Ihlengethwa lomfula Ingabe isilwane esincelisayo esincane sasemanzini esise-oda lama-cetaceans. Ososayensi namuhla bahlukanisa amahlengethwa omfula njengezilwane ezisengozini yokuqothulwa ngoba inani labantu lehlile eminyakeni yamuva nje ngenxa yokwehla kwendalo okwandile.
Amahlengethwa omfula ake asatshalaliswa kabanzi emifuleni nasemachwebeni asogwini e-Asia naseNingizimu Melika. Namuhla, amahlengethwa omfula ahlala kuphela ezingxenyeni ezinqunyelwe zamachibi emifula iYangtze, iMekong, i-Indus, iGanges, i-Amazon ne-Orinoco kanye nemifula engasogwini e-Asia naseNingizimu Melika.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: River Dolphin
Izazi ze-paleontologists zenze okutholakele okungaveza okuningi ngokhokho womfula ihlengethwa, yize ukuthi imvelaphi yawo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ishiya imibuzo eminingi. Okhokho bawo kungenzeka ukuthi balushiya ulwandle ukuze bathole amanzi ahlanzekile lapho ukukhuphuka kwezinga lolwandle kwavula izindawo ezintsha eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyisithupha edlule.
Ngo-2011, abacwaningi bavumbulula imvuthuluka yolwandle ebizwa ngokuthi yi-dolphin fossil eboniswa ukuqhathanisa kwe-anatomical ihlobene eduze nehlengethwa lase-Amazonia. Izinsalela zitholakale esizeni ngasogwini lweCaribbean ePanama. Izingcezu ezilondoloziwe ezingalahlekanga ukuguguleka zibandakanya ugebhezi oluncane, umhlathi ophansi namazinyo amaningana. Eminye imivubukulo yamadwala aseduze isize ososayensi ukunciphisa iminyaka yobudala behlengethwa ibanga eliyizigidi eziyisi-5.8 kuya kweziyizigidi eziyisi-6.1.
Ividiyo: UMfula ihlengethwa
Ebizwa ngokuthi i-Isthminia panamensis, iyinhlanganisela yegama lehlengethwa lanamuhla lase-Amazonia nendawo lapho kutholakala khona lolu hlobo olusha, ihlengethwa elingamamitha angu-2.85 ubude. Ukuma kwekhanda elingamasentimitha angama-36, elibukeka liqonde esikhundleni sokwehla kancane njengamadonphin emfuleni wanamuhla, kusikisela ukuthi isilwane esincelisayo sachitha isikhathi esiningi sisolwandle futhi mhlawumbe sasidla izinhlanzi, kusho ososayensi.
Ngokuya ngezici zokwakheka kwezinto zakudala, i-Isthminia kungenzeka ukuthi yayiyisihlobo esiseduze noma ukhokho wehlengethwa lomfula wanamuhla. Okunye futhi okufanelekile ngombono wokuthi lolu hlobo olutholwayo lwaluyinzalo yehlengethwa lomfula elidala nelingakatholakali elabuyela olwandle.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Animal dolphin animal
Njengamanje kunezinhlobo ezine zomfula ihlengethwa:
- Ihlengethwa loMfula iAmazon yisilwane esiqinile impela esinamehlo amancane nomlomo omude omncane, ogobile kancane usiya ngasethangeni. Yimikhomo kuphela enamazinyo enamazinyo ehlukene emihlathini, ingaphambili liwumumo ovamile oluyindilinga olulula, kanti emuva kuhloswe ngalo ukusiza ekugayeni izinto ezizingelwayo. Umgodi omise okokhelekile utholakala ngakwesobunxele besikhungo ekhanda, intamo iguquguquka kakhulu ngenxa yomgogodla womlomo wesibeletho ongafakwanga futhi unesibaya esiveziwe. Ihlengethwa loMfula i-Amazon linomphetho omncane kakhulu we-dorsal fin. Amaphiko angunxantathu, abanzi futhi anezeluleko ezingacacile. Esinye sezici ezigqame kakhulu zalesi silwane umbala waso kusuka komhlophe / mpunga kuye kupinki. Abanye abantu, noma kunjalo, babomvana ngokugqamile;
- IBaiji ihlengethwa lamanzi angenasawoti elitholakala kuphela eMfuleni iYangtze. Lezi zinhlobo ziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma mpunga futhi zimhlophe ohlangothini lwe-ventral. Iphindze ibe nesiphetfo lesingemuva lesingephansi, lesingunxantathu, umlomo omude, ophakanyisiwe, namehlo amancane kakhulu abeke phezulu ekhanda. Ngenxa yokungaboni kahle namanzi emfushane oMfula iYangtze, iBaiji ithembela emsindweni ukuze ixhumane;
- Ihlengethwa iGanges linomzimba oqinile futhi oguquguqukayo onomphetho omubi ongunxantathu ophansi ongunxantathu. Inesisindo esifinyelela ku-150 kg. Amajuba anombala onsundu lapho ezalwa futhi ajika abe nsundu ngokudala esekhulile ngesikhumba esibushelelezi futhi esingenaboya. Abesifazane bakhulu kunabesilisa. Ubude besifazane bungu-2.67 m, bese kuthi owesilisa abe ngu-2.12 m. Abesifazane bafinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi beneminyaka engu-10-12, kanti abesilisa bavuthwa ekuqaleni;
- Ihlengethwa iLa Plata laziwa ngomlomo walo omude ngokwedlulele, othathwa njengezinhlobo zamahlengethwa amakhulu kunawo wonke aziwayo. Ngokwesilinganiso, abamele lolu hlobo bafinyelela kumamitha ayi-1.5 ubude futhi banesisindo esingaba ngama-50 kg. Isiphetho sangemuva sinesimo esingunxantathu esinomphetho oyindilinga. Ngokuya ngombala, la mahlengethwa anethoni yesikhumba esimpunga ngombala okhanyayo esiswini.
Ahlala kuphi amahlengethwa omfula?
Isithombe: Pink River Dolphin
Ihlengethwa lase-Amazon litholakala emigodini yase-Orinoco nase-Amazon, ezisekelweni zemifula, imifula kanye namachibi ayo, yize kwezinye izindawo ububanzi bayo bemvelo bunqunyelwe ukwakhiwa nokwakhiwa kwamadamu. Ngesikhathi semvula, izindawo zokuhlala ziyanda zibe ngamahlathi agcwele amanzi.
IBaiji, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Chinese Yangtze Delta Dolphin, iyinhlengethwa yamanzi angenasawoti. I-Baiji ivame ukuhlangana ngababili futhi ingahlangana emaqenjini amakhulu ezenhlalo kusuka kubantu abayi-10 kuye kwabangu-16. Zidla izinhlanzi ezinhlobonhlobo zamanzi angenasawoti, zisebenzisa umlomo wazo omude, ophakanyiswe kancane ukuhlola umfula onodaka womfula waseChina.
I-WWF-India ikhombe izindawo ezifanele ezindaweni eziyi-9 emifuleni eyisi-8 kubantu behlengethwa baseGanges ngakho-ke ukuze kwenziwe imizamo yokongiwa kuqala. Lokhu kufaka phakathi: i-Upper Ganga (iBridghat eya eNarora) e-Uttar Pradesh (okusolakala ukuthi yiRamsar Sanctuary), uMfula iChambal (kuze kube ngamakhilomitha ayi-10 engezansi kweChambal Wildlife Sanctuary) eMadhya Pradesh nase-Uttar Pradesh, eGagra nase Umfula iGandak e-Uttar Pradesh naseBihar, eGanga river, usuka eVaranasi uya ePatna e-Uttar Pradesh naseBihar, Son kanye nemifula iKosi eBihar, emfuleni iBrahamaputra esifundeni saseSadia (amagquma ase-Arunachal Pradesh) naseDhubri (umngcele weBangladesh), Kulse kanye ne-tributary yeBrahamaputra.
Ihlengethwa iLa Plata litholakala emanzini asogwini e-Atlantic eningizimu-mpumalanga yeNingizimu Melika. Ezinye zezindawo ezivame kakhulu ukutholakala kuzo zifaka amanzi asogwini e-Argentina, eBrazil nase-Uruguay. Akuzange kube khona ucwaningo olubalulekile ngokufuduka, kepha inani elincane ledatha lamahlengethwa lisikisela ngokuqinile ukuthi ukufuduka akwenzeki ngaphandle kwendawo yabo engasogwini.
Yini edliwa ihlengethwa lomfula?
Isithombe: I-Dolphin Yamanzi Amanzi
Njengawo wonke amahlengethwa, izinhlobo zemifula zondla ngezinhlanzi. Imenyu yabo ihlanganisa izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-50 zezinhlanzi ezincane zasemanzini angenasawoti. Amahlengethwa omfula avame ukuzingela ngokucofa umlomo wawo omude, ogobile kancane phakathi kwamagatsha ezihlahla ezicwilile ezingcolisa umbhede womfula.
Wonke amahlengethwa athola ukudla esebenzisa i-echolocation noma i-sonar. Le ndlela yokuxhumana ibaluleke kakhulu kumahlengethwa asemifuleni lapho ezingela, ngoba ukubonakala ezindaweni zawo ezimnyama kubi kakhulu. Ihlengethwa lomfula libeka izinhlanzi ngokuthumela imisindvo yemisindo ephezulu kakhulu ovela enhloko yekhanda lalo. Lapho la magagasi omsindo efinyelela ezinhlanzini, abuyela emuva kuyihlengethwa, eliwazwayo emhlathini omude omude, osebenza cishe njengothi. Ihlengethwa bese liyabhukuda liyobamba inhlanzi.
Iningi lezinhlanzi ekudleni komhlengethwa womfula zingamathambo kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlanzi zasolwandle. Abaningi banemizimba eqinile, ecishe ibe "yempi", kanti abanye baze bazivikele ngezinduku ezibukhali, eziqinile. Kepha lokhu kuvikelwa akunakuqhathaniswa nomhlathi onamandla wehlengethwa wamanzi ahlanzekile namazinyo "okubhoboza izikhali". Amazinyo angaphambili emhlathini enzelwe ukubhoboza nokubamba ngisho ne-catfish enzima kunazo zonke; amazinyo ngemuva akha ithuluzi elihle kakhulu nelingenasihe lokuchoboza.
Lapho nje inhlanzi ibanjwa futhi ichotshozwa, ihlengethwa liyaligwinya ngaphandle kokuhlafuna. Kamuva, ingahle ikhafule amathambo omgogodla nezinye izingxenye zomzimba ezingagayeki. Ukubheka kukhombisa ukuthi ukuphakelwa ndawonye kusabalele, kusikisela ukuthi amanye amahlengethwa angazingela ndawonye efuna ukudla.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: River Dolphin
Amahlengethwa omfula izidalwa ezinobungani ezihlale emanzini ahlanzekile amakhulu eminyaka. Imvamisa abonakala eyedwa noma ngababili ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, la mahlengethwa ajwayele ukubuthana ngamaqembu abantu abayi-10 kuye kwangama-15 lapho kunesilwane esanele. Njengezinye izinhlobo eziningi, la mahlengethwa alala evule iso elilodwa.
Imvamisa, lezi zidalwa ziyazibhukuda kancane, futhi ikakhulukazi ziyashona. Amahlengethwa omfula asebenza kusukela ekuseni kakhulu kuze kube sebusuku kakhulu. Baphefumula besebenzisa amaphiko abo omlomo nomlomo ngasikhathi sinye.
Amahlengethwa oMfula awavamile ukubonakala eqa phezu kwamanzi. Nokho, ngokwesibonelo, amahlengethwa ase-Amazonia ngokuvamile abhukuda abheke phansi. Isizathu salokhu kuziphatha asikacaci. Kukholakala ukuthi izihlathi ezikhazimulayo zala mahlengethwa zisebenza njengesithiyo embonweni wawo, ngenxa yokuthi la mahlengethwa aphenduka ukuze abone phansi.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Ihlengethwa lomfula wezilwane
Amahlengethwa omfula avame ukudlala ndawonye. Lokhu ukuziphatha okwaziwayo kwezilwane zemikhomo. Kodwa-ke, ososayensi kamuva bathola ukuthi abesilisa kuphela abadlala ngesikhathi sokukhwelana. Uma ihlengethwa lesifazane livuthiwe ngokocansi, lingaheha owesilisa oyedwa kuphela. Ngakho-ke, kunokuncintisana okuningi phakathi kwabesilisa. Emidlalweni yabo yokukhwelana, kwesinye isikhathi baphonsa izitshalo zasemanzini ezibazungezile. Abadlali besilisa abahamba phambili bathola ukunakwa okukhulu kwabesifazane.
Esikhathini esingengakanani esidlule, kwavela ukuthi amahlengethwa omfula ahlala wedwa isikhathi esiningi. Abesifazane bavuthwa ngokocansi beneminyaka eyisikhombisa. Isikhathi sokukhulelwa (isikhathi esisukela ekukhulelweni kuye ekuzalweni) sithatha izinyanga eziyi-9 kuye kwezingu-10.
Yize ukuzalanisa kungenzeka nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka, izinyanga zokuqala zivundile kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ukuzala okwenzeka ngaphansi kwamanzi akukaze kubonwe ososayensi. Ngokushesha nje emva kokuzalwa, ezinye izinsikazi zilisunduzela phezulu ithole ebusweni bamanzi ukuze liqale ukuphefumula.
Ngemuva kokuzalwa, insikazi ingaqhubeka nokondla ithole izinyanga ezifika kwezili-12, yize ukubonwa kukhombisa ukuthi, ngokwesilinganiso, amahlengethwa ngokuvamile ahlukana nonina ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa nje. Isikhathi sokuphila samahlengethwa omfula iminyaka engama-30.
Izitha zemvelo zamahlengethwa omfula
Isithombe: Chinese River Dolphin
Usongo olukhulu kwihlengethwa lomfula luqondiswa ekuzingeleni, lapho izilwane zisetshenziswa khona njengesithiyelo noma lapho abadobi bebabheka njengabancintisana nabo. Ezinye izinsongo ezinhlotsheni zihlanganisa ukuvezwa kwabantu, ukubambeka ezintweni zokudoba, ukushoda kwezilwane, nokungcoliswa kwamakhemikhali. Amahlengethwa omfula asengozini kuhlu olubomvu lwe-IUCN.
Amahlengethwa omfula asengozini enkulu ngokucekelwa phansi kwendawo okuhlala kuyo okubangelwa ukungcola, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukwakhiwa kwamadamu nezinye izinqubo ezibhubhisayo. Ukungcola kwamakhemikhali okuvela emfucumfucu yasemadolobheni, yezimboni kanye nezolimo kanye nokugeleza kwamanzi kwenza buthakathaka izivikeli mzimba zamahlengethwa omfula, kushiye izilwane zisengozini yezifo ezithathelwanayo.
Ithonya lomsindo liphazamisa ikhono lokuzulazula. Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kunciphisa inani lezinhlanzi emifuleni, kuncisha amahlengethwa asemifuleni inyamazane yawo enkulu. Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi nakho kuguqula isimo semvula, okuvame ukuholela ekwehleni kwamazinga emifula. Izinga lamanzi eliwayo lidonsela amahlengethwa emifuleni amachibi okoma. Amahlengethwa omfula avame ukushaywa izingodo izinkampani ezigawula ezihamba ngqo emifuleni.
Ukudoba ngokweqile kuholele ekwehlisweni kokuphakelwa kwezilwane emhlabeni emifuleni nasolwandle, nokubeka amahlengethwa emifula ngokuncintisana ngqo nabantu ngokudla. Amahlengethwa omfula avame ukubanjwa ngamanetha nezingwegwe zokudoba noma amangaliswe iziqhumane ezisetshenziselwa ukubamba izinhlanzi.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: River Dolphin
Onke amahlengethwa asemfuleni asebenzisa uhlelo lwe-echolocation oluyinkimbinkimbi ukukhomba abalingani nabadliwayo. Esikhathini esedlule, amahlengethwa omfula nabantu babehlala ngokuthula emifuleni iMekong, iGanges, Yangtze nase-Amazon. Abantu ngokwesiko babelane ngenhlanzi namanzi omfula namahlengethwa omfula futhi bafaka amahlengethwa omfula ezinganekwaneni nasezindabeni. Lezi zinkolelo zendabuko zasiza amahlengethwa omfula ukuba aphile. Kodwa-ke, namuhla abantu kwesinye isikhathi abayilandeli imigoqo yokulimaza amahlengethwa emifula nokubulala izilwane ngobuningi.
Amadamu nezinye izinqubo ezibhubhisayo emifuleni kuthinta amahlengethwa emifula, kunciphisa inani lezinhlanzi nezinga le-oxygen. Ngokuvamile amadamu anciphisa ukugeleza ngokubamba amanzi ahlanzekile emadamini awo nasemiseleni yokunisela. Amadamu abuye ahlukanise inani lamahlengethwa omfula abe ngamaqembu amancane futhi ahlukaniswe ngokofuzo asengozini yokuqothulwa.
Amadamu ashintsha imvelo, aphoqa imifula ukuthi yenze izinguquko ezinkulu. Lesi senzakalo sinciphisa amathuba okwakhiwa kwezindawo zokuhlala ezithandwayo zamahlengethwa omfula. Izakhiwo ezilimazayo ezifana neziteshi zokumpompa amanzi namaphrojekthi wokunisela zinomthelela omubi endaweni yokuhlala yamahlengethwa emifula futhi zithinte namandla ezilwane okuzala nokuzinda.
Kodwa-ke, ngaphandle kokuthi abantu bazi ngesimo esisengcupheni yokushabalala kwamahlengethwa omfula futhi benza imizamo yokongiwa kwemvelo, inani lezilwane liyaqhubeka ukwehla emhlabeni wonke. Ezimweni eziningi, ukuncishiswa kubalulekile. Abanye abantu balahlekelwa ukuhlukahluka kofuzo okudingekayo ukuze baphile ezinsongweni zesikhashana nezesikhathi eside, kufaka phakathi ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nokuntuleka kwezilwane.
Ukuvikelwa komfula ihlengethwa
Isithombe: Book Red Red River
Amahlengethwa omfula asengozini enkulu, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi izilwane ezifika ku-5 000 zazihlala eMfuleni iYangtze ngawo-1950, ezingama-300 maphakathi nawo-1980, bese kuba yizilwane eziyi-13 kuphela ezabonwa kuhlolo ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1990. Ngo-2006, iqembu lomhlaba wonke lososayensi lamemezela ukuthi lolu hlobo lwehlengethwa lomfula waseChina “selusebenze ngokuphelele,” njengoba kungekho mahlengethwa abonwa phakathi nocwaningo lwamasonto ayisithupha lwawo wonke uMfula iYangtze.
Izinyathelo zokuvikela amahlengethwa omfula ziyathathwa emifuleni nasogwini lomhlaba wonke. Imizamo yokongiwa kwemvelo ifaka phakathi amaphrojekthi ocwaningo, ukufuduswa kanye nokuzalaniswa kwabathunjiweyo, nemithetho emelene nokubulala nokulimaza izilwane.
Ucwaningo lwesayensi, ukufuduswa kanye nokuzalaniswa kwabathunjiwe kwenziwa ehlane nangalaphaya. Abaphenyi benze imvelo nezinqolobane zokwenziwa zokuthumba kwamahlengethwa emifula. Izindawo zamahlengethwa omfula sezisungulelwe i-Amazon Basin kanye nemifula nezizalo zemifula e-Asia. Amaphrojekthi womphakathi ayaqhubeka ukukhuthaza izindlela ezizinzile zokudoba nokuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokongiwa kwendawo ezizovumela abantu namahlengethwa omfula ukuthi babelane ngemithombo yemifula. Imithetho kazwelonke neyamazwe omhlaba iyakwenqabela ukubulala noma ukulimaza amahlengethwa emifula emhlabeni wonke.
Inani lamahlengethwa omfula njengamanje linenqwaba yezilwane ezisencane, ezikhawulela amandla okuzala nokumelana nezinto ezifayo njengokucekelwa phansi kwendawo yokuhlala. Ihlengethwa lomfula kwashukumisela abezemvelo abaningi ukuthi bafune umzamo wobumbano wamazwe omhlaba wokusindisa amahlengethwa emifula ekuqothulweni ukuze baphathe imisebenzi yabantu emifuleni. Zonke lezi zenzo ziyadingeka ukuze abantu nezilwane zasendle zasemanzini zihlalisane ngokuthula.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 21.04.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 19.09.2019 ngo-22: 13
