I-Saiga Ingabe isilwane esingenakubalwa esiyilungu lomndeni we-antelope. Yilolu kuphela uhlobo lwezinhlwathi ezihlala eYurophu. Insikazi yalesi silwane ibizwa nge-saiga, kuthi eyeduna ibizwa nge-saiga noma i-margach. Ekuqaleni, inani lezi zinhlobo lalilikhulu, namuhla lezi zilwane ezimangalisayo zisengcupheni yokuqothulwa.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Saiga
AmaSaigas yizilwane ezincelisayo ezixakile. Izilwane zingabameleli be-oda lama-artiodactyls, umndeni wama-bovids, ohlukaniswe waba uhlobo nezinhlobo ze-saiga.
I-saiga yisilwane sasendulo kakhulu. Kuyaziwa ngokuthembekile ukuthi ngesikhathi sePleistocene babehlala kuyo yonke indawo ye-Eurasia yanamuhla kusuka eBritish Isles ngasentshonalanga kuya e-Alaska ohlangothini lwasempumalanga. Ngemuva kokuqhekeka komhlaba wonke, indawo ababehlala kuyo yagcinwa kuphela emaqeleni aseYurophu. Abanye ososayensi bezilwane bathi lezi zinkomo zidla ngamammoth. Kusukela ngalezo zikhathi, izilwane azikashintshi nhlobo, zigcine ukubukeka kwazo kwasekuqaleni.
Ividiyo: Saiga
NgesiRashiya, leli gama livela enkulumweni yesiTurkic. Kuvele enkulumweni yomhlaba wonke ngenxa yemisebenzi yesayensi yomcwaningi nososayensi wase-Austria uSigismund von Herberstein. Emibhalweni yakhe, uchaze indlela yokuphila nezimpawu zalesi silwane. Ukukhulunywa okokuqala ngqa kwesilwane esibizwa nge- "saiga" kwabhalwa emsebenzini wakhe wesayensi othi "Notes on Muscovy", owabhalwa ngumcwaningi ngo-1549.
Lapho enza isichazamazwi sakhe esichazayo, uDahl waveza ukuthi umuntu wesifazane uzobizwa kahle ngokuthi yi-saiga, kuthi owesilisa abizwe nge-saiga.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Animal saiga
I-saiga yinyamazane encane. Ubude bomzimba womuntu omdala bungamasentimitha ayi-115 - 140. Ukuphakama kwesilwane ekubuneni kungamasentimitha angama-65-80. Isisindo somzimba sesilwane esisodwa esidala singama-22-40 kilograms. Wonke ama-saigas anomsila omfushane, ubude bawo abungeqi kumasentimitha ayi-13-15. Lezi zilwane ziveze isimilo sendalo.
Abesilisa badlula kakhulu abesifazane ngesisindo nangosayizi. Inhloko yamadoda ihlotshiswe ngezimpondo ezikhula ngobude kuze kufike kumasentimitha angamashumi amathathu. Ziqondiswe phezulu zibheke phezulu, zinesimo esikhubazekile. Izimpondo zicishe zibe sobala, noma zibe nombala ophuzi ngombala, futhi zinemigqa enqenqemeni olunama-transular annular.
Izilwane zinomzimba omude, futhi azizide kakhulu, izitho ezincane.
Izinwele zezilwane zinesihlabathi esinombala obomvu noma onsundu. Isisu silula, sicishe sibe mhlophe. Ebusika, izinwele zezilwane ziba mnyama, zithola ikhofi, umbala onsundu onsundu. Ngenkathi ebandayo, uboya be-saiga abuguquli umbala kuphela, kepha futhi buba bukhulu kakhulu, okwenza kube lula ukubekezelela imimoya enamandla namakhaza aqhubekayo. Ukuqothuka kwenzeka kabili ngonyaka - entwasahlobo nasekwindla.
Lesi silwane sigqama phakathi kwezinye izinhlobo zezinhlwathi ezinesakhiwo esingafani nekhala. Ngaphandle, ifana nesiqu esifushane.
Ikhala lesilwane lide futhi lihamba kakhulu. Lesi sakhiwo sekhala siyayivumela ukuthi yenze imisebenzi eminingana ebalulekile futhi edingekayo. Ikhonza ukufudumeza umoya ngenkathi ebandayo futhi igcine uthuli nokungcola okuncane kakhulu ehlobo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi sakhiwo sekhala sivumela abesilisa ukuba benze imisindo ephansi ukuheha abesifazane ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, kanye nokukhombisa amandla ezimbangi. Lesi silwane sinezindlebe ezimfushane nezibanzi, namehlo azwakalayo, amnyama aqhelelene.
Ihlala kuphi i-saiga?
Isithombe: AmaSaigas eKazakhstan
Laba bantu abangasetshenzisiwe bakhetha indawo eyisicaba kuphela enezimila eziphansi njengendawo yabo yokuhlala. AmaSaigas ahlala ikakhulukazi emaqeleni noma ezingwadule ezingama-semi. Bazama ukweqa imihosha, amagquma noma amahlathi aminyene.
Ezikhathini zangaphambili, ama-saigas ayevame kakhulu kuyo yonke i-Eurasia yanamuhla. Namuhla basengcupheni yokuqothulwa, futhi indawo abahlala kuyo incishiswe ngokuphawulekayo.
Izindawo ezihlala indawo yezilwane:
- Isifunda sase-Astrakhan seRussia Federation;
- IRiphabhulikhi yaseKalmykia;
- I-Altai;
- Kazakhstan;
- Uzbekistan;
- EKyrgyzstan;
- IMongolia;
- I-Turkmenistan.
AmaSaigas akhetha amathafa ngenxa yokuthi ukweqa kunzima kakhulu kuwo. Lapho kuqala ubusika nesimo sezulu esibandayo, bakhetha ukuthuthela ezindaweni ezincane ezimbozwe yiqhwa, ngoba ukukhuphuka okukhulu kweqhwa kudala ubunzima bokuhamba. AmaSaigas futhi azama ukugwema ukuba sezindundumeni zesihlabathi, ngoba endaweni enjalo kubuye kube nenkinga kubo ukuthi bahambe, futhi ikakhulukazi ukuze babalekele ukulandela izilwane ezidla ezinye. Izilwane zihlala eduze kwamagquma ngesikhathi sasebusika, lapho kuphakama izivunguvungu zeqhwa nemimoya enamandla.
Laba bameleli be-ungulates bahlakulele uhlobo oluthile lokuhamba - i-amble. Ngale ndlela, bayakwazi ukuthuthukisa ijubane elifanele kakhulu - kufika ku-70 km / h. AmaSaigas angahlala kuwo womabili amathafa nezindawo eziphakeme. E-Kazakhstan, izilwane zihlala endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-150 kuye kwayi-650 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. EMongolia, indawo yabo yokuhlala imelwe yimigodi eseduze nemizimba yamanzi.
Ngenkathi yesomiso esinzima, lapho izilwane zihlangabezana nobunzima futhi kunzima ukuthi zithole umthombo wokudla, zingangena ezweni lezolimo zidle ummbila, i-rye, nezinye izitshalo ezikhula emasimini. Lapho kuqala ubusika, izilwane zikhetha indawo lapho kulula khona ukuthi zithole umthombo wokudla futhi zizame ukuhlala eduze nemizimba yamanzi.
Idla ngani i-saiga?
Isithombe: ISaiga Red Book
Lezi zilwane zingama-artiodactyls, ngakho-ke, ziyizilwane ezidla imifino. Izazi ze-Zoologists zithi ama-saigas adla inani elikhulu kakhulu lohlobo lwezitshalo, ngaphezu kwekhulu selilonke. Ukudla nohlu lwezitshalo ezifakiwe ekudleni kwesilwane kuncike esifundeni esihlala kuso, kanye nasenkathini yonyaka.
Isibonelo, endaweni yase-Uzbekistan, ukudla kwe-saiga kufaka phakathi izinhlobo ezintathu zemifino, endaweni yaseKazakhstan cishe izinhlobo ezingamashumi amahlanu. Akunandaba ukuthi indawo ehlala izilwane, inani lezinhlobo zezimila ezifanele njengomthombo wokudla ngesikhathi sonyaka esisodwa alidluli amashumi amathathu.
Kungaba yini ukudla kwe-saiga:
- okusanhlamvu;
- ihlumela;
- i-hodgepodge;
- imfoloko;
- i-ephemera;
- i-ephedra;
- umhlonyane;
- amathe asezintabeni;
- i-bluegrass;
- mortuk;
- umlilo womlilo;
- i-quinoa;
- i-rhubarb;
- ilayisensi;
- i-astragalus;
- amahlamvu we-tulip, njll.
Ngesikhathi seziphepho ezinamandla zeqhwa nokukhukhuleka, ama-ungulates acasha ezihlahleni zamahlathi bese ehlala lapho kuze kube yilapho isimo sezulu esibi sidamba. Ngalesi sikhathi, bahlala bebulawa yindlala, noma badla izinhlobo ezimile, ezomile zohlaza - umhlanga, izihlahla, itamarix, nezinye izinhlobo.
Emaphethelweni oMfula iVolga, abantu abahlala lapho badla kakhulu i-wheatgrass, i-camphor, i-twig kanye ne-lichen. Ebusika, lokhu kudla kusekelwe kumhlonyane, ubulembu, utshani bezimpaphe.
Izilwane zibhekwa njengezingakhethi ngokudla, zingadla noma yiziphi izinhlobo zezimila ezivamile endaweni yazo. Isidingo samanzi sitholwa ikakhulu ebusika, lapho bedla izinhlobo eziningi ezomile zezitshalo nezihlahla. Ngenkathi efudumele, lapho imifino enamanzi itholakala ekudleni, isidingo somzimba soketshezi sigcwaliswa umswakama oqukethe.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Isilwane saseSaiga
AmaSaiga yizilwane ezifuywayo; aziveli zodwa emvelweni. Babuthana emihlambini eminingi, eholwa ngumholi onamandla, onolwazi. Inani labantu bomhlambi owodwa onjalo lingahluka lisuka koyedwa liye kwabahlanu kuya kwabayisithupha abantu. Kungokwemvelo emihlambini ukuhola impilo yokuzulazula. Bathuthela ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene beyofuna ukudla, noma bebalekela isimo sezulu esibi. Imvamisa bathuthela ezingwadule lapho kuqala ubusika namakhaza, bese bebuyela emathafeni ngezinsuku zokuqala ezifudumele.
Ngokuqala kwesimo sezulu esibandayo, abaholi bamaqembu ahlukahlukene ezilwane bavame ukulwa, okungagcina ngokufa. Indlela yokuphila yokuzulazula ibuye ithinte ukunyakaza kwabantu. Ijubane lokuhamba nobubanzi balo lisethwe ngumholi oqinile. Akubona bonke abantu bomhlambi abakwazi ukufana nayo. Ngakho-ke, izilwane eziningi azifiki lapho ziya khona, zifela endleleni.
Izilwane ziyakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zemvelo. Ziyakwazi ukuphila ezifundeni ezinenani elincane lokudla namanzi, futhi ezimweni ezinjalo ziyakwazi ukuba khona isikhathi eside impela. Ngesikhathi sokuhamba, izilwane ziyakwazi ukuhamba ngesivinini esikhulu, kwesinye isikhathi zifinyelela ku-80 km / h. Lapho ingozi isondela, wonke umhlambi uyabaleka. Izilwane ezigulayo nezibuthakathaka zisalela ngemuva komhlambi futhi zivame ukufa ngokuhlaselwa yizilwane ezizingelayo.
Izilwane ziyabhukuda ngokwemvelo, ngenxa yokuthi ziyakwazi ukunqoba imizimba yamanzi amancane naphakathi nendawo ngaphandle kwezinkinga. Ngokwemvelo, izilwane zinikezwe ukuzwa okuhle kakhulu, okuzivumela ukuthi zihlukanise ama-rustles angaphandle, ayingozi ebangeni lamakhilomitha ambalwa. Ngaphezu kokuzwa okuhle kakhulu, izilwane zinomuzwa obukhali wokuhogela, okuzivumela ukuthi zizwe ushintsho ezimweni zezulu, ukusondela kwemvula noma iqhwa.
Isikhathi sokuphila sezilwane siphansi impela, futhi sincike ngqo ebulilini. Abesilisa ezimweni zemvelo abaphila ngaphezu kweminyaka emine kuya kwemihlanu, isikhathi sokuphila sabesifazane sifinyelela eminyakeni eyi-10-11.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Saiga cub
AmaSaigas yizilwane zesithembu ngokwemvelo. Isikhathi sokukhwelana singesonyaka futhi siqala ngoNovemba kuya ekuqaleni kukaJanuwari. Lesi sikhathi sincike esifundeni sokuhlala. Ensimini yaseKazakhstan, isikhathi sokukhwelana siqala ngoMashi kuya ku-Ephreli. Isikhathi sokukhwelana kwezilwane sihlala ezinsukwini eziyi-10 kuye kwezingu-25. Umuntu ngamunye ovuthiwe ngokobulili uzakhela i-harem, eshaya kusuka kwabesifazane abahlanu kuya kwabayishumi, abavikelwe ngabesilisa ekungeneleleni kwabesilisa bangaphandle.
I-harem eyakhiwe ikhona endaweni ethile, enendawo engamamitha-skwele angama-30-80. Ngalesi sikhathi, abesilisa baba nolaka, bavame ukulwela ilungelo lokungena emshadweni nowesifazane oyedwa. Izimpi ezinjalo zivame ukuphela ngamanxeba amakhulu nokufa.
Ngesikhathi sokuya ocansini, abesilisa bakhipha imfihlo ethize kusuka ezingxenyeni ze-infraorbital nezesisu esiswini. Ukukhwelana kaningi kwenzeka ebusuku, ngesikhathi sasemini, abesilisa bavame ukuphumula futhi bathole amandla. Kwakungalesi sikhathi lapho abesilisa bedla kancane, amandla nesisindo somzimba kulahleka. Ngalesi sikhathi, kwakukhona amacala abhalisiwe okuhlaselwa kwe-saiga kubantu.
Abesifazane bafinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi ngenyanga yesishiyagalombili yokuphila, abesilisa kuphela ngemuva konyaka. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha isilinganiso sezinyanga ezinhlanu. Abesifazane, abazala izingane, bahlangana endaweni eyodwa, ikakhulukazi endaweni eyisicaba enezimila ezincane, eziphansi. Isisindo somzimba wewundlu elisanda kuzalwa lingama-3-3.5 kilograms.
Ngosuku lokuqala, izingane zilele cishe zinganyakazi. Ngemuva kokuzalwa kwezingane, umama uyahamba ayofuna ukudla namanzi, kodwa uza ukuzobona izinyane lakhe izikhathi eziningana ngosuku. Izinsana zikhula futhi ziqine ngokushesha, vele ngosuku lwesithupha noma lwesikhombisa ziyakwazi ukulandela unina.
Izitha zemvelo zama-saigas
Isithombe: AmaSaigas asemaqeleni
Njenganoma yibaphi abamele ama-ungulates, ama-saigas ajwayele ukuba yizisulu zezilwane ezihlala ezifundeni lapho kutholakala khona ama-saiga.
Izitha zemvelo zabangenayo:
- izimpungushe;
- izimpisi;
- izimpungushe;
- izinja ezidukile.
Imvamisa, izilwane ezidla ezinye ziqamekela inyamazane yazo lapho zihlangana njengemihlambi zizophuza. Izazi zezilwane zithi lapho zihlaselwa ngomzuzu ongalindelekile kakhulu, iphakethe lezimpisi lingabhubhisa kuze kube yingxenye yesine yomhlambi wezingulule. Ingozi enkulu kunani lezilwane imelwe ngabantu nemisebenzi yabo. Ngamanani amakhulu, ama-saigas aqothulwa abazingeli abazingeli abazingela uboya obubalulekile, inyama enambithekayo nenomsoco, kanye nezimpondo zezilwane ezifakwe inselo.
Izimpondo zalezi zilwane zinenani elikhulu futhi zisetshenziswa kakhulu ekwenziweni kweminye imithi eChina. Kwenziwa impuphu ngabo, efakwa emithini elwa nokuthamba, ukuvuvukala kanye nokuhlanza umzimba. Futhi, abelaphi baseChina basebenzisa le mpuphu njengomuthi wezifo zesibindi, i-migraines, i-pathologies yomgudu wamathumbu.
Emakethe yaseChina, kukhokhelwa izizumbulu zemali ngezimpondo ezinjalo, ukufunwa kwezimpondo ze-saiga kukhulu ngaso sonke isikhathi, ngakho-ke abazingeli abazingeli bafuna ukugcwalisa amaphakethe abo ngokubulala lezi zilwane ezimangalisayo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Ama-Saigas ngokwemvelo
Kuze kube manje, lesi silwane sisohlwini lwamazwe omhlaba, kwiRed Book yaseRussia enesimo sezinhlobo zezilwane ezisengcupheni yokuqothulwa ngokuphelele. Abaphenyi baphawula ukuthambekela ekwehleni okukhulu kwenani lalezi zilwane ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule.
Ngaleso sikhathi, enye indlela yokwelapha yaqala ukukhula ngenkuthalo eChina futhi imakethe yaqala ukunikela ngemali enkulu yezimpondo zesilwane, lapho kwenziwa khona impuphu yokuphulukisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izikhumba zezilwane nenyama yazo, ezinezici ezinhle kakhulu zokunambitha, zazibaluleke kakhulu. Inani labazingeli abangekho emthethweni laqala ukwanda ngokushesha, nezilwane zabulawa ngesihluku.
Ngesikhathi lapho inani lezilwane lehla ngokuthusayo, iziphathimandla zaqala ukucabanga ngokwakha amapaki akhethekile kazwelonke lapho inani lalezi zilwane lingabuyiselwa khona. Kodwa-ke, imizamo yokuqala enjalo ayiphumelelanga. Izazi ze-Zoologists zithi lokhu kudalwe ukuthi izimo ezifanele zokuphila nokuzala azidalwanga, nokuthi ochwepheshe abazenzelanga izinhlelo zokuqala zokubuyisa inani labantu baseSaiga.
Ukulondolozwa kweSaiga
Isithombe: ISaiga Red Book
Ukuze kuvikelwe izilwane ekubhujisweni, ekulondolozweni nasekukhuphukeni kwenani lazo, zabalwa kwiRed Book yamazwe omhlaba njengezilwane ezisengcupheni yokuqothulwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, afakwa Ohlwini lwezilwane ezihlukaniswa njengabamele izitshalo nezilwane, ukuzingela okufanele kukhawulwe noma kuvinjelwe.
UMnyango Wezokuzingela weRussian Federation wenza inqwaba yezenzo zomthetho ezihlose ukwethula isibopho sobugebengu nokuphatha sokucekelwa phansi kwezinhlobo zezilwane ezingandile, kanye nokwenza izinhlelo ezikhethekile ezihlose ukugcina nokubuyisa inani lalezi zilwane.
Izazi zezilwane kanye nabaphenyi bacela ukwakhiwa kweziqiqi kanye namapaki kazwelonke lapho kudingeka khona ukudala izimo eziseduze ngangokunokwenzeka nendawo yemvelo yesaiga. Kuphela endaweni enjalo, nenani elanele lokudla, lapho imiphumela yokuqala ingatholakala. I-Saiga ungummeleli wasendulo wezitshalo nezilwane, okugcine ukubonakala kwayo kwasekuqaleni kusukela ekuqaleni koMhlaba. Namuhla, usengcupheni yokunyamalala ngokuphelele, futhi umsebenzi womuntu ukulungisa amaphutha akhe nokuvimbela ukubhujiswa kwakhe okuphelele.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 18.04.2019
Usuku lokuvuselela: 19.09.2019 ngo-21: 47
