni ezindala ezazingakwazi ukuhamba kahle. Kwabe sekucaciswa imvelaphi: okhokho bamaphengwini - izinyoni ezinamaphiko ama-keel - iqembu elithuthuke kakhulu lezimbumbulu.
Ama-penguin okuqala avela e-Antarctica cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-40 eyedlule. Ngasikhathi sinye, izinhlobo eziningana zazihlala ogwini lolwandle futhi zahola impilo yasemhlabeni kuphela. Phakathi kwabo kwakukhona imidondoshiya yangempela, ngokwesibonelo, i-anthropornis, ubude bayo bufinyelela ku-180 cm. Okhokho babo babengenazo izitha eziyingozi e-Antarctica ebandayo, ngakho-ke ama-penguin alahlekelwa amandla awo okundiza, aguqulelwa emazingeni okushisa aphansi futhi abhukuda emhlabeni wonke.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Adelie Penguins e-Antarctica
I-Adélie penguins (P. adeliae) yizona ezifundwa kakhulu kunazo zonke izinhlobo eziyi-17. Baqanjwa ngegama leZwe lase-Adélie, lapho bachazwa khona okokuqala ngo-1840 ngumhloli wamazinyo waseFrance uJules Dumont-d'Urville, owaqamba le ngxenye yezwekazi lase-Antarctic ngegama lomkakhe u-Adele.
Uma kuqhathaniswa namanye ama-penguin, anezimpaphe ezivamile ezimnyama nezimhlophe. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kulula kunikeza ukufihla okuhle ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye nalapho kuzingelwa inyamazane - umhlane omnyama ekujuleni kolwandle futhi nesisu esimhlophe phezu kolwandle olukhanyayo ngaphezulu. Abesilisa bakhulu nje kancane kunabesifazane, ikakhulukazi umlomo wabo. Ubude bomlomo buvame ukusetshenziselwa ukunquma ubulili.
I-Adelie penguin isisindo esiphakathi kuka-3.8 kg no-5.8 kg kuye ngesigaba sokuzala. Zimaphakathi ngobukhulu obuphakathi nokuphakama kwamasentimitha angama-46 kuye kwangama-71. Izici ezihlukile yindandatho emhlophe ezungeze amehlo nezimpaphe zilenga phezu komlomo. Umlomo ubomvu ngombala. Umsila mude ukudlula owezinye izinyoni. Ngaphandle, yonke ingubo ibukeka njenge-tuxedo yomuntu ohloniphekile. I-Adélie incane kunezinhlobo eziningi ezaziwayo.
La maphengwini avame ukubhukuda ngejubane elingaba ngamakhilomitha ayi-8.0 / h.Angaqaqa amamitha amathathu ukusuka emanzini aze awe emadwaleni noma eqhweni. Lolu uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwepenguin.
Uhlalaphi iphengwini i-Adelie?
Isithombe: Inyoni ye-Adelie penguin
Bahlala esifundeni se-Antarctic kuphela. Zakha ogwini lwase-Antarctica naseziqhingini ezingomakhelwane. Indawo enabantu abaningi kunabo bonke i-Adélie penguins iseLwandle iRoss. Ukuhlala esifundeni se-Antarctic, la ma-penguin kufanele amelane namazinga okushisa abanda kakhulu. Phakathi nezinyanga zasebusika, u-Adélie uhlala emapulatifomu amakhulu asogwini olwandle ukuze athole ukufinyelela okungcono kokudla.
Krill, okuyisisekelo ekudleni. Ziphila ngokudla ama-plankton ahlala ngaphansi kweqhwa lasolwandle, ngakho-ke zikhetha izindawo ezinenqwaba ye-krill. Ngesikhathi sazo sokuzala, imvamisa ekuqaleni kwezinyanga zasentwasahlobo nasehlobo, ziya emabhishi asogwini ukuyokwakha izidleke zazo ezindaweni ezingenalo iqhwa. Ngokutholakala kwamanzi avulekile kulesi sifunda, abantu abadala kanye namazinyane abo banikezwa ukufinyelela cishe ngokushesha kokudla.
Ama-penguin ase-Adélie asesifundeni iRoss Sea esifundeni sase-Antarctica afuduka cishe amakhilomitha ayi-13,000 unyaka nonyaka, elandela ilanga lisuka emakoloni abo esidleke liya ezindaweni zokudla zasebusika futhi okuphambene nalokho.
Ngesikhathi sasebusika, ilanga aliphumi eningizimu ye-Arctic Circle, kepha iqhwa lolwandle liyakheka phakathi nezinyanga zasebusika futhi liyanda amakhulu amakhilomitha ukusuka ogwini futhi liqhubekele ezindaweni eziningi ezisenyakatho ezinqamula i-Antarctica. Uma nje amaphengwini ehlala onqenqemeni lweqhwa elisheshayo, azobona ukukhanya kwelanga.
Lapho iqhwa lihlehla entwasahlobo, ama-penguin ahlala onqenqemeni aze abuyele ogwini ngesikhathi sonyaka welanga. Izintaba ezinde kakhulu zirekhodwe ku-17,600 km.
Udlani u-Adelie Penguin?
Isithombe: Adelie Penguin
Ziphila ngokudla okuhlanganisiweko kwe-Euphausia superba Antarctic krill ne-E. Crystalorophias ice krill, nanyana ukudla kudlulela eenhlanzini (khulu iPleuragramma antarcticum) ngesikhathi sokuzalisa kanye ne-squid ngesikhathi sasebusika. Imenyu iyehluka kuya ngendawo.
Ukudla kwama-Adelie penguin kuncishiselwe kumikhiqizo elandelayo:
- izinhlanzi zeqhwa;
- i-sea krill;
- ama-ice squid namanye ama-cephalopods;
- isibani sezinhlanzi;
- ama-anchovies akhanyayo;
- ama-amphipods nawo ayingxenye yokudla kwawo okuvamile.
Kutholakale ukuthi i-jellyfish, kufaka phakathi izinhlobo zohlobo lweChrysaora kanye neCyanea, zisetshenziswa ngokuzikhandla njengama-penguin e-Adélie, yize phambilini bekukholelwa ukuthi bawagwinya ngengozi. Ukuthandwa okufanayo kuye kwatholakala kwezinye izinhlobo eziningana: i-penguin enamehlo aphuzi kanye ne-penguin yaseMagellanic. Ama-adelie penguin aqoqa ukudla abese ekuphindisela ukuze ondle amaphuphu awo.
Lapho zitshuza ebusweni bamanzi ziye ekujuleni lapho zithola khona inyamazane yazo, u-Adélie penguin usebenzisa isivinini sokuhamba ngesikebhe esingu-2 m / s, okubhekwa njengejubane elihlinzeka ngokusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, lapho befika ezikoleni eziqinile ze-krill ezansi kwamadiphu abo, bayehla ukuze babambe inyamazane. Imvamisa, ama-penguin e-Adélie akhetha i-krill yesifazane esindayo enamaqanda, anokuqukethwe kwamandla amaningi.
Ukufunda izinsalela eziqoqiwe emakoloni eminyakeni engama-38,000 eyedlule, ososayensi bafinyelele esiphethweni sokuthi kube noshintsho olungazelelwe ekudleni kwama-Adélie penguins. Basukile ezinhlanzini njengomthombo wabo wokudla oyinhloko baya kwi-krill. Konke kwaqala eminyakeni engaba ngu-200 edlule. Kungenzeka kakhulu, lokhu kungenxa yokwehla kwenani lezimpawu zoboya kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 nemikhomo ye-baleen ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Ukuncintisana okuncishisiwe kulezi zilwane eziholele ekudlaleni kuye kwaholela ensaleleni ye-krill. Ama-penguin manje asewusebenzisa njengomthombo wokudla olula.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Adelie Penguins e-Antarctica
I-Pygoscelis adeliae iyinhlobo ye-penguin yezenhlalo. Baxhumana njalo nabanye abantu eqenjini labo noma koloni. U-Adeles uhamba ndawonye kusuka eqhweni lamaphakethe kuya ezindaweni zawo zokudla lapho kuqala inkathi yokuzalanisa. Ukubhangqa ngababili kuvikela isidleke. Ama-penguin we-Adélie nawo azingela ngamaqembu, ngoba lokhu kunciphisa ubungozi bokuhlaselwa yizilwane futhi kwandisa ukusebenza kahle kokuthola ukudla.
Ama-penguin e-Adelie angandiza aphume emanzini ukuze ashibilike ngamamitha ambalwa ngaphezu kobuso ngaphambi kokuphindela emanzini. Lapho ishiya amanzi, amaphengwini aphefumula umoya ngokushesha. Emhlabeni, bangahamba ngezindlela eziningi. Ama-Adelie penguin ahamba aqonde ngokugxuma okuphindwe kabili, noma angashelela esiswini sakhe eqhweni naseqhweni.
Umjikelezo wabo waminyaka yonke ungafingqwa ngezinyathelo ezilandelayo:
- isikhathi sokuqala sokondla olwandle;
- ukufudukela koloni ngo-Okthoba;
- ukuzala nokukhulisa amawundlu (cishe izinyanga ezintathu);
- ukufuduka ngoFebhuwari ngokudla okuqhubekayo;
- molt eqhweni ngoFebhuwari-Mashi.
Emhlabathini, ama-penguin e-Adélie ngokubukeka abukeka edangele, kepha njengoba esolwandle, aba njengombhukudi we-torpedo, azingela inyamazane ekujuleni kwe-170 m futhi esemanzini ngaphezu kwemizuzu engu-5. Kodwa-ke, iningi lomsebenzi wabo wokutshuza ugxile kumamitha angama-50 wamanzi, ngoba, njengezidalwa ezibukwayo, ukujula kwabo okuphezulu kunqunywa ukungena kokukhanya ekujuleni kolwandle.
La ma-penguin anochungechunge lwezinguquko zomzimba nezamakhemikhali ezibavumela ukuthi bandise isikhathi sabo ngaphansi kwamanzi, amanye ama-penguin alingana nawo angakwazi ukumelana nawo.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Adelie Penguin Owesifazane
Abesilisa u-Adélie penguin, odonsa ukunakwa kwabesifazane, bakhombisa uqhwaku oluguquliwe, ukugoba entanyeni nomzimba omile ukuze ukhule ngokugcwele. Le minyakazo iphinda isebenze ukumemezela indawo ekoloni njengeyayo. Ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, ama-penguin e-Adélie abuyela ezindaweni zawo zokuzalela. Abesilisa bafika kuqala. Umbhangqwana ngamunye usabela ocingweni lokukhwelana lomunye nomunye bese uya endaweni lapho zakhalela khona ngonyaka owedlule. Imibhangqwana ingahlangana iminyaka eminingana ilandelana.
Ukwandisa izinsuku zasentwasahlobo kuvusa ama-penguin ukuthi aqale isikhathi sawo sokudla njalo ukuze aqoqe amanoni awadingayo ngesikhathi sokuzalisa kanye nesikhathi sokufukamela. Izinyoni zakha izidleke zamatshe ukulungiselela amaqanda amabili. I-Adelie penguin imvamisa iba namazinyane amabili ngesizini ngayinye, kuthi iqanda elilodwa libekwe ngemuva nje kokuqala. Amaqanda afukanywa izinsuku ezingaba ngu-36. Abazali bayashintshana ngokulungisa amaphengwini amancane cishe amasonto amane ngemuva kokuchanyuselwa.
Bobabili abazali benza lukhulu ezinganeni zabo. Ngesikhathi sokufukamela, abesilisa nabesifazane bayashintshana ngeqanda, kuyilapho oshade naye wesibili “esondla”. Lapho iphuphu selichanyuselwe, bobabili abadala bayashintshana ngokufuna ukudla. Amachwane asanda kuzalwa azalwa enophaphe oluphansi futhi awakwazi ukuzondla. Ngemuva kwamasonto amane iphuphu selichanyuselwe, lizojoyina amanye ama-penguin amancane e-Adélie ukuthola ukuvikelwa okungcono. Enkulisa, abazali basazondla izingane zabo futhi kungemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-56 kuphela lapho iningi lama-Adélie penguin likwazi ukuzimela.
Izitha zemvelo zepenguin i-Adelie
Isithombe: Adelie Penguins
Izimpawu ze-Leopard yizona ezidla kakhulu ama-Adélie penguin, ahlasela eduze konqenqema lweqhwa. Izimpawu zezingwe aziyona inkinga yamaphengwini ogwini ngoba izingwe zezingwe zifika kuphela ogwini zizolala noma ziphumule. Ama-Adelie penguin afunde ukweqa lezi zidalwa ngokubhukuda ngamaqembu, ngokugwema iqhwa elincane futhi achithe isikhathi esincane emanzini angaphansi kwamamitha angama-200 olwandle lwawo. Imikhomo ebulalayo ivame ukudla abamele abakhulu bezinhlobo zama-penguin, kepha kwesinye isikhathi bangazitika ngama-adeles.
ISouth Polar Skua idla amaqanda namachwane ashiywe enganakiwe ngabantu abadala noma atholakala emaphethelweni amaseli. I-plover emhlophe (i-Chionis albus) kwesinye isikhathi nayo ingahlasela amaqanda angavikelwe. Ama-penguin we-Adélie ahlangana nokuhlaselwa yizimpawu zezingwe nemikhomo yokubulala olwandle, kanye nama-petrels amakhulu nama-skuas emhlabeni.
Izitha eziyinhloko zemvelo zamaphengwini we-Adélie yilezi:
- imikhomo yokubulala (Orcinus orca);
- izingwe zezimpawu (H. leptonyx);
- Ama-skuas aseNingizimu eningizimu (Stercorarius maccormicki);
- iplover emhlophe (Chionis albus);
- i-petrel enkulu (Macronectes).
I-Adelie penguin kaningi kuyizinkomba ezinhle zokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Baqala ukugcwala emabhishi ngaphambili abekade embozwe iqhwa unomphela, okukhombisa indawo efudumele yase-Antarctic. I-Adélie penguin colonies yizindawo ezingcono kakhulu zezokuvakasha e-Antarctica. Kusukela ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili kuya ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, la ma-penguin ayesetshenziselwa ukudla, uwoyela kanye nokudoba. I-guano yabo yambiwa futhi yasetshenziswa njengomanyolo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Adelie Penguins
Ucwaningo oluvela ezindaweni eziningana lukhombisile ukuthi abantu base-Adélie penguin basimeme noma bayakhula, kepha njengoba ukuthambekela kwabantu kuncike kakhulu ekusatshalalisweni kweqhwa lolwandle, kunokukhathazeka ukuthi ukufudumala komhlaba kungagcina kuthinte izinombolo. Benza amakoloni indawo engenalo iqhwa yezwekazi i-Antarctic ngenkathi efushane yokuzalanisa ehlobo.
Umsebenzi wabo olwandle wenza i-90% yempilo futhi kuncike ekwakhiweni nasekushintshashintsheni konyaka kweqhwa lasolwandle. Lobu budlelwano obuyinkimbinkimbi bukhonjiswa amabanga okudla kwezinyoni, anqunywa ubukhulu beqhwa lasolwandle.
Ngokususelwa ekuhlaziyweni kwesathelayithi ngo-2014 kwezindawo ezisogwini ezintsha ezibomvu ngokunsundu eziboshelwe ngo-guano: izigidi ezi-3.79 ezizalisayo ze-Adélie ngazimbili zitholakala kumakholoni angama-251 okuzala, enyuka ngama-53% kusukela kubalo lwabantu lweminyaka engama-20.
Amakholoni asatshalaliswa ngasogwini lomhlaba nolwandle lwase-Antarctic. Abantu abaseNhlonhlweni Yase-Antarctic behlile kusukela ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1980, kepha lokhu kwehla kube ngaphezu kokuqedwa ukwanda kweMpumalanga Antarctica. Ngenkathi yokuzalanisa, bahlangana emakoloni amakhulu okuzalanisa, amanye anamabhangqa angaphezu kwekota yesigidi.
Ubukhulu bamakholoni ngamanye angahluka kakhulu, kanti amanye angaba sengozini yokushintshashintsha kwesimo sezulu. Izindawo zokuhlala zikhonjwe yiBirdLife International njenge "Ndawo Yezinyoni Ezibalulekile". Adelie Penguin, enanini lamabhangqa angama-751,527, abhaliswe okungenani emakoloni amahlanu ahlukene. Ngo-Mashi 2018, kwatholakala ikoloni lesigidi esingu-1.5.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 05/11/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 20.09.2019 ngo-17: 43
